China, 1921-Present World History Libertyville High School
Feb 23, 2016
Foundation of Party
• Formed in 1921 with help from Soviet Union
• Part of Soviet effort to make communist revolution international
• Eventually, Soviets and Chinese communists split in their beliefs, ideologies
Chinese Civil War, 1927-49
• Chinese Nationalists (KMT), under Chiang Kai-Shek vs. Chinese Communists, under Mao Tse-Tung
• KMT supported by West, Communists by Soviets
• KMT winning in 1920s, 1930s
Chinese Civil War
• “The Long March” (1934-35)– Series of Communist
retreats covering 8000 miles in 370 days
– During March, Mao reorganized Party, setting self as leader
– Reached safety in mnts near Soviet border
Japanese Invasion, 1937-45
• Civil war interrupted by Japanese invasion, in 1937– United both sides against
Japanese• KMT retreated to
mountains– Saved strength, but morale
and prestige hurt• Communists fought as
guerillas vs. Japanese– Won over peasants
End of Civil War• Civil war resumed after
Japanese defeated• Communists have smaller
army, BUT…– Better soldiers– Peasants on their side
• KMT demoralized, lost war– Retreated to Taiwan, an
offshore island• Even today, Communist
China claims Taiwan as breakaway province
“The Great Leap Forward” (1958-61)
• Forced collectivization of agricultural sector (1949-58)– Peasants forced into communes– Private ownership of land
eliminated– Done prior to industrialization, so
peasants not mechanized• Industrialization at local level
(1958-61)– “Backyard” furnaces for steel
production (melt down old products to make steel - impossible)
– Quietly abandoned in 1960s
“The Great Leap Forward” (1958-61)
• Social Changes, 1949-61– Religious worship and opium
made illegal– Religion replaced by political
meetings and propaganda– Coercion, violence common
• Results– 20-43 million dead (mainly
starvation)– Steel production FELL– Mao discredited for 5-6 years
“The Cultural Revolution” (1966-76)• Official goal was to enforce
socialism by eliminating capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from society– Struggle for power between Mao,
other communist leaders– Became an anti-intellectual purge of
Chinese society• “Red Guards”
– Mao’s followers, mainly students– Mao ordered them to overthrow the
party establishment and replace them with Revolutionary Committees
– Much violence ensued in power struggle
“The Cultural Revolution”• Social changes: “Abolishing
the Four Olds”– Old Customs, Old Culture, Old
Habits, Old Ideas– Red Guards destroyed old
buildings, religious shrines, temples, mosques
– Education stopped b/c teachers were sent to labor camps
– Anyone with skills above a peasant was considered in need of “revolutionary re-education”
“The Cultural Revolution”• Consequences– Generation of illiteracy– Establishment of “Cult of
Personality” of Mao– 36 million Chinese
persecuted, “re-educated”– 500,000 killed– Ended with death of Mao in
1976– Today, regarded as a
negative event in Chinese history
Western Economic Ideas, 1982-Present• With death of Mao in 1976,
succession struggle ensued– Deng Xiaoping won
• Created “Special Economic Zones”– Few state regulations in areas,
to encourage foreign investment
– Essentially allowed capitalism in these zones
– Experimented with limited political freedoms as well
Western Economic Ideas, 1982-Present• Results– GDP has grown 1000%
since 1978– China’s GDP is second only
to USA– World’s #1 exporter– BUT GDP per capita of
$8400 is below international avg.
– About 51% Chinese live in cities, in 2011
• SEE CIA World Factbook
Tiananmen Square (4/89 to 6/4/89)
• Hundreds of thousands of college students & democratic reformers gathered in Beijing
• Protests centered on…– Human rights violations– Lack of freedom in China– Demands for political
liberalization
Tiananmen Square
• Government’s response– Attempted to rally support
of people to its side (failed)– Next came threats against
protesters– Purge within ruling
committee• Leaders sympathetic to
protesters ousted– Troops sent in to crush
protests• Nationwide crackdown on
liberalization followed
Challenges Facing China• Demographics
– From 1964-1982, population increased from 694 to 1,008 million
• “One Child Policy” implemented in 1979– About 36% of pop. subject to
strict 1 child policy (urban)– About 53% allowed 2nd child
if 1st is a girl– About 10% allowed 2 kids– Tibetans, Hong Kong have no
limits
Challenges - Demographics
• Consequences– From 1979 to 2011, about
400 million births prevented– “Prevention” includes use of
contraceptives, enforced abortion, female infanticide, offering girls for adoption
– Too many Chinese males (117:100 in 2000)
– Too few young Chinese to support aging population