China As An Emerging Economic Super Power

8/7/2019 China As An Emerging Economic Super Power

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jit }xi taksifs& Jgts}# kooqlqck}gfh xakc}b gs fi} faoassktw jit }ba

jqcjgcclaf} ij sila gl~it}kf} bqlkf obigoas _aoifm# bqlkf

obigoas ar}afm jkt dawifm aoifilgo xacc dagfh&

_ACJ, A_]AAL0 ]i Da K ^atsif

]ba saoifm lis} gl~it}kf} oil~ifaf} }i bkza k s}kfmktm cgja gs

sacj tas~ao} kfm zkcqa ij wiqt ixf ~atsifkcg}w kfm fi} }i bkza k sqob

egfm ij ~atsifkcg}w# kfm ~ai~ca qsa wiq ks k mgs~iskdca lk}atgkc& ]bgs

oil~ifaf} okf saa gf sioga}gas gf k jitl ij kq}baf}gog}w# mghfg}w#

tas~ao}# bifit# htk}g}qma kfm ahi& Mazaci~laf} gs kf assaf}gkc hikc jit

azatw sioga}w ks g} gs gfmgs~afskdca xkw jit hkgfgfh as}aal&

JTAAMIL JTIL _ATZG]QMA0 ]i Da Kdca ]i

Obiisa

]ba }bgtm oita zkcqa jit mazaci~laf} gs }ba oifoa~} ij bqlkf

jtaamil& ]ba xitm jtaamil gs qsam gf k safsa ij alkfog~k}gif jtil

kcgafk}gfh lk}atgkc oifmg}gifs ij cgja kfm jtil siogkc satzg}qma fk}qta#

ghfitkfoa# kfm mihlk}go dacgajs& Xbaf wiq hgza jtaamil }i silaifa

g} lakfs }bk} wiq kta hgzgfh k xgma tkfha ij obigoas }i kobgaza bgs

afms& ]bgs gs okccam k mazaci~laf} gf sioga}w&

C& Kt}bqt Caxgs ar~ckgfs }ba tack}gifsbg~ da}xaaf aoifilgo

htix}b kfm jtaamil jtil satzg}qma& Ba skgm0

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]ba kmzkf}kha ij aoifilgo htix}b gs fi} }bk} xakc}b gfotaksas

bk~~gfass# dq} }bk} g} gfotaksas }ba tkfha ij bqlkf obigoa&

Xakc}b okf afkdca k ~atsif }i bkza lita hiims kfm da}}ats

satzgoas 7& Aoifilgo ko}gzg}w ~timqoas hiims kfm satzgoas kfm otak}as

gfoilas# xbgob kta qsam }i ~tizgma aoifilgo mazaci~laf}& ]ba xbica

owoca ij aoifilgo s}tqhhca gs }i sk}gsjw bqlkf xkf}s& Gf }ba xitms ij

Bkdgd Qcckb Zksaat# Bqlkf xkf} lakfs }ba masgta }i ha} kfm qsa

hiims it satzgoas# xbgob ~tizgma q}gcg}w&;>

Jghqta ;&;

OGTOCA IJ AOIFILGO KO]GZG]W 0

Xkf}s

_k}gsjko}gif Lkf Aoifilgo ko}gzg}w

Xakc}b

"Hiims kfm satzgoas'

_iqtoa0 Bkdgd Qcckb Zksaat# Jqfmklaf}kcs ij Aoifilgos#

"Ckbita0 Jktbkf ^qdcgsbats# 4>>2'& ^& 48

LAKFGFH KFM MAJGFG]GIF

4;


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Mazaci~laf} lakfs obkfha kfm aoifilgo mazaci~laf} tajats

}i }ba obkfhas }kegfh ~ckoa gf }ba aoifilgo cgja ij }ba ~ai~ca it xa

lkw kcsi skw }bk} aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs }ba ~tioass ij

gl~tizalaf} gf cgzgfh s}kfmktm ij }ba ~ai~ca

Kooitmgfh }i Xk}sif0

Aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs }ba ar~kfsgif kfm oifsql~}gif

jks}at }bkf ~i~qck}gif htix}b daokqsa ij s}akmgcw bghbat ~timqo}gzg}w ij

tasiqtoas kfm oildgfk}gif ij tasiqtoas& ;;

Kooitmgfh }i Bghhgfs0

Aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs }ba ~atlkfaf} tgsa gf }ba }i}kc kfm

~at ok~g}k gfoila ij }ba oiqf}tw& ;4

Kooitmgfh }i L& _kaam Fksgt0

Aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs }ba ~tioass ij cgj}gfh k fk}gifs ~at

ok~g}k oifsql~}gif# ~timqo}gif kfm gfoila si g}s ~ai~ca okf afìw }ba

dafajg}s ij gl~tizam lk}atgkc xacc dagfh& ;?

Kooitmgfh }i ]imkti0

Mazaci~laf} lqs} }batajita# da oifzgfoam ij ks k lqc}g,mglafsgifkc ~tioass gfziczgfh lkìt obkfhas gf siogkc s}tqo}qtas#

~i~qckt k}}g}qmas# kfm fk}gifkc gfs}g}q}gifs# ks xacc ks }ba kooacatk}gif

ij aoifilgo htix}b# }ba tamqo}gif ij gfa{qkcg}w# kfm ba atkmgok}gif ij

~izat}w& ;=

Kooitmgfh }i Lgobakc A& ît}at0

44


23/129

Aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs k sqs}kgfkdca xakc}b otak}gif

~tioass }bk} xites xg}b gf }ba jtkla xite ij oillqfg}w ~ktkla}ats }i

lkrglgpa }ba ajjgogaf} kfm ajjao}gza q}gcgpk}gif ij oillqfg}w tasiqtoas

jit aoifilgo hkgf jit }ba ciokc ~i~qck}gif& Lita sgl~cw# }ba ~tioass ij

otak}gfh xakc}b jit ks lkfw ~ai~ca ks ~issgdca& ;1

Kooitmgfh }i Lagat kfm Dkcmxgf0

Xbaf xa oifsgmat zktgiqs majgfg}gifs gf oil~ktgsif# xa jgfm }bk}

Lagat kfm Dkcmxgf bkza da}}at ocktgjgam }ba lakfgfh ij aoifilgomazaci~laf}& Kooitmgfh }i }bal#

;& Oil~car tioass0

Aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs k oil~car ~tioass kfm k lkfw

sgmam aoifilgo ko}gzg}w gf xbgob maa~ tii}am obkfhas }keas

~ckoa gf }ba aoifilgo kfm siogkc sws}al ij }ba oiqf}tw# `qs}

dqgcmgfh ij k jax jko}itgas# tikms it sobiics gs fi}

mazaci~laf}&

4& Fk}gifkc Gfoila

Takc fk}gifkc gfoila tgsas& Lata gfotaksa gf lifaw

gfoilas gs fi} aoifilgo mazaci~laf}& ]bata lqs} da gfotaksa

gf ~timqo}gif ij hiims kfm satzgoas&

?& Faam cifh }gla ~atgim0

Gfotaksa gf fk}gifkc gfoila jit ifa it }xi wakts gs fi}

aoifilgo mazaci~laf}& Gfoila lqs} hi if gfotaksgfh izat k

cifh ~atgim ij }gla& ]baf g} okf da ckdacam ks k }tqa aoifilgo

mazaci~laf}&

=& Ajjao}s if Aoifilw0

4?


24/129


25/129

~qt~isa& _ila kta0 Fk}gifkc gfoila# ~at ok~g}k gfoila# tk}a ij

gfzas}laf}# ~timqo}gzg}w ~at xiteat it iq}~q} ~at biqt ij xite#

}ba ~ti~it}gif ij ckdit jitoa afhkham gf saoifmktw gfmqs}tw#

oif}tgdq}gif gf gfmqs}tgkc hiims }i }ba }i}kc fk}gifkc gfoila# ~at

ok~g}k oifsql~}gif ij acao}tgog}w# cg}atkow tk}gi# kfm litkcg}w

tk}as kfm si if& ;2

Azatw }bgfeat kfm sobickt hkza mgjjataf} k~~tikobas }i

laksqta aoifilgo mazaci~laf} dq} }bata kta sila laksqtas

if xbgob azatw }bgfeat kfm sobickt gs khtaam& ]bk} gs bix

aoifilgo mazaci~laf} okf da hafatkccw laksqtam gf jiccixgfh

xkws0

HM^ "Htiss milas}go ~timqo}'

HF^ "Htiss Fk}gifkc ~timqo}'

Tgsa gf ~at ok~g}k gfoila&

_iogkc gfmgok}its&

HM^ "HTI__ MIL_]GO ^TIMQO]'0

Lgobakc ^& ]imkti ar~ckgfs }ba HM^ gf jiccixgfh xitms&

]ba Htiss Milas}go ^timqo} "HM^' laksqtas }ba }i}kc zkcqa

jit jgfkc qsa ij iq} ~q} ~timqoam dw kf aoifilw# dw di}b

tasgmaf}s kfm fif,tasgmaf}s&

HM^ gs k laksqta ij Fk}gifkc gfoila& G} gs }ba }i}kc zkcqa

ij kcc hiims kfm satzgoas ~timqoam izat k hgzaf }gla ~atgim

xbgob gs qsqkccw k wakt arocqmgfh fa} ~ti~at}w gfoila jtil

kdtikm& G} okf da laksqtam ag}bat ks }ba }i}kc ij gfoila#

ar~afmg}qta it iq}~q}&;7 Gj }bata gs gfotaksa gf takc HM^ izat k

cifh ~atgim ij }gla# }ba aoifilw xgcc da oifsgmatam }bkf k

s}tifh aoifilgo htix}b& 4>

41


26/129

HF^ "HTI__ FKGIFKC ^TIMQO]'0

HF^ oil~tgsas HM^ ~cqs }ba mgjjatafoa da}xaaf }ba

gfoila tasgmaf}s taoagza jtil kdtikm jit jko}it satzgoas "ckdit

kfm ok~g}kc' cass ~kwlaf}s lkma }i fif,tasgmaf}s xbi

oif}tgdq}a }i }ba milas}go aoifilw& 4;

]ba HF^ gs qsam k laksqta }i sqllktgpa gfmar ij

tack}gza aoifilgo xacc dagfh ij ~ai~ca tasgmgfh gf mgjjataf}

s}k}as& ]ba lis} oillifcw qsam laksqta ij aoifilgo ko}gzg}wgs HF^& ]ba la}bim }i okcoqck}a HF^ gs }i khhtahk}a milas}go

kfm jitaghf zkcqa kmmam ockglam dw k oiqf}tws tasgmaf}s

xg}biq} lkegfh mamqo}gif jit ma~taogk}gif ij }ba milas}go

ok~g}kc s}ioe& 44Gf }bgs la}bim# s}k}gs}gos kta fi} kcxkws kzkgckdca

dq} }ba i}bat la}bims kta oil~ktk}gzacw lita mgjjgoqc} }i k~~cw&

_i# xa okf skw }bk} }ba sgl~cas} kfm lis} oillifcw qsam

laksqta }i `qmha aoifilgo ko}gzg}w gs HF^&

K oiqf}tw# xbisa HF^ gs tgsgfh jks}at gs skgm }i da

mazaci~gfh k} k bghbat tk}a& Gj xa }kea HF^ ks k laksqta ij

aoifilgo mazaci~laf}# g} lakfs xa kta kssqlgfh }bk}

gfotaksam qsa ij lk}atgkc hiims kfm satzgoas gfmgok}a gfotaksa

gf }ba xktjkta kfm bk~~gfass ij }ba ~ai~ca& _i# xa sbiqcm lkea

~icgogas }i gfotaksa HF^ ks jks} ks xa okf& 4?

Lkfw id`ao}gzas bkza daaf tkgsam khkgfs} }bgs k~~tikob& G} gs

otg}gogpam if }btaa ~igf}s&

G} ghfitas }ba ~tidcals tasqc}gfh jtil mazaci~laf} a&h&

~ai~ca lkw sqjjat mqa }i ~iccq}gif# gfmqs}tgkcgpk}gif kfm

gfotaksa gf lkss ~i~qck}gif& Kj}at kcc# ~timqo}gif ij lita

okts lakfs lita ~iccq}am kgt&

4:


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28/129

la}bim# }ba aoifilgo mazaci~laf} }i }ba _}k}a gs `qmham dw }ba

ok~kog}w ij ~ai~ca }bk} }ii xbgob ar}af} ~ai~ca okf kjjitm

lk}atgkc hiims it bix lqob }baw kta lk}atgkccw kmzkfoa& Gf

xitms ij IEQF kfm TGOBKTM_IF0 Aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs

k sqs}kgfam kfm saoqckt gl~tizalaf} gf }ba lk}atgkc xacc,dagfh

xbgob gs tajcao}am gf gfotaksa gf hiims kfm satzgoas& 4:

Gf itmat }i `qmha bix }ba aoifilgo cgja ij }ba ~ai~ca gs

dagfh kjjao}am dw aoifilgo mazaci~laf}# aoifilgs}s bkza

s}kt}am qsgfh siogkc gfmgok}its& ]basa gfmgok}its ar~tass }ba

oifmg}gifs kdiq} bakc}b# jiim# amqok}gif# al~ciwlaf}# biqsgfh#

}tkfs~it}k}gif# kfm cgja ar~ao}kfow gjkf} litkcg}w tk}a# Xitegfh

biqts# afathw oifsql~}gif# siogkc saoqtg}w kfm taotak}gifkc

jkogcg}gas& Xg}b }ba bac~ ij siogkc gfmgok}its# xa okf oifs}tqo}

{qkcg}w ij cgja gfmar& ]bgs gfmar sbixs gj }bata gs kfw

gl~tizalaf} gf oifmg}gifs ij cgzgfh& 48

JKO]IT_ GFJCQAFOGFH AOIFILGO

MAZACI^LAF]

Aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs k ~tioass gfziczgfh ci}s ij

oil~carg}gas ks xacc ks k cifh ~tioamqta xbgob gfziczam ci}s ijjko}its& ]basa jko}its okf da ok}ahitgpam ks Aoifilgo kfm

fif,aoifilgo jko}its kfm }basa jko}its kta jqt}bat mgzgmam gf

jqt}bat ma}atlgfkf}s& ]basa jko}its gfjcqafoa }ba ~k}}atfs kfm

tk}a ij mazaci~laf} gf k oiqf}tw& ]basa gl~it}kf} jko}its kfm

ma}atlgfkf}s kta ks jiccix0

AOIFILGO JKO]IT_0

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29/129

Fi miqd}# aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs gfoil~ca}a xg}biq}

aoifilgo jko}its& Ks aoifilgo jko}its ~ckws kf gl~it}kf} tica gf

}ba mazaci~laf} kfm ~tis~atg}w ij kfw fk}gif& Tgsa it jkcc gf }i}kc

iq}~q} gs }i obkfha gf aoifilgo mazaci~laf} lkgfcw&

_ila ij }ba aoifilgo ma}atlgfkf}s kta hgzaf dacix0,

FK]QTKC TA_IQTOA_0

]ba ~tgfog~ca jko}it xbgob gfjcqafoas }ba mazaci~laf} ij

kf aoifilw# gj k oiqf}tw gs tgob gf fk}qtkc tasiqtoas# }baf k

tk~gm ~tihtass okf da xg}fassam& Gj }ba fk}qtkc tasiqtoas kta

qsam gf k ~ti~at xkw }baf }baw okf da zatw dafajgogkc jit kfw

oiqf}tws aoifilgo oifmg}gifs& Xg}b iq} qsgfh }bal ~ti~atcw#

}baw kta qsacass&

Xa okf skw }bk} }ba dksgo jko}it kjjao}gfh mazaci~laf} gs

}ba {qkf}g}w kfm {qkcg}w ij fk}qtkc tasiqtoas xbgob k oiqf}tw

~issassas& ]bata gfocqmas ckfm# jitas}s# lgfatkcs# xk}at# kfm

~ixat tasiqtoas# ocglk}a km haihtk~bgokc ciok}gif& Kdqfmkfoa

ij fk}qtkc tasiqtoas lakfs }ba oiqf}tw bks lita ~i}af}gkc jit

mazaci~laf}& ]ba saota} ij ~tis~atg}w ij lkfw mazaci~am

oiqf}tgas gs }bagt fk}qtkc tasiqtoas daokqsa kcc }basa s}k}as

~issass zks} khtgoqc}qtkc ckfm& Litaizat# }ba bghb tk}a ij htix}b

Gtkf# _kqmg Ktkdgk kfm lkfw Lgmmca Aks} oiqf}tgas gs mqa }i

}bagt lgfatkc tasiqtoas dq} ks G bkza laf}gifam dajita }bk} `qs}

}ba args}afoa ij tasiqtoas gs fi} afiqhb& ]ba s}k}a lqs} bkza

}ba kdgcg}w }i q}gcgpa }basa tasiqtoas& Lkfw qfmat mazaci~am

oiqf}tgas cgea _qmkf# Gfmgk kfm ^kegs}kf bkza tgob fk}qtkc

tasiqtoas dq} s}gcc }baw kta fi} mazaci~am& 42

OK^G]KC JITLK]GIF0

Ok~g}kc kooqlqck}gif it ok~g}kc jitlk}gif gs kf gl~it}kf}jko}it gf }ba aoifilgo ko}gzg}w ij k s}k}a& Ok~g}kc lakfs }ba

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30/129

s}ioe ij lk}atgkcs# lkobgfas# a{qg~laf}s# zabgocas# dqgcmgfh kfm

siogkc izat bakms cgea tikms# okfkcs# ~ixat biqsas# hks kfm

}aca~bifa cgfas& Ok~g}kc gfotaksas ~timqo}gzg}w ij bqlkf ckdit& G}

gs xg}b }ba bac~ ij ok~g}kc hiims }bk} oiqf}tw fk}qtkc tasiqtoas

okf da ~ti~atcw ar~cig}am& Ok~g}kc kooqlqck}as xbaf skzgfhs

kta gfzas}am& Ok~g}kc kooqlqck}gif cakms }i ar~kfsgif gf

gfmqs}tw# khtgoqc}qta# oillatoa kfm }tkfs~it} kfm afathw

hafatk}gif& Kc}biqhb Afhckfm kfm Hatlkfw bkza jaxat fk}qtkc

tasiqtoas# wa} }baw bkza bqha ok~g}kc xbgob gs saota} ij }bagt

bghbat gfoilas&

Lis} ij }ba mazaci~gfh oiqf}tgas kta ~iit& ]baw mi fi}

bkza afiqhb skzgfhs jit gfzas}laf}& _i# sbit}kha ij ok~g}kc

oif}gfqas kfm mazaci~laf} gs scix& 47

]ba s}ioe ij ok~g}kc okf da dqgc} q~ kfm gfotaksam }btiqhb

mgjjataf} tasiqtoas& ]ba tasiqtoas kta ko} ij skzgfh# ok~g}kc

lktea} kfm ko} ij gfzas}laf}&

]ba ko} ij skzgfh# }ba ~is}~ifgfh ij oifsql~}gif#

zicqf}ktgcw it gfzicqf}ktgcw si }bk} }ba jqfm }bqs lkma

kzkgckdca da qsam jit gfzas}laf}

]ba ok~g}kc lktea} gfziczas kcc jgfkfogkc gfs}g}q}gif a&h&

dkfes# "gfzas}laf} ks xacc ks mazaci~laf}'&

]i gfzas} gf mgjjataf} aoifilgo sao}gifs ij s}k}a gs

faoassktw# dq} }ba lkgf bqtmca gf gfzas}laf} ~tihtkl gs

}bk} }ba dqsgfasslaf qsqkccw basg}k}a }i gfzas} }bagt

tasiqtoas mqa }i ~icg}gokc kfm siogkc gfs}kdgcg}w gf }ba

oiqf}tw& ?>

BQLKF TA_IQTOA_0

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31/129

]ba lis} gl~it}kf} jko}it jit }ba aoifilgo mazaci~laf}

ij kfw oiqf}tw gs }ba bqlkf tasiqtoas ij }bk} oiqf}tw& âtjao}

bqlkf tasiqtoas gfocqmas amqok}am# ajjgogaf}# ~k}tgi}go# segccam#

bakc}bw& Kcc }basa {qkcg}gas oif}tgdq}a k ci} }i aoifilgo

mazaci~laf}& Gf oif}tktw# gj k s}k}a gs fi} migfh g}s das} kfm fi}

jciqtgsbgfh aoifilgokccw }baf }ba lkìt okqsa ij }bgs lkw da

qfdkckfoam bqlkf tasiqtoas& Gj k s}k}a gs izat ~i~qck}am#

qfal~ciwlaf}# ckoe ij amqok}gif# ckoe ij ~k}tgi}gsl#

qfkxktafass& ]basa }bgfhs okf otak}a otqogkc ~tidcals jit

aoifilgo mazaci~laf}& ?;

G} gs }ba bqlkf dagfh xbi gs }ba dksgo okqsa kfm siqtoa

ij kcc aoifilgo ko}gzg}w& Aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs jit bqlkf

dagfhs kfm gs qfmat}keaf dw bqlkf dagfhs& Lk}atgkc it ~bwsgokc

tasiqtoas ij k oiqf}tw kta bac~jqc ifcw gj }ba ~i~qck}gif ij }ba

oiqf}tw bks }ba faoassktw xgcc# segcc kfm }aobficihgokc

efixcamha }i qsa }bagt tasiqtoas& Lkfw qfmat mazaci~gfh

oiqf}tgas ij }ba xitcm bkza kdqfmkfoa ij fk}qtkc tasiqtoas dq}

daokqsa ij ~iit {qkcg}w ij bqlkf tasiqtoas# }baw ~timqoa k

cglg}am {qkf}g}w ij iq} ~q}& _i# }baw talkgf qfmat mazaci~am&

]bgs jko} sbixs }bk} }ba mazaci~laf} fi} ifcw ~bwsgokc ok~g}kc

dq} kcsi bqlkf ok~g}kc gs assaf}gkc& ?4

ÎXAT0

]ba }tqa dksas ij aoifilgo mazaci~laf} kta bgmmaf gf

}ba ~ixat tasiqtoas& G} oifsgs}s ij 4 }w~as ij siqtoas&

k& Oillatogkc tasiqtoas ij ~ixat# xbgob gfocqmas# igc# hks#

oikc bwmca# }batlkc acao}tgog}w kfm fqocakt&

d& Fif oillatogkc siqtoas# xbgob gfocqma kfglkc ~ixat#

jqac# xiim# oix mqfh a}o&

]ba ~ixat tasiqtoas kta zg}kc }i aoifilgo htix}b ij koiqf}tw& G}s gl~it}kfoa bks daaf obkfhgfh xg}b }ba ~ksskha ij

?;


32/129

}gla& Dajita }ba alathafoa ij gfmqs}tgkc tazicq}gif# }ba afathw

jit i~atk}gfh ba lkobgfas kta lkgfcw sq~~cgam dw kfglkcs#

bqlkf ko}gzg}w kfm dcix ij xgfm& Dq} xg}b }ba ~ksskha ij }gla#

ks }ba }aobficihw mazaci~s# sogaf}gjgo kmzkfoalaf}# oikc# igc#

hks kfm xk}at jkccs kta qsam ks ~tgfog~ca siqtoas ij afathw&

Fix mkws# }ba fqocakt ~ixat kfm sickt afathw kta dagfh qsam

gfotaksgfhcw jit hafatk}gfh acao}tgog}w dw mazaci~am oiqf}tgas&

]AOBFICIHW

MAJGFG]GIF0

]aobficihw lakfs }ba dimw ij efixcamha kfm

}aobfg{qas xbgob okf da qsam }i oildgfa aoifilgo tasiqtoas

jit }ba ~timqo}gif ij hiims kfm satzgoas& ??

]aobficihw kcsi ~ckws kf gl~it}kf} tica gf aoifilgo

mazaci~laf}& ]aobficihw lakfs }ba la}bims ij ~timqo}gif&

Gl~tizalaf} gf }aobficihw lkeas bqlkf ckdit kfm ok~g}kc

hiims lita ~timqo}gza& Jit arkl~ca# gfzaf}gif ij afhgfa

dtiqhb} gfmqs}tgkc tazicq}gif# }tko}it bks tazicq}gifgpam

khtgoqc}qta kfm oil~q}at gs lqc}g~cwgfh }ba ajjgogafow ij bqlkf

ko}gzg}gas gf kcc }ba s~batas ij cgja& @k~kf bks sqooassjqccw qsam

fax }aobficihw }i kobgaza bghb tk}a ij aoifilgo htix}b& Kcc

qfmat mazaci~am s}k}as ckoe limatf }aobficihw gl~tizalaf} gf

}aobficihw ta{qgtas sogaf}gjgo tasaktob# gfzaf}gifs kfm

gffizk}gifs& Dq} }bgs ~tioass okf} }keas ~ckoa izat fghb} dq} g}

faams cifh ~atgim ij }gla# bqha kliqf} ij ok~g}kc kfm

amqok}gif& ]ba mazaci~gfh oiqf}tgas sbiqcm# }batajita# gl~it}

}aobficihw jtil kmzkfoam fk}gif&

?4


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_IOGKC JKO]IT_0

_~aogkc jko}its bkza maa~ gfjcqafoa if }ba tk}a ij

aoifilgo mazaci~laf}& Azatw sioga}w bks k oat}kgf siogkc sa}q~& G} jiccixs k ~kt}goqckt jklgcw sws}al# iooq~k}gifkc s}tqo}qta#

siogkc k}}g}qmas# bkdg}s# oqs}ils kfm oqc}qtkc ~k}}atfs }basa

}bgfhs ma}atlgfa }bagt }bgfegfh kdiq} xite# skzgfh# oifsql~}gif#

xitegfh ij xilaf kfm jklgcw ~ckffgfh& Gj }basa jko}its kta

jkzitkdca gf k oiqf}tw# g} okf mazaci~ tk~gmcw& Lk}atgkc kfm

ok~g}kc kta fi} }ba lis} gl~it}kf} gf aoifilgo mazaci~laf}&

Kj}at kcc# }bata kta cgja cass }bgfh lis} gl~it}kf} gs }ba k}}g}qma ij

lkf& Gj gf k sioga}w ~ai~ca dacgaza gf latg}# }bata gs mghfg}w ij

ckdit kta }ba }bgfhs xbgob ta}ktm mazaci~laf}&

^ICG]GOKC JKO]IT_0

^icg}gokc jko}its kta fi} cass gl~it}kf}& Aoifilgo

mazaci~laf} okf }keas ~ckoa ifcw xbaf }bata gs ~icg}gokc

s}kdgcg}w& ]ba s}tqhhca gs lkegfh jit tk~gm gfmqs}tgkcgpk}gif& Gj

gccg}atk}a ~ai~ca bkza kf gfjcqafoa izat ~icg}gos }baf fi ~ti~at

mazaci~laf} okf }keas ~ckoa& Gf oif}tktw# gj ~ai~ca gf ~ixat kta

amqok}am it segccjqc }baf }ba ~tioass ij aoifilgo mazaci~laf}

okf }keas ~ckoa& K ~i~qckt hizatflaf} okf gfjqsa fax s~gtg}

klifh }ba ~ai~ca kfm }bqs otak}a jkziqtkdca k}lis~bata jit

mazaci~laf} ko}gzg}gas& Oittq~}gif gf ~icg}gokc kfm ijjgogkc ogtocas

egccs }ba gfoaf}gza jit xite& ?=

KMLGFG_]TK]GZA JKO]IT0

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]ba kmlgfgs}tk}gza jko}it okf da ckdacam ks k ~gcckt jit }ba

aoifilgo mazaci~laf} ij kfw s}k}a& Gj }ba kmlgfgs}tk}gif ij k

s}k}a xites bifas}cw# ajjgogaf}cw kfm sacjcasscw }baf g} okf hgza k

diis} }i aoifilgo mazaci~laf}&

]ba lkìt sa} dkoe ij jaxat mazaci~gfh oiqf}tgas gs }bagt

xake kfm oittq~} kmlgfgs}tk}gif xbgob okqsas ks k bqtmca gf

}ba xkw ij aoifilgo mazaci~laf}& ?1

GLÎT]KFOA IJ AOIFILGO

MAZACI^LAF]

Ks jkt ks }ba aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs oifoatfam# g}s

gl~it}kfoa gs ocakt jtil g}s ci}s ij siogkc kfm ~icg}gokc dafajg}s&

_ila ~ai~ca kta ij }ba zgax }bk} k s}k}a sws}al fi} ifcw

taziczas ktiqfm }ba aoifilgo sws}al dq} kcsi ma~afms q~if g}&

Kcc }ba sqd,sws}als ij k oiqf}tw xites jit }ba aoifilgo

~tis~atg}w&

G} gs skgm }bk} aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs }ba jqfmklaf}kc

hikc ij kfw s}k}a& Hizatflaf}s qc}glk}a ìd gs }i sk}gsjw }ba

aoifilgo xacc dagfh ij }ba ~ai~ca si }bk} ~ai~ca okf q}gcgpa }ba

aoifilgo mazaci~laf} ij }ba oiqf}tw& ?:

Aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs k lkgf okqsa ij mgjjatafoada}xaaf mazaci~am kfm mazaci~gfh oiqf}tgas& Gf jko}# ~icg}gokc

ks~ao} gs oifsgmatam far} }i g}&

Ks }ba cazac ij aoifilgo mazaci~laf} tgsas# }ba

~atoaf}kha sbkta ij ckdit xitegfh gf ~tglktw sao}it sqob ks

jktlgfh# lgfgfh# jiim s}qjj a}o# dahgfs }i maocgfa# xbataks }ba

~atoaf}kha sbkta ij xitegfh ~i~qck}gif gf saoifmktw sao}it

a&h& lkfqjko}qtgfh ~ti~it}gif ij }ba gfotaksas& Litaizat# k

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35/129

zgsgdca obkfha gs kcsi saaf gf }ba oillatoa ~it}gif ij kf

aoifilw a&h& }tkma# }tkfs~it}k}gif# jgfkfoa a}o& Xg}b }ba obkfha

it gfotaksa gf }ba aoifilgo# gfmqs}tgkcgpk}gif }keas ~ckoa& ]ba

s}tqo}qta ij jitaghf }tkma bks kcsi daaf }i}kccw obkfham&

Mqa }i aoifilgo mazaci~laf}# }ba }tkmg}gifkc }aobfg{qas

hgza kxkw }i sogafoa dksam kq}ilk}am }aobfg{qas&

]ba lis} gl~it}kf} }bgfh xbgob ar~tassas }ba

gl~it}kfoa ij }ba aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gs }bk} xg}b }ba

mazaci~laf} gf kf aoifilw# }bata gs hafatkc qtdkfgpk}gif kfm

}ba kmi~}gif ij limatf la}bim ij }bgfegfh# ko}gfh# ~timqogfh

kfm oifsqlgfh& ?8

]ba ~tioass ij aoifilgo mazaci~laf} afsqtas }bk}

azatw dimw ha}s k} caks} faoassg}gas ij cgja& ?2

TAJATAFOA_0

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36/129


37/129

44& Lgobakc ~& ]imkti# _}a~baf O& _lg}b# I~& og} ~& =8&

4?& Bkdgd QcckbZksaat# I~& og}# ~& ;:&

4=& Gdgm ~~& 2># 2;&

41&b}}~& Gcaf& Xgeg~amg# ith)xgegc)^at Ok~g}k gfoila&

4:& L& _kaam Fksgt# I~& og} ~& 1&

48& Daf`klgf Bghhgfs# i~& og} ~& ;=4&

42& L&_kaam fksgt# I~& og} ~& ;:&

47& Bkdgd Qcckb Zksaat# I~& og} ~& 24

?>& L& _kaam Fksgt# I~& og} ~& ;8

?;& Gdgm ~& ;8&

?4& @akf Xk}sif# I~& og} ~& 4;

??& L& _kaam Fksgt I~& og} ~~& ;8# ;2&

?=& E&E& Maxa}}# I~& og} ~~& :;:# :;8# :;2&

?1& L& _kaam FK_GT# I& og} ~&4>&

?:& Gdgm ~& ?

?8& Gdgm ~&=

?2& Bkdgd Qcckb zksaat#I~# og} ~&8:&

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OBK^]AT FI& 4OBK^]AT FI& 4

BG_]ITGOKC DKOEHTIQFM

IJ AOIFILGO

MAZACI^LAF] GF OBGFK

"I^AF MIIT ^ICGOW'

?2


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BG_]ITGOKC DKOEHTIQFM

GF]TIMQO]GIF0

bgfk gs sg}qk}am gf aks}atf Ksgk# diqfmam dw ~kogjgo gf }ba

aks}& ]ba ^TO gs }ba }bgtm ckthas} oiqf}tw ij }ba xitcm# far} }i

}ba Tqssgk kfm Okfkmk& G} bks kf ktak ij 7&: lgccgif s{qkta

egcila}ats it ifa jgj}b ij }ba xitcms ckfm lkts& ]ba oiks}cgfa ij }ba

lkgf ckfm ar}atfkcs oizat izat ;2#>>> EL# xksbam dw }ba xk}ats ij

Dibkg kfm Bqfkfhbkg# }ba aks} Obgfk kfm }ba siq}b Obgfk saks& ]ba

Dibkg _ak gs }ba gfckfm sak ij Obgfk& Obgfk bks lita }bkf 1#>>> ij

sbita gsckfms# ij }basa }ba ckthas} gs ]kgxkf& Obgfk gs k qfg{qa oiqf}tw

sbktgfh diqfmktgas xg}b lkfw oiqf}tgas g&a& Eitak# Lifhicgk# Tqssgk#

Kjhbkfgs}kf# ^kegs}kf# Gfmgk# Fa~kc# _geegl# Dbq}kf# Dqtlk# Ckis kfm

Zga}fkl&

O

^TO gs mgzgmam gf }i 44 ~tizgfoas# 1 kq}ifiliqs tahgifs# kfm ?

lqfgog~kcg}gas mgtao}cw qfmat }ba oaf}tkc kq}bitg}gas& ]bgs mgzgsgif }iie

~ckoa jit kmlgfgs}tk}gza ~qt~isas& ]ba ]i}kc ~i~qck}gif ij Obgfk gs

;#??2#:;4#:72 ; kfm }ba ok~g}kc ij Obgfk gs Dag`gfh# xbgob gs oifsgmatam

ks k oaf}ta ij }ba oiqf}tw gf ~icg}gokc# aoifilgo kfm oqc}qtkc safsa&

Obgfk gs bkzgfh 1: a}bfgo htiq~s klifh xbgob }ba Bkf

fk}gifkcg}w gs }ba 7=~atoaf} ij }ba }i}kc ~i~qck}gif ij Obgfk& ]ba Bkf

~i~qck}gifs cgza kcc izat }ba oiqf}tw dq} }bagt oil~ko} oillqfg}gas kta

gf }ba Bqkfhba# Obkfh `akfw kfm pbq`gkfh zkccaws kfm }ba sifhbqk

Cgkiba ~ckgf ij }ba Fit}b Aks}&4

]ba Obgfasa ogzgcgpk}gif gs ifa ij }ba aktcgas} ogzgcgpk}gifs ij }ba

xitcm& Obgfk bks kclis} =#>>> wakts ij xtg}}af bgs}itw& ]bata xata

mgjjataf} mwfks}gas gf Obgfk jtil ;:}b oaf}qtw DO }gcc ;7;;& ]ba

fk}gifkcgs} ~kt}w ij Obgfk tqcam jitl ;748 }i ;7=7& Xa okf skw }bk}

Obgfks taoizatw dahkf qfmat }ba Eqilgf}kfh# it Fk}gifkcgs} ~kt}w#

?7


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xbgob tqcam jtil ;748 }i ;7=7& Gf }bgs atk# }ba ~kt}w acglgfk}am lis} ij

}ba jitaghf s~batas ij gfjcqafoa kfm qfgjgam }ba xbica oiqf}tw&

]BA OBGFA_A OILLQFG_] ^KT]W "OO^'0

Dajita }ba Jitlk}gif ij OO^# }bata xks i~~tassgif kfm

ar~cig}k}gif dw jitaghf ok~g}kcgsl# milas}go jaqmkc jitoas& Gf ;7;8# }ba

tazicq}gif gf Tqssgk gfs~gtam }ba Obgfasa htiq~ ij gf}accao}qkcs

oifsa{qaf}cw5 }ba Lkw = lizalaf} }iie ~ckoa& ]bgs tazicq}gif xks

}i}kccw gl~atgkcgs} kfm kf}g jaqmkcgs}& ]bgs lizalaf} sa} dksgs jit

jiqfmgfh OO^& If @qcw ;74;# }ba ;s}

fk}gifkc oifhtass bacm gf sbgfhbkskfm ~tasaf}am ocakt zgsgif ij }bagt gmakc tahktmgfh maliotk}go

tazicq}gif& Kj}at ? tazicq}gifktw ogzgc xkts# }ba ~ai~cas ta~qdcgo ij

Obgfk xks ~tiockglam&

AOIFILGO BG_]ITW0

Obgfk gs efixf ks kf alathgfh aoifilgo sq~at ~ixat& ]ba

taksif dabgfm g}s lktzaciqs mazaci~laf} gs }ba tk~gm htix}b ij bgsmazaci~laf}5 Obgfk gs ha}}gfh k}}af}gif ij jklgcw ij fk}gifs mqa }i bgs

aoifilgo mazaci~laf}& Fi} ifcw gf aoifilw dq} Obgfk gs hgzgfh bgs

das} gf azatw jgacm# xbgob gs }ba ta{qgtalaf} jit daoilgfh sq~at ~ixat&

Dkzw Dqppkf kssat}s }bk} Obgfk oat}kgfcw ~tasaf}s }ba lis}

~tilgsgfh }ba lis} ~tilgsgfh kcc tiqfm ~tijgca ij k ~i}af}gkc sq~at

~ixat& Dqpkf ockgls }bk} Obgfk gs oqttaf}cw }ba lis} jksbgifkdca

~i}af}gkc sq~at~ixat kfm }ba ifa xbisa mahtaa ij kcgafk}gif jtil }ba

milgfkf} gf}atfk}gifkc sioga}w lkeas g} }ba lis} idzgiqs ~icg}gokc

Obkccafhat&?

]ba Obgfasa aoifilw tkfes klifh }ba ;> ckthas} aoifilgas gf

}ba xitcm gf kdsicq}a }atls& ]ba Obgfasa aoifilw gs ifa ij }ba jks}as}

htixgfh aoifilgas gf }ba xitcm& =

Obgfk daoilas aoifilgokccw mazaci~am fi} gf ifa fghb} dq}

}bata gs k s}itw ij bktm s}tqhhca dabgfm g}# xbgob dahgfs tghb} kj}at bgs

gfma~afmafoa gf ;7=7& Xa okf skw }bk} aoifilgos xks }ba }iqob

=>


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s}ifa ij Obgfasa tazicq}gif& ]ba cakmats ij Obgfk lkma }ba aoifilw

ij }ba s}k}a s}kdca kfm mazaci~am dw sa}}gfh s~aogjgo hikcs# xbgob }baw

kobgazam s}a~ dw s}a~# }btiqhb k htkmqkc ~tioass&

Ks aoifilgos xks }ba }iqob s}ifa ij Obgfasa tazicq}gif&

Gfmqs}tgkcgpk}gif xks }ba lkgf ~tgitg}w jit fax hizatflaf}# gf itmat }i

dtgfh }ba ^TO klifh }ba xitcms lis} mazaci~am kfm kmzkfoam

fk}gifs& Hafatkccw# g} gs xg}fassam }bk} ~tihtass }ixktms

gfmqs}tgkcgpk}gif gs tktacw slii}b5 bgs}itgokc ar~atgafoas gfmgok}a }bk}

}ba lita tk~gm }ba ~tihtass# }ba htak}at }ba s}tkgfs itghgfk}a xg}b gf k

sioga}w& Gf jitlqck}gfh }ba aoifilgo ~icg}gos# }ba OO^ bkm }xi hikcs

g&a& a{qkcg}w kfm ~tis~atg}w& ]ba jgts} ij }baa gs gmakcgs}go kfm }ba saoifm

ifa gs lk}atgkcgs}go& ^tko}gokccw# g} gs zatw mgjjgoqc} }i ~qtsqa di}b

sglqc}kfaiqscw& Gf hafatkc# aoifilgo ~icgow sgfoa ;7=7 bks }afmam }i

al~bksgpa ag}bat ifa it }ba i}bat& ]ba jgts} }afmafow xks lita

~tifiqfoam mqtgfh Lki pa mifhs cakmatsbg~# }ba saoifm qfmat Mafh

pgki~gfhs& Bixazat# aoifilgo ~icgow qfmat akob lkfs cakmatsbg~

bks kcsi daaf obktko}atgpam dw jcqo}qk}gifs da}xaaf al~bksgs if ifa

hikc kfm }ba i}bat& 1

Gf ;7=7# ks k tasqc} ij tazicq}gif# xbaf oillqfgs} ~kt}w ij

Obgfk okla gf}i ~ixat# }baf }ba cifh }atl hikcs ij Obgfasa cakmats

xata }i }tkfsjitl Obgfk gf}i k ~ixatjqc siogkcgs} fk}gif&

]i kobgaza }bgs hikc# gfmqs}tgkcgpk}gif# gl~tizalaf} ij cgzgfh

s}kfmktms# fkttixgfh ij gfoila mgjjatafoas kfm limatf lgcg}ktw

a{qg~laf} xks faamam& ]ba cakmats ij OO^ xiteam }i kobgaza }basa

hikcs& Xa okf saa k mgjjatafoa gf aoifilgo ~icgogas gf mgjjataf} atks

dq} }ba dksgo kgl xks skla& Mafh Rgki~gfh# Cgq _bki{g# Pbiq Afckg#

xata }ba cakmats xbi al~bksgpam lita if aoifilgo oifsgmatk}gif

tk}bat }bkf ~icg}gokc&

JGZA WAKT ^CKF_0

Obgfks jgza wakt ~ckfs# cgea lis} ij }ba i}bat oiqf}tgas# mi fi}

}tw }i hqgma gfmgzgmqkc af}at~tgsas if k mkgcw# lif}bcw it tahqckt dksgs&

=;


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]bk} gs }ba }kse ij kffqkc kfm {qkt}atcw ~ckfs& Gfs}akm ij }bgs# jgza wakt

~ckfs ~tizgma k jtkla xite xg}b gf xbgob kffqkcs ~ckfs kta mtkxf q~

kfm gl~calaf}am& ]baw sa} hcidkc }ktha}s jit siogkc kfm aoifilgo

hikcs# sqtzaw ~ks} sqooassas# kfm afqlatk}a }ba qftasiczam

ids}kocas }i jqt}bat htix}b5 }baw masotgda }ba lakfs jit kobgazgfh }ba

hikcs kfm k cgs} okf da sa} }btiqhb madk}a kdiq} }ba ~tgitg}gas }i da

hgzaf }i mgjjataf} sao}its&

KFFQKC ^CKF_0

Kffqkc ~ckfs ij Obgfk kta mtkxf q~ }ba s}k}a aoifilgo

oillgssgif qfmat }ba sq~atzgsgif ij }ba s}k}a ~ckffgfh oillgssgif#

xbgob ~tizgmas hqgma cgfas gf kcc cifh }atl kfm sbit} }atl ~ckffgfh&

Kffqkc ~ckfs sa} }ba gl~it}kf} }ktha}s ij }ba wakt kfm }baf }ba xitegfh

ij }ba xbica wakt }keas ~ckoa }i kobgaza }basa }ktha}s& Gf Obgfasa

aoifilgo bgs}itw# }basa jgza wakt ~ckfs kfm kffqkc ~ckfs bkza ~ckwam

k zg}kc tica& Jiccixgfh }kdca gs hgzgfh k dtgaj izat zgax ij Obgfks jgts}

jgza wakt ~ckfs& :

]kdca0 4&;

OBGFK_ JGT_] JGZA WAKT ^CKF_ ";71?,;72>'0

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Kj}at gfma~afmafoa# OO^ sa} sila }kses tahktmgfh aoifilw&

Jgts}cw# }i dtgfh }ba mgsks}tiqs gfjck}gif ij fax Obgfk qfmat oif}tic&

_aoifmcw# }i tadqgcm }ba gfjtks}tqo}qta kfm ~timqo}gif jkoqc}gas xbgob

xks mas}tiwam ks k tasqc} ij xkt&

Ks jkt ks oqttafow gs oifoatfam mgjjataf} tahgifkc oqttafogas xata

kdicgsbam kfm g} xks itmatam }bk} azatw ifa bks }i qsa Obgfasa

oqttafow Wqkf kcsi efixf ks Taflgfdg& Dkfes daokla

fk}gifkcgpam kfm s}tgo}cw okla qfmat }ba sq~atzgsgif ij OO & ]ba

aoifilgo ~ckffgfh sws}al ij }ba oaf}tkcgpam _}k}a xks gfs~gtam dw

_izga} Qfgifs limac&

Hizatflaf} jgram }ba ~tgoas ij mgjjataf} oillimg}gas xbgob

xata oifsgmatam jkgt k} }bk} }gla kfm kcsi sa} sila ~qfgsblaf}s jit

}bisa ~ai~ca xbi zgick}am }ba tqcas ij hizatflaf}& ]basa kcc ajjit}s

xata mifa sgl~cw }i dtgfh }ba aoifilw gf fitlkc xitegfh itmat&

]BA JIQFMK]GIF IJ _IOGKCG_] AOIFILW0

]ba siogkcgs} aoifilw# ks g} xks gf}timqoam gf Obgfk gf }ba aktcw

;71>s kfm oif}gfqam }i args} jit izat ?> wakts# mgjjats mtks}gokccw jtil

cgdatkc lktea} aoifilgas& ]ba s}k}a oif}ticcam }ba aoifilw dw

afjitogfh k s}k}a ~ckf& ]ba OO^s ~icg}gokc }kse gs }i as}kdcgsb k

oillqfgs} sioga}w gf Obgfk# k sioga}w xbgob mias fi} kccix ar~cig}k}gif

ij ~ai~ca dw i}bat ~ai~ca k hafqgfacw ocksscass sioga}w obktko}atgpam

dw kf a{qkc kcciok}gif ij xakc}b kfm i~~it}qfg}gas& 8

LKI KFM ]BA AOIFILW0

Ks bks s}k}am# Lkis kfkcwsgs ij }ba ditmat tahgif aoifilw bkm

4 ~igf}s ij jioqs0 }ba mazaci~laf} ij }ba ~tgzk}a sao}it kfm }ba htix}b

ij sacj sq~~it}gfh qfmat}kegfhs tqf dw ktlw kfm hizatflaf} ~atsiffac

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}i sq~~calaf} }ba i~atk}gfh kfm cgzgfh ois}s ij }bagt qfg}s& _gfoa }bata

xks zgt}qkccw fi ~tgzk}a gfmqs}tw# }ba ~tgzk}a sao}it oifsgs}am ij

khtgoqc}qta# bkfmgotkj}s kfm oillatoa& Lki majgfam g}s ~tglktw tica ks

~tizgmgfh jit }ba ~ai~cas cgzacgbiim& G} jqfo}gifs ks k siqtoa ij sq~~it}

jit }ba xkt kfm jit taoifs}tqo}gif& Xbgob g} takcgpam }btiqhb }ba }kras

~kgm }i }ba hizatflaf} kfm }tkma xg}b }ba ~qdcgo sao}it, }biqhb

gl~it}kf}# xks saoifmktw }i }ba }kse ij ~tizgmgfh }bk} cgzacgbiim& Lki

kthqam }bk} }ba ifcw xkw }i tkgsa }ba cgzgfh s}kfmktms ij }ba ~ai~ca xks

}btiqhb }ba htix}b ij }ba ~tgzk}a sao}it kfm g} xks ifcw dw

malifs}tk}gfh g}s kdgcg}w }i kobgaza }bgs ~tko}gokc hikc& ]ba ~kt}w oiqcm

hafatk}a sq~~it} jit g}s okqsa& If }bgs ba xks qfa{qgziokc0

]ba ~tglktw ks~ao} ij iqt xite gs fi} }i kse }bgfhs ij }ba ~ai~ca dq}

xbk} okf xa hgza }ba ~ai~ca9 Qfmat ~tasaf} oifmg}gifs gf }ba sbkkf,

Hkf,Fgfh ditmat tahgif# xa okf ithkfgpa# cakm kfm bac~ }ba ~ai~ca }i

mazaci~ ~timqo}gif kfm gfotaksa }bagt lk}atgkc xakc}b kfm if }bgs

dksgs# xa okf s}a~ dw s}a~ tkgsa }bagt ~icg}gokc kxktafass kfm oqc}qtkc

cazac& 2

]ba mazaci~laf} ij sacj sq~~it}gfh ~icgogas hgza dksgs }i }bgs

kgl dw kccazgk}gfh hizatflaf} malkfms if }ba ~ai~ca kfm xite if }ba

gl~tizalaf} ij cgzgfh s}kfmktms kfm xitegfh oifmg}gifs ij }ba ~ai~ca,

Lik bkm gf}timqoam }ba bkfmgotkj}s gfmqs}tgas# xbgob bkm jkccaf gf }i

maocgfa a&h& }ar}gcas& If ifa bkfm# sacj sq~~it}gfh ~timqo}gif hkza

tacgaj }i }ba hizatflaf} kfm if }ba i}bat bkfm sqooassjqc qfmat}kegfhs

oiqcm azaf}qkccw da }tkfsjattam }i hizatflaf} oif}tic kfm daoila

s}k}a af}at~tgsas&

Izat kcc Lki s~aogjgokccw xktfam khkgfs} mazaci~gfh

qfmat}kegfhs xbgob lghb} bktl }ba ~tgzk}a sao}it0

]ba aoifilgo ko}gzg}gas ij }ba ktlw# ~kt}w kfm hizatflaf} sbiqcm

bktlifgpa xg}b }ba aoifilgo ko}gzg}gas ij }ba ~ai~ca,Kfw }bgfh xbgob

=1


46/129

mklkhas }ba ~ai~cas gf}atas} it okqsas }bal mgssk}gsjko}gif gs fi}

kccixam& 7

TQTKC ]TKF_JITLK]GIF0 ]BA CKFM TAJITL0

Gf }bgs oif}ar}# ckfm tajitl ~tihtkl xks gf}timqoam jit tqtkc

}tkfsjitlk}gif& ]bgs ckfm tajitl oifsgmatam ks lis} sqooassjqc tqtkc

}tkfsjitlk}gif& ]bgs ckfm tajitl ~tizgmam ckfm }i ~iit ~akskf}s kfm

sbac}at jtil ar~cig}k}gif5 g} ko}qkccw bac~am }i ~tili}a }ba taoizatw ij

tqtkc aoifilw&If }ba i}bat bkfm# }ba Obgfasa ckfm citms qsam kcc }ba cazats ij

siogkc kfm ~icg}gokc ~ixats k} }bagt mgs~iskc }i qfmatlgfa }ba ckfm

tajitl& ]baw xata ij }ba zgax }bk} }baw xata dkmcw ar~cig}am dw }bgs

tajitl dq} ckfm citms xata s~aogjgokccw }i da kccixam }i bkza slkcc ~ci}s

}i sqs}kgf }bal saczas kfm }bagt jklgcw&

Lki khqam }bk} }baw oiqcm da qsam ks k ckdit jitoa ij }ba

oiqf}tw xbgca }ba ~kt}w oiqcm kcsi skza kfm talicm }bal ^atbk~s ba

kcsi bkm gf lgfm }bagt jqfo}gif ks k cgzgfh swldic ij }ba tazatskc ij }ba

icm ar~cig}gza ockss s}tqo}qta& Gf kfw azaf}# Lki oifocqmam0 Iqt }kse gs

}i kdicgsb }ba jaqmkc sws}al# }i xg~a iq} }ba ckfm citms ks k ockss# fi}

ks gfmgzgmqkcs& ;> ]ba ~atgim ij dkckfogfh aoifilw bkm kobgazam g}s

hikcs&

]ba azicq}gif ij ~tgfog~cas gf Obgfk xg}b tahktm }i Lktrgs}# Fai

Lktrgs}# kfm Cafgfgs} ~tgfog~cas# okf da ok}ahitgpam gf }i ? s}khas&

;& ]ba ;74>s q~ }i ;7=7 skx }ba jiccixgfh daf}0

Al~bksgs if fk}gifkcgsl&

Kf}g gl~atgkcgsl&

Tqtkc ockss s}tqhhca kfm tazicq}gifgsl&

4, _aoifm s}kha jtil ;7=7 }i ;788 skx jiccixgfh }qtfs0

=:


47/129

^tgfog~ca ij Tazicq}gif dw Cafgf

Al~bksgs if fk}gifkcgsl kfm kf}g ok~g}kcgsl

Kf}g,gl~atgkcgsl& Tqtkc Tazicq}gif&

]ba Htak} Cak~ Jitxktm&

]ba Oqc}qtkc Tazicq}gif&

Fai Lktrgsl&

Cafgfgs} kfm _}kcgfgs} tqca&

Kq}ktew&

?, Gf ?tm s}kha# jtil ;782 }i }ba ~tasaf}# Obgfk bks xg}fassam

jiccixgfh0

Fk}gifkcgs}&

Mqkc aoifilw&

Al~ixatlaf} ij }ba tqtkc ~qdcgo&

I~af Miit ^icgow&

Af}tw gf }i }ba Hcidkc aoifilgo sws}al&

_bgj} jtil Cafgfgs} }i kq}bitg}ktgkf tqca&

Al~bksgs if dksgo aoifilgo kfm siogkc sghb}s kfm fi} if ~icg}gokc

ifas& ;;

JGT_] JGZA WAKT ^CKF ";714,;718'0

]ba sqooassjqc oil~ca}gif dw }ba afm ij ;714 ij dksgo

aoifilgo taoifs}tqo}gif ~kzam }ba xkw jit OO^ cakmatsbg~ }i dahgf

}ba }tkfsg}gif }i siogkcgsl }btiqhb k cifh }atf ~ckffgfh ij

taoifs}tqo}gif& ]ba qc}glk}a hikc ij OO^ cakmatsbg~ xks }i kobgaza }ba

oil~ca}a limatfgpk}gif ij }ba dkoexktm s}k}a& Jit }bgs ~qt~isa#

Obgfasa cakmats jiccixam }ba sizga} limac gf azatw tas~ao}& ]ba

=8


48/129

Obgfasa cakmat sbg~ daokla }ba jiccixat ij _izga} Qfgifs limkc tghb}

kj}at g}s gfma~afmafoa&

_izga} Qfgif xks }bk} oiqf}tw xbi }iie gfg}gk}gza }i i~} kfm dqgcm

siogkcgsl& Litaizat# _izga} Qfgif xks }ba Oiqf}tw# xbi majgfa

siogkcgs} sws}al }i }ba xbica xitcm kfm }baw sqooassjqccw gfmqs}tgkcgpam

}bagt qfmat mazaci~ oiqf}tw&

Obgfk bixazat# xks s}gcc lita dkoexktm aoifilgokccw kfm

siogkccw }bkf }sktgs} Tqssgk bkm daaf& ]ba cazac ij gfmqs}tw gf Obgfk gf

;7=7 xks cass }bkf bkcj ij }ba Tqssgk gf ;7;8# kfm dw ;714 Obgfasa

gfmqs}tw kliqf}am }i ifcw 41 ~atoaf} ij }ba sizga} cazac jit ;748&

Khtgoqc}qtkc ~timqo}gif ~at ok~g}kc gf Obgfk gf;714 kliqf}am }i ifcw 4>

~atoaf} ij }bk} gf _izga} Qfgif gf ;748& ]bqs# }ba aoifilgo oifmg}gifs

jit dqgcmgfh siogkcgsl# it jit }bk} lk}}at jit okttwgfh iq} kfw k~~taogkdca

limatfgpk}gif ij }ba oiqf}tw# xata jkt cass hiim gf Obgfk& Fifa }ba

cass# }ba Obgfasa cakmatsbg~ xks kmklkf}cw ma}atlgfam }i qfmat}kea

}ba sbgj} }i siogkcgsl kclis} ks siif ks aoifilgo tazgzkc bkm daaf

oil~ca}am& Ifa ij }ba zg}kc taksifs jit }bgs masgta tas}am gf }ba jko}

}bk} }ba Obgfasa cakmats xata fix gf }bagt 1>s kfm :>s kfm }baw

xkf}am }i saa }basa }kses kobgazam gf }bagt ixf cgja}glas& ;4

Kj}at lkegfh slii}b aoifilgo dksa mqtgfh wakts ";7=7,;714'

ij tas}itk}gif ij aoifilw# }ba Obgfasa lkgfs}takl cakmats ij }bk} }gla

cgea Lik Pamifh# pbiq Afckg kfm i}bats xata takmw }i lkea }ba jgts}

jgza wakt aoifilgo ~ckf ";71?,;718'# majgfg}acw dksam if siogkcgs}

s}tqo}qta& Gf }bgs oif}ar}# gf _a~}aldat ;71?# }ba ~tgfog~cas ij jgts} JW^

xata ~qdcgsbam& ]ba jktlats efax }bk} siogkcgsl oiqcm fi} da

sqooassjqc gj }bata gs fi ~ti~at ~tihtass ij htkmqkc ar~kfsgif ij

aoifilw& Jit }bgs ~qt~isa# }baw jiqfm gf}atfkcgpk}gif ks k }iic&

GFMQ_]TGKC _AO]IT0

]ba OO^ cakmats jiqfm gfmqs}tgkc sao}it ks k eaw }i ar~kfm

aoifilw si }baw xite lita if g} kfm }ba ~tgitg}w xks hgzaf }i }ba

=2


49/129

bakzw gfmqs}tw& ]ba dksgo kgl dabgfm g} xks }i miqdca }ba gfmqs}tgkc

htix}b mqtgfh }ba ~atgim ij }ba ~ckf&

Dw jiccixgfh }ba sizga} aoifilgo limac# bakzw gfmqs}tw xks

al~bksgpam kfm Obgfk gfzas}am 4> ~atoaf} ij g}s tasiqtoas gf }bgs

sao}it& K tk~gm }tkfsjat ij }aobficihw }iie ~ckoa da}xaaf Obgfk kfm

Q__T# kfm }ba xbica xitcm xks ij }ba zgax }bk} g} xiqcm bkza }keaf

}ba ^TO lita }bkf ?> wakts }i kobgaza }aobficihgokc da}}atlaf} xbgob

xata dtiqhb} kdiq} gf }i wakts ij sizga} kssgs}kfoa& Fax gfmqs}tgkc

ktaks mazaci~am tk~gmcw& ;?

12 ~atoaf} ij }ba lifaw }i da gfzas}am xks masghfk}am jit

gfmqs}tw# ij xbgob 22&2 ~atoaf} xks kssghfam }i bakzw gfmqs}tw# ;;&4

~atoaf} }i cghb} gfmqs}tw& Dw oif}tks}# ifcw 8&:~atoaf} ij gfzas}laf}s

xata aktlkteam jit khtgoqc}qta& ]ba dksgo ~talgsas ij }ba jgts} jgza wakt

~ckf xaa limacam kclis} af}gtacw if sizga} ar~atgafoa kfm xata

mtkxf q~ xg}b }ba oif}tgdq}gif ij }ba sizga} ar~at}s kfm oifsqc}kf}&

]bagt sq~~it} ~ckwam k sghfgjgokf} tica mqtgfh }bgs ~atgim# as~aogkccw gf

}ba as}kdcgsblaf} ij ~tazgiqscw fif,args}af} sao}its ij gfmqs}tw# gf

lkobgfa dqgcmgfh# acao}tifgos# s}aac kfm igc gfmqs}tgas& Ocisa }i ;>#>>>

sizga} ar~at}s xiteam gf Obgfk mqtgfh }basa wakts# ks mgm bqfmtams ij

afhgfaats jitl aks} Aqti~akf oiqf}tgas5 kfm }biqskfms ij Obgfasa

}aobfgogkfs xata }tkgfam gf }ba _izga} Qfgif& ;=

]bgs xbica gfmqs}tgkcgpk}gif ~tihtkl xks dksam if kf

kssql~}gif }bk} lkgfcw g} xiqcm bkza }i jgfkfoa Obgfk dw batsacj

daokqsa gf }ba }i}kc kliqf}# jit }ba oil~ca}gif ij }bgs jgza wakt ~ckf

}ba sizga} kssgs}kfoa gs ifcw ?~atoaf} kfm }bata xks fi bi~a jit

hkgfgfh kgm kfm kssgs}kfoa jtil }ba xas} mqa }i }ba oicm tack}gifs

da}xaaf Q_K kfm Obgfk&

Obgfasa jiqfm }ba sicq}gif ij }bgs ~tidcal gf khtgoqc}qtkc sao}it&

G} lakfs }bk} khtgoqc}qta okf ~tizgma }ba lifaw xbgob xks faamam gf

gfmqs}tgkcgpk}gif& ]bgs taksif ~kzam }ba xkw jit khtgoqc}qtkc

taoifs}tqo}gif gf Obgfk& ]ba khtgoqc}qta sao}it xks fi} hgzaf lita

gl~it}kfoa gfg}gkccw dq} kj}at }bgs satgiqs xite }iie ~ckoa gf }bgs sao}it&

K sicgm dksa xks otak}am gf bakzw gfmqs}tw# xbgob gfocqmas gtif kfm

=7


50/129


51/129

]KTHA]_ JIT HTIX]B GF HTI__ ]I]KC IQ]^Q]

";714,;718'

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FI&

_AO]IT ;714

KO]QKC

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^TI@AO]AM

; Khtgoqc}qtkc iq}~q} 8#>1> 2#8>>

4 Gfmqs}tgkc iq}~q} ?#741 8#2>>

? Bkfmgotkj} iq}~q} ;#>81 ;#841

Htiss }i}kc iq}~q} ;4#>1> ;2#441

_iqtoa0 ]ba s}k}a oiqfogc# }ba jgts} jgza wakt ~ckf "^aegfh Obgfasa

ckfhqkha# ;711'&

HTAK] CAK^ JITXKTM

Dw ;718# }ba lkgf obkfhgfh gf Obgfks gfs}g}q}gifkc sws}al xata

oil~ca}a kfm }tkfsjitlk}gif xks kcsi saaf gf }ba Obgfasa ockss

s}tqo}qta g&a& }ba diqthaigs kfm tgob ~akskf}tw ockss bkm daafmgs~k}obam& ]ba ~tglktw ~bksa i siogkcgs} }tkfsjitlk}gif oiqcm da skgm

}i da jgfgsbam& ]bgs oiqcm da ckdacam ks }ba ;s} s}a~ ij Obgfk }ixktms

limatfgpk}gif&

Mqtgfh }ba ~atgim ij jgts} JW^# gfmqs}tgkc ~timqo}gif gfotaksam gf zkcqa

jitl ?&= dgccgif }i 8&2 dgccgif Wqkf# g&a& ;42 ~atoaf}# kf kffqkc gfotaksa

ij 41 ~atoaf}& _}aac ~timqo}gif bkm htixf jitl ;&? lgccgif }ifs gf ;714

}i 1&? lgccgif gf ;7185 iq} ~q} ij oikc jtil :: lgccgif }ifs }i ;?; lgccgif5

acao}tgokc ~ixat bkm gfotaksam jtil 8&4 dgccgif egcixk}}s gf ;714 }i ;7&?

dgccgifs gf ;718& Bixazat }ba mazaci~laf} ij khtgoqc}qta ckhham

oifsgmatkdcw dabgfm }bk} ij gfmqs}tw mqtgfh }bgs skla ~atgim gfotaksgfh

dw ifcw 4> ~atoaf}# kf kffqkc htix}b tk}a ij cass }baf =~atoaf} &;2

]ba gldkckfoa da}xaaf }ba gfmqs}tgkc kfm khtgoqc}qtkc htix}b#

mgssk}gsjko}gif xg}b gfajjgogafow kfm gfjcargdgcg}w gf }ba maogsgif lkegfh

~tioass takcgpam Obgfasa cakmats# }bk} }ba bghbcw oaf}tkcgpam# gfmqs}tw

dgksam sizga} aoifilgo limac mi fi} lk}ob xg}b Obgfasa gf}atas}s&

1;


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Htak} Obgfasa cakmats# Mafh Rgki~gfh ar~ckgfam }ba oifoa~} ij

siogkcgsl kfm mgjjataf}gk}a g} jtil Lktrgsl if @qfa ?># ;72=0

Xbk} gs siogkcgsl kfm xbk} gs Lktrgsl9 Xa kta fi} {qg}a ocakt kdiq}

}bgs gf }ba ~ks}& Lktr k}}kobas q}lis} gl~it}kfoa }i mazaci~gfh }ba

~timqo}gza jitoas& Xa bkza skgm }bk} siogkcgsl gs }ba ~tglktw s}kha ij

oillqfgsl kfm }bk} k} }ba kmzkfoam s}kha }ba ~tgfog~ca ij jtil akob

kooitmgfh }i bgs kdgcg}w kfm }i akob kooitmgfh }i bgs faams xgcc da

k~~cgam& ]bgs okccs jit bghbcw mazaci~am ~timqo}gza jitoas kf izat

xbaclgfh kdqfmkfoa ij lk}atgkc xakc}b& ]batajita# }ba jqfmklaf}kc

}kse jit }ba siogkcgs} s}kha gs }i mazaci~ }ba ~timqo}gza jitoas& ]ba

sq~atgitg}w ij }ba siogkcgs} sws}al gs malifs}tk}am# gf }ba jgfkc kfkcwsgs#

dw jks}at kfm htak}at mazaci~laf} ij }bisa jitoas }bkf qfmat }ba

ok~g}kcgs} sws}al& Ks }baw mazaci~# }ba ~ai~cas lk}atgkc kfm oqc}qtkc

cgja xgcc oifs}kf}cw gl~tiza& Ifa ij iqt sbit} oilgfhs kj}at }ba jiqfmgfh

ij ^ai~cas Ta~qdcgo ij Obgfk xks }bk} xa mgm fi} ~kw afiqhb k}}af}gif

}i mazaci~gfh }ba ~timqo}gza jitoas& _iogkcgsl lakfs acglgfk}gfh

~izat}w& ^kq~atgsl gs fi} siogkcgsl# s}gcc cass oillqfgsl&;7

Gf ;718# }bata xks k sbgj} gf kq}bitg}w jit aoifilgo maogsgif

lkegfh }i }ba ~tizgfogkc cazac# oiqf}tw kfm ciokc kmlgfgs}tk}gif& Ajjit}s

xata lkma jit Htak} Cak~ gf ~timqo}gifs jit kcc sao}its ij }ba

aoifilw k} ifoa&

Gf ;712# }ba OO^ ckqfobam }ba Htak} cak~ jitxktm okl~kghf gf

tas~ifsa gf tas~ifsa }i kdiza ~tidcals& ]ba Htak} Cak~ Jitxktm

okla }i da dksam if k zatw mgjjataf} mazaci~laf} s}tk}ahw& G} xks

kglam k} kooil~cgsbgfh }ba aoifilgo kfm }aobfgokc mazaci~laf} ij

}ba oiqf}tw xg}b htak}at tasqc}s& ]ba gmak dabgfm }ba cak~ xks }i

oif}gfqa }i qsa siqtoa soktoa ok~g}kc kfm }aobfgokc efixcamha }i

mazaci~ bakzw gfmqs}tw dq} }i ~ktkccac }bgs ajjit} xg}b k lkss

lidgcgpk}gif ij kcc }w~as ij lkthgfkc tasiqtoas& G} lakfs }i qsa tqtkc

kfm qtdkf ckdit xg}b kfw mgjjatafoa ij lkca kfm jalkca& ]bgs xks si }i

dahgf oifs}tqo}gif ~ti`ao}5 }i }kea ~kt} gf }aobfgokc gffizk}gif5 }i s}kt}

jko}itgas }bk} q}gcgpam sgl~ca }aobfg{qas kfm }i jgfm kfm qsa }balkthgfkc siqtoas ij skx lk}atgkcs ~atjitoa ghfitam dw oaf}tkc ~ckffats

14


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54/129

okqsam }bgs ~icgow }i da s}i~~am kdtq~}cw kj}at k oiq~ca ij lif}bs& ]ba

~icgow xks di}b lgsoifzgfoam kfm okttgam iq} gf sqob k tghitiqs

lkffat }bk} g} okqsam bqha cisa&

^TIDCAL_ IJ ]BA HTAK] CAK^0

]ba htak} cak~ jitxktm xks k xk}atsbam gf Obgfasa

mazaci~laf} s}tk}ahw kfm xgcc kcxkws da talaldatam ks kf aoifilgo

jkgcqta& G} daokla k okqsa ij mgsks}tiqs ajjao}s gf }ba gfmqs}tgkc sao}it&

K oicck~sa xks saaf gf {qkcg}w kfm oil~ca}a ghfitkfoa ij oqs}ilats

ta{qgtalaf}& K obkis kfm }afsgif kcsi kmmam xbaf sizga} kmzgsas

sqmmafcw xg}b mtkxc gf ;7:>& 4; ]ba aoifilgo kj}at ajjao}s ij ba htak}

cak~ jitxktm xata sbit}kha ij jiim# sbit}kha ij gfmqs}tw gf tkx

lk}atgkc# qffaoassktw ~timqo}gif ij cix {qkcg}w hiims# malitkcgpk}gif

ij }ba ~akskf}tw kfm }ba {qkcgjgam ~ai~ca& 44 ]ba gmak }i mazaci~ tqtkc

gfmqs}tw xks gf g}sacj# otamg}kdca kfm oiqcm bkza kobgazam gl~it}kf}

htix}b# dq} g} xks okttgam iq} ks k ~icg}gokc okl~kghf }i kobgaza }ktha}s

jit xbgob }bata xks fi dksgs gf }ba kjjao}am ciokcg}gas& Ckoe ij

lkobgfas# ok~g}kc kfm skx lk}atgkcs kfm saksifkc mgjjatafoas gf }ba

gl~calaf}k}gif ij }ba ~icgow& Jiccixgfh }ba htak} cak~ jitxktm }bata

xks 4 wakt sazata s}ktzk}gif xbgob kjjao}am kcc izat }ba oiqf}tw& 4?

TAKM@Q_]LAF] ^ATGIM0 ";7:;,;7:1'

Kj}at }bgs }ba hizatflaf} obkfham }ba hikcs ij aoifilw kfm

sa} fax ~icgogas dw ta~ckogfh }ba icm ifas& ]i~ ~tgitg}w xks hgzaf }i

ar~kfm khtgoqc}qtkc iq}~q} }i laa} }ba faams ij }ba htixgfh ~i~qck}gif

daokqsa di}b }ba jgts} JW^ kfm }ba htak} cak~ jitxktm sbktam ifa

oillif }bgfh kfm }bk} xks }i ghfita }ba khtgoqc}qtkc sao}it kfm fag}bat

s}tk}ahw ~q} lqob al~bksgs if gfzas}laf} ij limatf }aobficihw gf

khtgoqc}qta& ^ckffgfh# tk}bat }bkf ~icg}gos ifoa khkgf hqgmam ~timqo}gifmaogsgifs# kfm lk}atgkc taxktms tk}bat }bkf tazicq}gifktw akhatfass

1=


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daokla }ba cakmgfh gfoaf}gza ij ~timqo}gif& Mqtgfh }ba ta,km`qs}laf}

kfm taoizatw ~atgim ij ;7:;,;7:1# tas}itk}gif ij aoifilw xks

xg}fassam& Kf gl~it}kf} siqtoa ij htix}b xks }ba xgmafgfh ij tqtkc

kfm slkcc, sokca gfmqs}tgas# s~aogjgokccw oikc lgfas# bwmti acao}tgo

~ckf}s kfm khtgoqc}qtkc lkobgfatw ~ckf}s& 4= ]bata xks kcsi k obkfha gf

gfzas}laf} gf mgjjataf} sao}its ks }ba jgts} oifsgmatk}gif xks }ba

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gl~it}kf} obkfha gf khtgoqc}qta xks }ba maoaf}tkcgpk}gif ij ~timqo}gif

maogsgif lkegfh& Mqtgfh }bgs km`qs}laf} ~atgim# aoifilgo s}kdgcg}w xks

tazgzam& Kj}at ;7:;# aoifilgo s}kdgcg}w xks tas}itam& Khtgoqc}qtkc iq}~q}

kfm gfmqs}tgkc iq}~q} htax k} kf kzatkha kffqkc tk}a ij 7&:~atoaf} kfm

;>&:~atoaf} kffqkccw&

OQC]QTKC TAZICQ]GIF0

]BGTM KFM JIQT]B JGZA WAKT ^CKF0

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mgstq~}gif cks}am }btiqhb iq} }ba ]bgtm JW^ ";7::,;78>' kfm Jiqt}b

JW^ ";78;,;781'& Gf ;7:8# }bata xks k mixfjkcc gf }ba gfmqs}tgkc iq}~q}

zkcqa dw ;?&2~atoaf} kfm 1~atoaf} jqt}bat maotaksa gf ba zkcqa xks

saaf gf }ba far} wakt& Jqt}batlita# khtgoqc}qtkc ~timqo}gif maocgfam dw

4&1~atoaf} kc}biqhb }ba ~timqo}gif jghqtas jit }ba wakt ;7:7 kfm ;78>

sbixam sila gfotaksa# }baw xata gfjck}am&41 ]bgs sbix k dahgffgfh ij

lkssgza aoifilgo mixfjkcc gf Obgfk# xbgob xks kcsi xg}fassam gf

jiqt}b JW^&

Mqtgfh }ba atk ij }ba jiqt}b JW^# sg}qk}gif hi} azaf xitsa# Lis}

ij }ba s}k}a af}at~tgsas s}i~~am ~timqo}gif kfm }ba oifjatafoas s}kfm

laa}gfhs jit jq}qta ~ckffgfh oiqcm fi} bacm& ]ba kffqkc tk}a ij htix}b

ij gfmqs}tgkc kfm khtgoqc}qtkc iq}~q} mti~~am }i 8&2 ~atoaf} xg}b gfmqs}tw

maocgfgfh }i 7&; ~atoaf} kfm khtgoqc}qta }i = ~atoaf}& 4:

11


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Jit }ba ~ti~at qfmats}kfmgfh ij }ba gl~ko} ij }ba Oqc}qtkc

Tazicq}gif# g} gs faoassktw }i ocktgjw }bk} g} xks fi} oqc}qtkc gf }ba qsqkc

safsa ij }ba xitm& G} xks ks lqob oifoatfam xg}b khtgoqc}qta# gfmqs}tw

kfm ~icg}gokc }bgfegfh ks xg}b oqc}qta g} sacj& Gf sbit}# xa okf ckdac g} ks k

oil~ca}a gmaicihgokc tazicq}gif&

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ckqfobam dw Lki pa mifh }i oiqf}at tazgsgifgsl #~ticgjatk}a gmaicihw#

s}tafh}baf }ba jiqfmk}gifs ij siogkcgsl# gfotaksa ~timqo}gif kfm }i

taliza }ba tazgsgifgs}s kfm diqthaigs jtil }ba ~kt}w dqtakqotkow& K

cqfha mgsks}at xks saaf gf }i milas}go q~bakzkc& ]ba Oqc}qtkc

Tazicq}gif sbixam kf atk ij ar}tala fk}gifkcgsl kfm gsick}gif xg}b gf

Obgfk& Af}bqsgksl jit }ba Oqc}qtkc Tazicq}gif# kf}g~k}bw }i xas}atf

gfjcqafoa# kfm sq~~it} jit tazicq}gifktw zkcqas takobam bghb gf}afsg}w#

cakmgfh }i bqha malifs}tk}gifs }bk} k} }glas s~takm }i Obgfasa

oillqfg}w kcc izat }ba xitcm& _afgit ijjgogkcs# xbi xata cam dw Pbiq

Afckg# xiteam zatw bktm }i lkgf}kgf k oil~ca}a mg~cilk}go gsick}gif&

Kf}g Dtg}gsb tgi}s kfm malifs}tk}gifs gf Bifh Eifh xata zatw sazata

~tilgfaf}cw# dq} si }ii xata kf}g sizga}# kf}g Dtg}gsb kfm kf}g Q_K

malifs}tk}gifs gf Obgfk& 48 Gfg}gkccw }ba Oqc}qtkc Tazicq}gif xks k

~icg}gokc q~tikt kfm mgm fi} lkea kfw ~tilgfaf} obkfhas gf aoifilgo

~icgogas& G} kjjao}s }ba aoifilw ij limatf sao}it& Khtgoqc}qtkc

~timqo}gif s}khfk}am# dq} lkgfcw }ba tqtkc ktaks ar~atgafoam cass

mgsitmat }bkf og}gas& Gf gfmqs}tgkc sao}it# ~timqo}gif hi} lgfglgpam& ]bgs

gs lkgfcw mqa }i ? okqsas&

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ij s}qmaf}s kfm xiteats gf }ba jko}itgas kfm lgfas&

4& ]ba 4fm okqsa xks }ba ckoes ij }tkfs~it}k}gif daokqsa }ba }tkgfs

kfm }tqoes xata qsgfh }i okttw }ba Obgfasa tam hqktms kcc oizat

}ba oiqf}tw&

1:


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?& ]ba ?tm okqsa xks }bk} jko}itgas xata gfs}tqo}am dw }ba

tazicq}gifktw oillg}}aas# xbgob gfocqmas }ba ~kt}w

ta~tasaf}k}gzas# }ba xiteats kfm }ba ^CK# xbi bkza cg}}ca

efixcamha kdiq} }ba lkfkhalaf}& Litaizat# lkfw gf}accao}qkc

jtil mgjjataf} ~tijassgifs xata jitoam }i ~kt}gog~k}a gf ckdit it

dagfh `kgcam xbgob tasqc}am gf }bagt kdgcg}gas dagfh cis} }i }ba

af}at~tgsa& Oifsa{qaf}cw# gf ;7:8# ;=~atoaf} maocgfa gf

gfmqs}tgkc sao}it xks dagfh xg}fassam&

Jqt}bat lita# }ba cifh cks}gfh ajjao} if }ba aoifilw xks }ba

sbit}kha ij bghbcw amqok}am ~atsiffac okqsam dw }ba ocisgfh ij

qfgzatsg}gas& Mqa }i }bgs jko}# Obgfks kdgcg}w }i mazaci~ fax }aobficihw

kfm kdsitd gl~it}am }aobficihw xiqcm da cglg}am jit wakts dw kf gfzkc

gf bghbat amqok}gif& _agpgfh sila ij }ba cakmgfh ~isg}gifs gf }ba ~kt}w

kfm }ba s}k}a# Cgf Dgki kfm }ba Hkfh ij Jktat "@gkfh [gfh# Pbkfh

Obq{gki# Wki xaf Qfkf kfm Xkfh bihxaf' xtiqhb} }attgjwgfh bkzit

if }ba fk}gifkc aoifilw }btiqhb }bagt si,okccam Oqc}qtkc Tazicq}gif&

42

Gf ;781# xbaf Mafh Rgki~gfh }iie k obktha ij mkgcw xitegfh ij }ba

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s}aac ~timqo}gif jtil 4; lgccgif }ifs ij ;78= }i 4= lgccgif }ifs kfm

htkgf iq} ~q} xaf} q~ jitl 481 lgccgif }i 472 lgccgif }ifs dq} gf ;78:#

kj}at }ba mak}b ij Pbiq Afckg# }ba Hkfh ij Jiqt ckqfobam k lizalaf}

}i Otg}gogpa Mafh Pgki ~gfh kfm oiqf}at }ba tghb} mazgk}gif }tafm }i

tazatsa }ba oittao} zatmgo} if }ba oqc}qtkc tazicq}gif ]baw zgt}qkccw

okqsam htak} cisas }i }ba fk}gifs lk}atgkc xakc}b& ]bagt mgstq~}gif ij

~icg}gokc cgja kfm ij aoifilgo lkfkhalaf} qfmatlgfam aoifilgo

ko}gzg}w si satgiqscw }bk} }baw dtiqhb} }ba af}gta fk}gifkc aoifilw }i

}ba dtgfe ij oicck~sa& Ks ~icg}gokc s}kdgcg}w xks tas}itam# k htkmqkc

mazaci~laf} xks gf li}gif& ]baw tas}ita }ba gfmqs}tgkc mazaci~laf}5 k

okl~kghf xks okttgam iq} }i ta}qtf segccam kfm bghbcw amqok}am

~atsiffacs }i }bagt `ids jtil xbgob }baw bkm daaf mgs~ckoam mqtgfh }ba

Oqc}qtkc Tazicq}gif& Jitaghf oif}ko}s xata taas}kdcgsbam# qfgzatsg}gas

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xata ta,i~af& ]bata xks gfotaksa gf gfzas}laf}# gfocqmgfh }ba

oif}tko}s xg}b jitaghf jgtls jit }ba oifs}tqo}gif ij lk`it jkogcg}gas jit

obalgokc jat}gcgpat ~timqo}gif# s}aac jgfgsbgfh kfm igc tajgfgfh& Gf }bgs atk#

}ba kffqkc kzatkha tk}a ij }ba gfmqs}tgkc iq}~q} htax k} kf kffqkc

kzatkha tk}a ij 2~atoaf}&

AOIFILW GF MAFH ATK0

]ba ~atgim da}xaaf ;782 kfm ;727 xks ifa ij }ba oifs}kf}

s}tqhhcas jit Mafh kfm bgs khafmk ij faoassg}w# ba lkma lkfw }ko}gokc

sbgj}s gf ~icgow# dq} gf hafatkc# bg s}tk}ahgo hikc# iq} cgfam gf bgs s~aaob

k} }ba }bgtm ~cafql# xks bgs hqgmgfh ~tgfog~ca& G} xks qfmat }basa

}qtdqcaf} oifmg}gifs }bk} Mafh dahkf bgs ajjit}s gf ;787 }i }tkfsjitl

}ba aoifilgo s}tqo}qta& ]i mi si# ba bkm }i tajitl }ba ~kt}w kfm

obkfha icm xkws ij }bgfegfh ba kmziok}am jtaa }bgfegfh dw ^k}b

dtakeats xbi mktam }i hi khkgfs} ~i~qckt }bgfegfh kfm dtake icm

}kdiis }i zaf}qta gf }i fax ktaks# as~aogkccw jitaghf aoifilgo }bgfegfh

kfm ~tko}goas5 mazicq}gif ij ~ixat }i }ba ~tizgfoas kfm ciokc

kq}bitg}gas }i kccix }bal }i lkea }bagt ixf aoifilgo maogsgifs kfm

kmi~}gif ij xas}atf limkcs kfm }aobficihw& ]i gl~calaf} bgs ~icgow5

ba taoillafmam0

Xa lqs} caktf }i lkfkha }ba aoifilw dw aoifilgo lakfs& Gj xa iqt

saczas mif} efix kdiq} }ba kmzkfoam la}bims ij lkfkhalaf}# xa

sbiqcm caktf jtil }bisa xbi mi# ag}bat k} bila it kdtikm& ]basa

la}bims sbiqcm da k~~cgam fi} ifcw gf }ba i~atk}gif ij af}at~tgsas xg}b

faxcw gl~it}am }aobficihw kfm a{qg~laf} dq} kcsi gf }ba }aobfgokc

}tkfsjitlk}gif ij args}gfh af}at~tgsas& ^afmgfh }ba gf}timqo}gif ij k

qfgjgam fk}gifkc ~tihtkl ij limatf lkfkhalaf}# xa okf dahgf xg}b

cglg}am s~batas# skw k ~kt}goqckt tahgif it k hgzaf }tkma# kfm }baf

s~takm }ba la}bims htkmqkccw }i i}bats& ]ba ~icgow ij sacao}gza

ar~atglaf}k}gif daokla efixf gf }ba ~kt}w cahgsck}gif ks }ba s}tk}ahgo

~tgfog~ca ij i~afgfh }i }ba iq} sgma xitcm& 47

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JGJ]B JGZA WAKT ^CKF ";78:,;72>'0

]ba jgj}b JW^ dahkf gf ;78: xg}b }ba izat }btiqhb ij Hkfh ij

jiqt gf }bk} wakt5 }ba fk}gifkc aoifilw dahkf }i gl~tiza& Aroassgzacwbghb }ktha}s xata sa} kfm }ba sokca ij ok~g}kc oifs}tqo}gif# xbgob xks

kctakmw k} }ba cazac dawifm kzkgckdca tasiqtoas# xks jqt}bat ar}afmam&

Kcc htak}cw gf}afsgjgam }ba gldkckfoas gf }ba aoifilw kfm kmmam }i

jgfkfogkc mgjjgoqc}gas& Mafh Rgki~gfh xks ij }ba i~gfgif }bk} Obgfks

jq}qta ma~afmam q~if sazatkc }bgfhs& Jgts}cw# dw `igfgfh }ba

gf}atfk}gifkc aoifilgo sws}als# xbgob bkza k dksa ij ok~g}kcgsl&

_aoifmcw# dw ko}gzacw ~kt}gog~k}gfh gf }ba mgjjataf} aoifilgo tahglas

}bk} tazgza }ba Hcidkc sws}al htkmqkccw# sqob ks }ba Xitcm Dkfe# }ba

GLJ# HK]]& Daokqsa ij }bgs# Mafh kfm bgs sq~~it}ats gf}timqoam i~af

miit gf ;782& Mafh }tgam bgs das} }i qsa }ba ok~g}kcgs} sws}al kfm g}s

lktea} gfoaf}gzas }i dtgfh kdiq} gllamgk}a gl~tizalaf} gf Obgfks

aoifilw dw gf}timqogfh ok~g}kcgs} ~tko}goas kfm }tkma xg}b }ba xa}#

Mas~g}a }i gsick}gfh Obgfk# Mafh }iie kdiza s}a~s xbgob fi miqd} hkza

dafajgogkc tasqc}s }i Obgfasa aoifilw&

AOIFILGO TAJITL ";787'0

Gf Maoaldat ;782# }ba ~kt}w cakmats maogmam }i qfmat }kea k

~tihtklla ij htkmqkc dq} jqfmklaf}kc tajitl ij aoifilgo sws}al&

]baw xata ij }ba i~gfgif }bk} }ba icm ~icgow ij oaf}tkccw ~ckffam

aoifilw bkm }i laa} }ba faams xbgob kta gl~it}kf} jit ajjgogaf}

aoifilgo htix}b kfm bkm tasqc}am gf k lkffat }bk} Obgfk bkm sa} jit

dabgfm jtil }ba i}bat fk}gifs ij }ba xitcm gf gfmqs}tgkc sao}it& ]ba

~qt~isa ij }bgs aoifilgo tajitl gf fi} }i mgsoktm oillqfgsl dq} }i

lkea g}s xitegfh kooitmgfh }i }ba Obgfasa aoifilgo faams&

Jiccixgfh kta sila azaf}s ij ck}a ;78>s kfm aktcw 2>s xbgob

~kzam }ba xkw jit aoifilgo mazaci~laf} gf Obgfk&

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;& If Io}idat ;78:# dtikm gmaicihgokc madk}a izat ~tgitg}gas gf

aoifilgo ithkfgpk}gif# lkfkhalaf}# kfm ~ckffgfh5 oqclgfk}as

gf kttas} ij Hkfh ij jiqt&

4& If @kfqktw ;78:# Jgj}b wakt ~ckf dahkf&

?& If ;> Maoaldat ;78:# saoifm Fk}gifkc khtgoqc}qtkc oifjatafoa

bacm if caktfgfh jitl Mkpkbg&

=& If ;1 Jadtqktw ;788# Obgfk saccs 2> }ifs ij hicm if Aqti~akf

lktea}s5 g}s as}glk}am zkcqa xks -?1> lgccgif&

1& If 4>}b K~tgc ;788# Obgfks jgts} Fk}gifkc gfmqs}tgkc Oifjatafoa

oifzafam&

:& If @qcw ;788# k Fk}gifkc oifjatafoa }iie ~ckoa if }ba gssqa ij

jitaghf }tkma& Obgfk tag}atk}as gf}af}gif }i oif}gfqa }i ha}

efixcamha jtil xas} }btiqhb ~qtobksa ij jitaghf }aobficihw&

8& If Kqhqs} ;788# k dkt}at khtaalaf} xks sghfam da}xaaf _gfi,

_izga} jit ;788,;782& G}s zkcqa as}glk}am k} -?7: lgccgif&

2& If ;: Jadtqktw ;782# _gfi @k~kfasa }tkma khtaalaf} xks

sghfam jit 2 wakts ";782,;721'& G} ~tizgmam k }i}kc }tkma }qtfizat

ij kclis} - 4> dgccgif&

7& If ;2 Lktob ;782# Obgfks jgts} fk}gifkc sogafoa oifjatafoa

i~afs gf Dag`gfh&

;>& If ?tm K~tgc ;782# Obgfk sghfam jgza wakt fif ~tajataf}gkc }tkma

khtaalaf} xg}b AAO5 }bk} gfocqmas LJF ockqsa# ^TO

khtaalaf} }i sa} ar~it} ~tgoas k} xitcm lktea} cazacs& Obgfk

daokla saoifm ckthas} }tkma iq} ca} far} }i @k~kf&

;;& If ;4 Kqhqs} ;782# k }af wakt }tak}w ij jtgafmsbg~ kfm

aoifilgo oi,i~atk}gif xks sghfam da}xaaf @k~kf kfm Obgfk&

;4& If Lktob# ;787# Obgfk ckqfobam ;> wakt ~ckf it aoifilgo

mazaci~laf} g&a& ;78:,;721& Jgts} ~tgitg}w xks hgzaf }i

khtgoqc}qta kfm cghb} gfmqs}tw&

;?& If ?> Lktob ;787# Obgfk sghfam jgts} lk`it gf}atfk}gifkc

oillatogkc cikf# xbgob gfocqmas k jgza wakt -;81 lgccgif cikf

jtil QE kfm Gf}atfk}gifkc Dkfes&

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62/129

41& If @qfa ;72;# Obgfk kffiqfoas ~ckfs }i cgdatkcgpa ckxs gf

_APs& Gfzas}its xgcc bkza }ba ~ixat }i sa} xkhas kfm mgslgss

xiteats& ?>

OBGFK_ IÂF MIIT ÎCGOW0

]ba gfg}gkc wakt ij }ba tajitl hkza sqob jtqg}jqc tasqc}s gf }ba jitl

ij gfotaksgfh gfoilas# lita obkfoas ij jiim biqsgfh kfm bghb tk}a ij

htix}b gf kclis} kcc sao}its& Obgfks i~afgfh q~ }i }ba iq} sgma xitcm

bks daaf k jak}qta ij }ba aoifilgo tajitl jitl }ba s}kt}& Jitl ;7=7

qf}gc ;78>s }ba oiqf}tw xks oil~ca}acw ocisam }i xas}atf jitaghf

gfzas}laf}& Gf}atfk}gifkc }tkma oif}gfqam kj}at ;7=7# mas~g}a Klatgokf

aldkthias# dq} }ghb}cw kfm oaf}tkccw oif}ticcam dq} Obgfk gf }ba tajitl

~atgim gs k lkìt taog~gaf} ij mgtao} jitaghf gfzas}laf} kfm ar~it}at ij

cghb} lkfqjko}qtam hiims& ]ba ~tasafoa ij jitaghf jgtls kfm gl~it}am

oifsqlat hiims dtgfhs kf ar~isqta }i xas}atf kfm @k~kfasa oqc}qta

kfm dqsgfass ~tko}goas& Gf}atfk}gifkc }tkma gfotaksgfhcw lakfs }bk}

ar~it}ats lqs} oifjgtl }i gf}atfk}gifkc s}kfmktms ij {qkcg}w# kfm

milas}go ~timqoats jkoa gl~it} oil~a}g}gif& Jit }ba ~ckffats#

gf}atfk}gifkc }tkma lakfs }ba xitcm ~tgoas gfjcqafoas }ba milas}go

~tgoa s}tqo}qta kfm gl~it}kf} maogsgif lkegfh ij oifsqlats kfm

af}at~tgsas& _qob obkfhas bkza ~tijiqfm ~icg}gokc gl~cgok}gif }ii& ?;

]ba azicq}gif ij }ba i~af ~icgow sgfoa ;78>s jiqfmam }bk} g} bks

fi} ~tioaamam gf k sgl~ca cgfakt jksbgif& ]ba tk}a# ar}af}# jitls kfm

mgtao}gif ij i~afgfh bkza jcqo}qk}am izat }ba ~ks} wakts xg}b kmzkfoas

kfm ta}tak}s xbgob bkza }bagt itghgfs gf aoifilgo jko}its&

Tahgifkc gf}atas}s bkza kcsi sbk~am }ba oiqtsa ij }ba i~af

~icgow& ]ba maoaf}tkcgpk}gif ij kq}bitg}w }i k~~tiza jitaghf }tkma kfm

jitaghf gfzas}laf} oif}tko}s bks afoiqtkham htak}at gfg}gk}gza k} }ba

lgoti aoifilgo cazac& Bixazat# g} bks kcsi cam }i oaf}tkc ciss ij oif}tic

izat jitaghf arobkfha& ]ba i~af ~icgow kfm tajitl bkza ocaktcw

jkzitam }ba mazaci~laf} ij }ba oiks}kc ktaks& ]bgs oif}tks}s s}ktecw

xg}b Lkis k}}al~}s }i lgfglgpa tahgifkc mgjjatafoas& Ijjgogkc#

:4


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64/129

;& G} afhkhas g}sacj gf ~tijg} hkgfgfh afm tgse }kegfh ko}gzk}as&

4& G} ar~ckgfs }ba tack}gif da}xaaf }ba aoifilgo ko}its gf lktea}

kfm lkeas ajjit}s }i tasicza }ba mgs~q}as ij aoifilgo fk}qta

xg}b }ba bac~ ij ckx&

?& ]aobfgokc kfm ~tijassgifkc ~atsifkcs gfziczam gf g}&

=& G} }tgas }i tahqck}a }ba lktea} fi} if lgoti aoifilgo cazac dq} if

lkotiaoifilgo cazac&

Kdiza acalaf}s okf da saaf lita ~tilgfaf}cw gf }ba _APs xbata# }ba

jitaghf ok~g}kc gs bghb&

_^AOGKC AOIFILGO PIFA_ "_APs'

]ba lis} ~tilgfaf} ks~ao} ij }ba i~af ~icgow gs }ba _APs& ]baw

kta jitlam gf ;787,;72;& ]ba = lkgf pifas# xg}b }bgs tajatafoa# xata

ciok}am xg}b k zgax }i ar~kfm }ba k}}tko}gif }i gfzas}laf} jtil }ba

a}bfgo Obgfasa cgzgfh kdtikm&

_bafpbaf# }ba ckthas}# xks ciok}am gf Hqkfhmifh ~tizgfoa

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