CHIN103 11A

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 1

第十一課 地理／第⼗十⼀一课 地理 Dìshíyīkè Dìlǐ

Lesson Eleven: Geography

In this lesson, we explore some landmarks of China and understand the meaning behind the names of a few well-known provinces, cities and scenery spots, and how some common expressions have extended to significant metaphors. Furthermor, we learn about the existence of mutually unintelligible dialects used by the Chinese while they share one common written script. Along the way, we will also become familiar with a group of widely applicable functional words for expressing ideas of comparison, conjunction, discovery and postulation.

準備／准备 Zhǔnbèi: Getting Ready 1. How much can we learn about a country through learning its geography?

2. What is the meaning of “dialects”? Do you speak any dialect?

3. When traveling, do you prefer going near mountains or water?

習得目標／习得目标 Xídé mùbiāo: Learning objectives After participation in the activities of this lesson, the learner should be able to

Describe the location of some major landmarks of China

Discuss some Chinese culture through landscapes

Make comparisons and express preferences

Properly, fluently, and accurately understand, speak, and write through recall, the following characters and grammar points:

漢字／汉字 Hànzì: Characters

! 國過 + 国过

! 南北⼭山川州泉原源

! 江河湖海洋漢 + 汉

! 胡每黃京成城 + 黄

! 如此比就

! 還又只難出系係 + 还难系

⽂文法 Wénfǎ: Grammar

" The functions of 每，過／过。就

" The functions of 都 (further details)

" The functions of 比，沒有，不如

" The functions of 原來／原来

" The functions of 還是

(The + items are simplified characters or variant forms) 句型 Jùxíng: Sentence Patterns

[32a] A 比 B xyz. A comparing to B, to be more xyz.

(A is more xyz than B.)

[32b] A 沒有／没有 B (那麼／那么) xyz. A comparing to B, to be less xyz.

(A is not as xyz as B.)

[33] A 不如 B A to be inferior to B. (A is inferior to B.) (A is less preferred than B.)

[34] (是) A (xyz) 還是 B xyz Is A (xyz) or B xyz? (Is A or B more zyz?)

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 2

⼀一 . 課程重點／课程重点 Kèchéng zhòngdiǎn: Main Text

I. 東南西北／东南西北 Dōngnánxīběi: Directions

<a> 聽說／听说 Tīng-Shuō: Listening & Speaking

1. 哪裡⼈人／哪里⼈人 Shūbāoli: In the Bookbag

“Where are you from?” is a common question to ask somebody’s birthplace or place of origin. In China, up until the mid-Twentieth Century, the place of origin usually refers to one’s father or grandfather’s birthplace rather than one’s own birthplace. The same practice is also followed outside of China. To this day, many Chinese immigrants still consider and call themselves “Chinese” even after generations in the immigrated country. For Chinese people born in recent decades, their birthplace, not that of their father’s or grandfather’s, is generally used as the official place of their origin.

This questions about someone’s “native place” may appear in the following three variations:

(1) 你是哪裡人？ 你是哪里⼈人？ Nǐ shì nǎlǐrén?

(2) 你是哪兒人？ 你是哪⼉儿⼈人？ Nǐ shì nǎr’rén?

(3) 你是什麼地方人？ 你是什么地⽅方⼈人？ Nǐ shì shěnme dìfāng rén?

2. 南⽅方、北⽅方 nánfāng, běifāng: South, North

A two-word set is used to broadly cover the major regions of China: 南⽅方 nánfāng south; the southern part of a country

北⽅方 běifāng north; the northern part of a country

So, generally speaking, a Chinese person will be either from the 南⽅方 nánfāng or 北⽅方 běifāng. S/he is either one of the following: 南⽅方⼈人 nánfāng rén a person from the south

北⽅方⼈人 běifāng rén a person from the north

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 3

(1) 你是南方人還是北方人？

你是南⽅方⼈人还是北⽅方⼈人？ Nǐ shì nánfāngrén háishì běifāngrén？ Are you from the South or North?

(2) 你家在北方還是在南方？ 你家在北⽅方还是在南⽅方？ Nǐjiā zài běifāng háishi zài nánfāng? Is your home in the North or in the South?

You may want to ask these questions to your Chinese friends. Record their answers, which may be interesting and not necessarily what you expected. Share some of them here:

_______________________________________________________________________

Many distinctive attributes have been identified to differentiate the north and south and the respective proples from there. The best known among them is probably food. It is not difficult to imagine that this kind of comparison can become stereotypical. (1) 我的朋友小張是南方人，他愛人是北方人。

我的朋友小张是南⽅方⼈人，他爱⼈人是北⽅方⼈人。 Wǒde péngyou Xiǎo Zhāng shì nánfāngrén, tā àirén shì běifāngrén.

My friend Xiao Zhang is from the south and his spouse is from the north. (2) 南方人和北方人不一樣。

南⽅方⼈人和北⽅方⼈人不⼀一样。 Nánfāngrén hé běifāngrén bù yīyàng. The Southerners and the Northerners are not the same.

(3) 南方人多半兒愛吃米飯，北方人多半兒愛吃麵食。

南⽅方⼈人多半⼉儿爱吃米饭，北⽅方⼈人多半⼉儿爱吃面食。 Nánfāngrén duōbànr ài chī mǐfàn, běifāngrén duōbànr ài chī miànshí. Most Southerners like to eat rice and most Northerners like to eat wheaten food.

(4) 有人說北方人個子大，南方人個子小。我看不一定。

有⼈人说北⽅方⼈人个⼦子⼤大，南⽅方⼈人个⼦子小。我看不⼀一定。 Yǒurénshuō ěifāngrén gèzi dà, nánfāngrén gèzi xiǎo. Wǒ kàn bùyídìng. Some people say that the northerners are more heavily built and the southerners are less heavily built. I don’t see that’s necessarily the case.

米飯／米饭 mǐfàn cooked rice

麵食／面食 miànshí cooked wheaten food; noodle

個子／个⼦子 gèzi build; size

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 4

Another way to discuss the differences between the North and the South focuses on climate. It does not mean that it will never be personal. (1) 北方天氣比較冷，冬天有的時候會下雪。

北⽅方天⽓气比较冷，冬天有的时候会下雪。 Běifāng tiānqì bǐjiào lěng, dōngtiān yǒude shíhòu huì xiàxuě. The weather in the north is colder. Sometimes, it snows in the winter.

(2) 南方天氣比較暖和，夏天有的時候會太熱。

南⽅方天⽓气比较暖和，夏天有的时候会太热。 Nánfāng tiānqì bǐjiào nuǎnhuó, xiàtiān yǒude shíhòu huì tàirè. The weather in the south is warmer. Sometimes, it gets too hot in the summer.

(3) 他說他們那兒，不冷不熱，四季如春。

他说他们那⼉儿，不冷不热，四季如春。 Tā shuō tāmen nàr, bùlěng búrè, sìjìrúchūn. He says that in their place, it is neither too cold nor too warm and all seasons are like spring.

天氣／天⽓气 tiānqì weather

有的時候／有的时候 yǒude shíhòu sometimes

冷 lěng cold

熱／热 rè warm; hot

暖和 nuǎnhuó warm; nice and warm

下雪／下雪 xiàxuě snow

四季 sìjì four seasons

春 chūn spring

夏 xià summer

秋 qiū autumn

冬 dōng winter

四季如春 sìjìrúchūn It’s like spring all year round

In the Chinese language the words 南⽅方 and 南⽅方⼈人 are also applied to the U.S. Southern States and the people there. Again, these terms may refer to the official “Southern States” defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as illustrated by the following map, to the historical Confederacy States, or some other variants.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Us_south_census.png/300px-Us_south_census.png

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 5

3. 東⽅方、西⽅方／东⽅方、西⽅方 dōngfāng, xīfāng: East, West

We have already learned the words 東方／东⽅方 and 西⽅方 . In the Chinese language these two words are used to cover the major regions of the world. They are useful for talking about countries in the Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere.

東方／东⽅方 dōngfāng east; the East; the Orient

西⽅方 xīfāng west; the West; the Occident

國／国 dōngfāng country

國家／国家

guójiā country; state; nation

中國／中国 Zhōngguó China

美國／美国 Měiguó United States of America

法國／法国 Fǎguó France

(1) 中國和日本是東方國家。 中国和日本是东⽅方国家。 Zhōngguó hé Rìběn shì Dōngfāng guójiā. China and Japan are Eastern countries.

(2) 美國和法國是西方國家。

美国和法国是西⽅方国家。 Měiguó hé Fǎguó shì Xīfāng guójiā. United States and France are Western countries.

(3) 中國人和日本人是東方人。

中国⼈人和日本⼈人是东⽅方⼈人。 Zhōngguórén hé Rìběnrén shì Dōngfāngrén. Chinese and Japanese are people from the East.

(4) 美國人和法國人是西方人。

美国⼈人和法国⼈人是西⽅方⼈人。 Měiguórén hé Fǎguórén shì Xīfāngrén. Americans and French people are Western people.

(5) 你是東方人還是西方人？

你是东⽅方⼈人还是西⽅方⼈人？ Nǐ shì Dōngfāngrén háishì Xīfāngrén? Are you from an Eastern or a Western country?

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 6

The areas of a country may also be divided into four or five, instead of two, parts. In that case, a different term 部 (for “part”) is used. This four- or five-part division is also applicable to the states/provincial level of administrative units.

東部／东部 dōngbù east; eastern part

南部 nánbù south; southern part

西部 xībù west; western part

北部 běibù north; northern part

中部 zhōngbù middle; central part

(1) 中國東部和南部人口多，西部和北部人口少。 中国东部和南部⼈人⼝口多，西部和北部⼈人⼝口少。 Zhōngguó dōngbù hé nánbù rénkǒu duō, xībù hé běibù rénkǒu shǎo. The eastern and southern parts of China are more populated, and the western and northern parts are less populated.

(2) 她很喜歡看美國的西部電影。

她很喜欢看美国的西部电影。 Tā hěn xǐhuan kàn Měiguóde xībù diànyǐng. She likes to watch American Western films.

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 7

<b> 讀寫／读写 Dú-Xiě: Reading and Writing Note: 甲骨文 jiǎgǔwén: Oracal-bone Script, 17th to 11th Centuries BCE

金文 jīnwén: Bronze-carving Script, 11th to 3rd Century BCE 大篆 dàzhuàn: Majuscule Seal script, 8th-3rd Century BCE 小篆 xiǎozhuàn: Refined Seal Script, 3rd Century BCE to 1st Century CE

1. 國過／国过

1) 國／国 guó: Country

(甲骨文) (金文) (大篆) (小篆)

(甲骨文) (金文) (大篆) (小篆) Both graphics include images wrapping around a space, possibly representing using weapons to defend a territory. The 金文 has an additional component, a wall or other reinforcement of protection. The 大篆 script include one image similar to that of the 甲骨文 and 金文 (the first one above), and others with added outer frame (2nd & 3rd above). Note especially the 3rd of 大篆 above, with a 王 (wáng, “king”—the character we have already learned) inside a 囗 (wéi, “surround / territory”), for the possible meaning of a “kingdom”, or a country ruled by a/the king. This is apparently the source of the current simplified form 国. The currently used simplified character, however, has changed 王 to 玉 (yù, “jade”), with one extra dot added and the meaning changed—may be making it less “feudalistic” .

國家 ／国家 guójiā country

國家／国家 is the two-syllable term for the same meaning as 國／国. Indeed, two-syllable words are most common in modern Chinese, especially in colloquial expressions. Thus, the basic word for “country” is 國／国, but in common expression the equivalent for “country” is 國家／国家. As we have already learned, 家 means home or house. Nevertheless, it may be interesting to know that 國 and 家 also refer to different levels of political entity under the feudalistic system: 國 was the state of 諸侯 Zhūhóu (dukes or princes) and 家 was the enfeoffment of 卿大夫 Qing-Dàifū (ministers).

中國／中国 Zhōngguó China; “The Central Kingdom”

中國人／中国⼈人 Zhōngguó rén Chinese (person)

“The Central Kingdom”: During the Zhou Dyansty (770-256B CE) when the name 中國／中国 was first used, the ruler of China probably considered this country as “the Center of Heaven and Earth”, geographically and politically. We already know the name 日本

日本 Rìběn Japan; “the root of the sun”

“The Root of the Sun”, “The sun’s origin”, “Land of the Rising sun”: The name 日本 was first used in imperial correspondence with China during its Sui Dynasty (581-619), referring to Japan's eastward position relative to China.

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 8

For many other countries, using Chinese characters to approximate the pronunciation of the name of a country formed the Chinese name of that country. As Chinese has many homonyms, many characters share the same sound. This allows the Chinese to choose the characters that sound similar to the original pronunciation of the name of the country and at the same time having each character used having positive, or at least inoffensive, meaning. For example, America in Chinese was first called Měi-lì-jiān (written in three characters 美利堅／美利坚, literally meaning “beauty” + “benefit” + “solid”), which approximates its English pronunciation. Later, the first syllable 美 Měi plus 國／国 (guó, “country”) started to be used for the name of the country.

美國／美国 Měiguó United States; America

法國／法国 Fǎguó France

國內／国内 guónèi inside a country; domestic

國外／国外 guó wài overseas; abroad

外國／外国 wàiguó foreign country

你是哪國人？ 你是哪国⼈人？ Nǐ shì nǎguó rén? [Nǐ shì něiguó rén?] Where are you from—your nationality? Your Answer: __________________________________________________

Emma Watson 是法國人吧。

Emma Watson 是法国⼈人吧。 Emma Watson shì Fǎguó rén ba? Emma Watson is French, I suppose.

2) 過／过 guò: pass; go by or cross; exceed; have experienced

(金文) (大篆) (小篆) In the earlier 金文 script, it was a 會意／会意 (huìyì, associated compound) character, combining a foot or footstep image with a zig-zag symbol to illustrate the meaning of “going back and forth” or “passing by”, which is still the fundamental meaning of the character. In 大篆, a phonetic component was added and it became a character of the phono-semantic category, with the meaning component: the 辶 (chuò: “go) and the phonetic component: 咼 (pronounced guō in modern Mandarin). 過／过 carries different meanings when combined with different words. 馬文去過中國。他沒去過法國。 马⽂文去过中国。他没去过法国。 Mǎ Wén qùguo Zhōngguó. Tā méiqùguo Fǎguó. Ma Wen has been to China. He has never been to France.

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 9

2. [過]的用法／[过]的用法： The functions of 過／过 The following four groups of expressions and sample sentences demonstrate the various functions of 過／过:

(1) Moving from one place to another or transferring something from one person to another:

過來／过来 guòlai come over here

過去／过去 guòqù go over there; in the past

過戶／过户 guòhù transfer ownership

請你過來一下。 请你过来⼀一下。 Qǐng nǐ guòlái yīxià. Could you come over [for a bit]? [*一下 is a commonly used “humble” expression for deminishing the status of the speaker or to lessen the importance or seriousness of the statement or request.]

他的房子賣給我了。下個月過戶。 他的房⼦子卖给我了。下个月过户。 Tāde fángzi màigěi wǒ le. Xiàge yuè guòhù. His house has been sold to me. The ownership will be transferred next month.

(2) Having experienced:

來過／来过 lái guò have been here before

去過／去过 qù guò have been there before

學過／学过 xué guò have studied before

見過／见过 jiàn guò have seen before

聽過／听过 tīngguò have heard before

吃過／吃过 chīguò have eaten before

林樂樂沒去過法國。 林乐乐没去过法国。 Lín Lèlè méiqùguò Fǎguó. Lin Lele has never been to France before.

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 10

她學過法文，吃過法國菜，也看過法國電影。 她学过法⽂文，吃过法国菜，也看过法国电影。 Tā xuéguò Fǎwén, chīguò Fǎguó cài, yě kànguò Fǎguó diànyǐng. She studied French before, and she has had the experience of eating French cuisine and watching French movies. 她看過中國電影嗎？

她看过中国电影吗？ Tā kànguò Zhōngguó diànyǐng ma? Has she ever watched Chinese movies 她看過中國電影，也聽過中國音樂

她看过中国电影，也听过中国音乐。 Tā kànguò Zhōngguó diànyǐng, yě tīngguò Zhōngguó yīnyuè She has watched Chinese movies before and she also has experiences listening to Chinese music. 她聽沒聽過國樂？

她听没听过国乐？ Tā tīng méi tīngguò guóyuè? Has she ever listened to the traditional Chinese Guoyue music? 她聽過中國音樂。不過，她沒聽過國樂。

她听过中国音乐。不过，她没听过国乐。 Tā tīngguò Zhōngguó yīnyuè. Buguò, tā méi tīngguò guóyuè. She has listened to Chinese music before. However, she has never listened to the traditional Chinese Guoyue music before.

(3) Passing a particular day or celebrating a special occasion:

過生日／过⽣生日 guò shēngrì Celebrate a birthday; do something special for a birthday

過年／过年 guònián Celebrate (the coming of a) New Year

這個週末我請你吃飯給你過生日。 这个周末我请你吃饭给你过⽣生日。 Zhège zhōumò wǒ qǐng nǐ chīfàn gěi nǐ guò shēngrì. This weekend, let me invite you for dinner to celebrate your birthday. 我的中國朋友老萬過去都在中國過年。 我的中国朋友老万过去都在中国过年。 Wǒ de Zhōngguó péngyou Lǎo Wàn guòqù dōu zài Zhōngguó guònián. My Chinese friend Lao Wan had always, in the past, celebrate the New Year in China .

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 11

(4) After certain time has passed: 她告訴過你嗎，她過了年去法國。

他告訴過你嗎，她過了年去法國。 Tā gàosùguò nǐ ma—tā guòle nián qù Fǎguó? Did she tell you that she is going to France after the New Year?

她弟弟過了暑假上大學。 [暑假 shǔjià: summer vacation] 她弟弟过了暑假上⼤大学。 Tā dìdi guòle shǔjià shàng dàxué. Her younger brother will start college after the summer vacation.

過了中午老師就不收我們的報告了。 [收 shōu: gather; receive] 过了中午老师就不收我们的报告了。 Guòle zhōngwǔ lǎoshī jiù bùshōu wǒmen de bàogào le. After noon time, the teach will no longer accept our reports.

(5) 不過／不过 for the meaning of (1) “only” and (2) “nevertheless”

不過／不过 búguò only [no more than]; but; however;

nevertheless

他學中文不過半年，就認識三四百個字了。

他学中⽂文不过半年，就认识三四百个字了。 Tā xué Zhōngwén búguò bànnián, jiù rènshi sān-sì bǎige zì le. He, having studied Chinese only half a year, recognizes three or four hundred characters. 他很喜歡學中文。不過，他不喜歡天天上中文課。

他很喜欢学中⽂文。不过，他不喜欢天天上中⽂文课。 Tā hěn xǐhuan xué Zhōngwén. Buguò, tā bù xǐhuan tiāntiān shàng Zhōngwén kè. He likes to study Chinese very much. Nevertheless, he does not like having Chinese classes everyday.

3. 南北⼭山川州泉原源

We have already learned 東／东 and 西, the characters for the direction words “east” and “west”. Now let us learn those for “south” and “north”.

3) 南 nán: south

(甲骨文) (金文) (大篆) (小篆) The graphs were generally understood as picturing a music instrument. “South” is an extended meaning of the character.

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 12

4a) 北 běi: north

(甲骨文) (金文) (大篆) (小篆)

4b) 背 bèi: back

(小篆) The ancient graphs illustrate two people back to back, for the meaning of “back”. In the traditional Chinese culture, the backside is the north side. For example, the compass has its magnetic needle always pointing to the south; and houses were originally all built to face south to gain maximum sunlight exposure. Thus, the character 北, originally meant “back”, acquired the meaning of “north”, as the back side of the house was the north side. Now, while the character 北 is used mainly for the meaning of “north”, a new character is formed for the meaning of “back” by adding the 月(肉 ròu) “flesh” component to 北: 背.

南⽅方 nánfāng south; the southern part of the country

北⽅方 běifāng north; the northern part of the country

南極／南极 Nánjí South Pole

北極／北极 Běijí North Pole

The official division of the 南⽅方 and 北⽅方 is the Qínlǐng-Huáihé line as shown (in red) in the following map. The extension of the line to cover the western part of China is in the planning stage.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/%E7%A7%A6%E5%B2%AD-%E6%B7%AE%E6%B2%B3%E7%BA%BF.PNG

北京在北方。北京人是北方人。 Běijīng zài běifāng. Běijīngrén shì běifāngrén. (Beijing is in the north. People from Beijing are northerners.)

海南在南方。海南人是南方人。 Hǎinán zài nánfāng. Hǎinán rén shì nánfāngrén. Hainan is in the south. People from Hainan are southerners.

Source of map: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/海南省#/media/File:China_Hainan-2.svg

學中文 第 11 課

M. Chu, 13

Note: This “南⽅方” vs “北⽅方” division—despite its extremely frequent applications—is often used in a relative, rather than absolute, way by people. For example, someone from Hong Kong, which is toward the south east corner of China, may refer to the Mandarin-spoken areas or even anywhere north of Hong Kong as 北⽅方 běifāng, and anyone from those areas a 北⽅方⼈人 běifāng rén.

Now we have learned all four directions. Putting the words for the four directions together is one way to say “all directions”. Here are a few idiomatic expressions using the direction words:

東西南北／东西南北 dōngxīnánběi directions; all four directions; all directions; everywhere

東南西北／东南西北 dōngnánxīběi directions; all four directions; all directions; everywhere

天南地北 tiānnándìběi distant places; everywhere; (to talk) about anything and everything

他們是好朋友。他們天南地北沒話不說。 他们是好朋友。他们天南地北没话不说。 Tāmen shì hǎopéngyǒu. Tāmen tiānnándìběi méihuà bùshuō. They are good friends. They talk about anything and everything—there is nothing they do not talk about.

林樂樂的爸爸東西南北去過很多地方。 林乐乐的爸爸东西南北去过很多地⽅方。 Lín Lèle de bàba dōng-xī-nán-bèi qùguò hěnduō dìfāng. Lin Lele’s father has been to the east, the west, the south and the north—many many places.

It is interesting to note that there is another, you may say “even more descriptive”, idiom for the meaning of “all directions” that has expanded the four directions to eight. However, this expression is used more for the meaning “all around” or “surrounded”, rather than “going to different directions”. 四面⼋八⽅方 sìmiàn-bāfāng all directions; around; far and near

他們的房子四面八方都有樹。 他们的房⼦子四面⼋八⽅方都有树。 Tāmende fángzi sìmiànbāfāng dōu yǒu shù. All around their house there are trees. You may ask, “Why 八方?” That is: in addition to 東、南、西、北／东、南、西、北, there are four more directions as listed below—together they make up the “eight directions”.

東南／东南 dōngnán southeast

西南 xī’nán southwest

東北／东北 dōngběi northeast

西北 xīběi northwest

Note: Have you noticed how the direction words are structured differently from English?

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It is also interesting to note that we conventionally use “面 miàn” when we refer to the the four directions [*we are not talking about “areas” here] 東／东、南、西、北, but when we refer to the 東南／东南、西南、東北／东北、西北 directions, we more often use “方 fāng”. However, both 方 and 面 may be used for all directions. In addition, “邊／边 biān” is also commonly used for all of them.

5) 山 shān: mountain

（甲骨文） （金文） （大篆） The ancient graphs picture the concept of “mountain” either as a more realistic image of three connected mountains or by a more abstract contour.

Note: We should remind ourselves about the Chinese linguistic difference between a noun and a

placeword. Here, the word 山, similar to 桌／桌、椅、樓／楼、房／房 and many other words that we have discussed before, is a noun and not a placeword. Therefore, if we want it to play the role of a placeword, we may need to make some adjustment. One way to grant the placeword status is to add a “location suffix”. We have learned words such words as 樓上／楼上 、樓下／楼下、房子前頭／房⼦子前头、房子後頭／房⼦子后头、桌子那兒／桌⼦子那⼉儿、椅子下面, etc. These are placewords developed from nouns. While “去樓／去楼” is not a grammatical expression in Modern Mandarin, “去樓上／去楼上” is.

山上 shān shàng on the mountain

上山 shàngshān go uphill; go up to the mountain

下山 xiàshān descend hill; go down from the mountain

山水 shānshuǐ mountain and water; landscape; traditional landscape painting

千山萬水／千山万水 qiānshānwànshuǐ thousands of mountains and rivers; long and arduous journey

Additionally, many Chinese provinces are named by combining words of landmarks such as mountains and water bodies with words of directions. Here we have two more: 山東／⼭山东 Shāndōng Shandong Province (“to the east of the

Mountain”) 山西 Shānxī Shanxi Province (“to the west of the

Mountain”)

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/⼭山西 http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/⼭山东

Note: The landmark gererally considered as the divider of the two provinces, 山東／⼭山东 and ⼭山西, is 太

行山 Tàihángshān (“Taihang Mountains”). This is, however, a geographic approximation. More precisely, the two provinces that were adjacent to the 太行山 Tàihángshān are ⼭山西 on the west side but 河北 Héběi (more later on this), not ⼭山东 Shāndōng, on the east side.

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6) 川 chuān: river

(甲骨文) (金文) (大篆) (小篆) The concept behind the ancient graphs of this character, 川, apparently share the same source of inspiration as 水. At the same time, each of them represents a unique emphasis: 水 for the water of a river or other container while 川 for the river or other body that contains the water.

山川 shān-chuān mountains and rivers; landscape; land

名山大川 míngshāndàchuān famous mountains and great rivers

This following Chinese province is internationally known: 四川 Sìchuān Sichuan (province)

The literal meaning of 四川 is “four waters”. The name of the province was derived exactly from the fact that four different rivers meet here.

7) 州 zhōu: inhebitable land surrounded by water; (a traditional administrative territory)

(甲骨文) (金文) (大篆) (小篆) The character is genrerally understood as inhabitable lands surrounded by water. During the first dynasty, 夏朝 Xià Cháo (the Xia Dynasty, 21st century – 16th century BCE), the country was divided into nine administrative divisions, or 九州 Jiǔzhōu.

九州 Jiǔzhōu The Nine Regions; all lands under

heaven; (poetic euphemism for China)

In subsequent dynasties, 州 has continued to be used as the name of an administrative division, albeit at different levels and of different jurisdictory scopes. Other Asian countries also use the term for similar meanings. Currently, 州 is included in place names such as the following:

廣州／⼴广州 Guǎngzhōu Guangzhou city (in Guangdong Province); Canton

杭州 Hángzhōu Hangzhou city (in Zhejiang Province)

蘇州／苏州 Sūzhōu Suzhou city (in Jiangsu Province)

福州 Fúzhōu Fuzhou city (in Fujian Province)

貴州／贵州 Guìzhōu Guizhou Province

The same character 州 is also used for the “states” in the United States. For example: 加州 Jiāzhōu California

德州 Dézhōu Texas

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麻州 Mázhōu Massachusetts

密西根州 Mìxīgēnzhōu Michigan

紐約州 Niǔyuēzhōu New York (state)

馬里蘭州 Mǎlǐlánzhōuzhōu Maryland

And, the word 州 is also used to name two of Japan’s four major islands: 九州 Jiāzhōu Kyushu

本州 Dézhōu Honshu

The character/script 水 functions as a meaning component in many characters. It may appear in its regular form as in the character 泉 below but more often in the form of 氵 (called sāndiǎnshuǐ 三點水／三点⽔水 “three-dot water“) located mostly on the left side (and in some rare cases in the middle). We have already learned 酒、汁、湯／汤、沒／没、減／减 and we are learning more in this lesson.

8) 泉 quán: spring; fountain

(甲骨文) (大篆) (小篆) The ancient graphs depict water flows from an underground source.

泉水 quánshuǐ spring water

礦泉水／矿泉⽔水 kuàngquánshuǐ mineral spring water

九泉 jiǔquán the underworld

九泉之下 jiǔquánzhīxià in the nether region; after death

9) 原 yuán: origin; source; plain; plateau

(金文) (大篆) (小篆) (厂 hǎn: “cliff”)

Note how the same ancient graph was developed into different froms in the characters 泉 and 原.

原來／原来 yuánlái originally; as it turns out; what a surprise

10) 源 yuán: fountainhead; water source; origin From what you have learned about Chinese etymology, can you explain how the two characters 原 and 源 are related to and further developed from the character 泉?

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水源 shuǐyuán source of water; watershed; headwaters

來源 láiyuán source; origin

源頭／源头 yuántóu fountainhead; water source; origin

泉源 quányuán source; origin; fountainhead

源泉 yuánquán source; origin; fountainhead

啊！原來這兒的泉水這麼好喝！ 啊！原来这⼉儿的泉⽔水这么好喝！ Ā! Yuánlái zhèr de quánshuǐ zhème hǎohē！ Oh My! What a surprise! The spring water here taste so good! 這個泉水的源頭在哪兒？ 这个泉⽔水的源头在哪⼉儿？ Zhège quánshuǐ de yuántóu zài nǎr? Where is the fountainhead of this spring water? 明年，我原來想去法國，現在想去中國了。 明年，我原来想去法国，现在想去中国了。 Míngnián, wǒ yuánlái xiǎng qù Fǎguó, xiànzài xiǎng qù Zhōngguó le. Next year, I was originally thinking about going to France but now plan to go to China instead.

我原來不認識她。現在我們是好朋友了。 我原来不认识她。现在我们是好朋友了。 Wǒ yuánlái bú rènshi tā. Xiànzài wǒmen shì hǎo péngyou le. I did not know her before. Now we have become good friends. 她的愛是我快樂的泉源。 她的爱是我快乐的泉源 。 Tāde ài shì wǒ kuàilè de quányuán. Her love is the source of my happiness.

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4. [原來]的用法／[原来]的用法： The functions of 原來／原来

(1) For the meaning of “original”; “former”

他原來的女朋友是法國文學老師的女兒。 他原来的⼥女朋友是法国⽂文学老师的⼥女⼉儿。 Tā yuánlái de nǚpéngyǒu shì Fǎguó wénxué lǎoshī de nǚ'ér. His former girl friend is a French literature teacher’s daughter.) 他原來的學校沒有宿舍。 他原来的学校没有宿舍。 Tā yuánlái de xuéxiào méiyǒu sùshè. The school he attended before has no dormitory.

(2) For the meaning of “originally”; “formerly”; “before”; “earlier”

他原來住在哪兒？ 他原来住在哪⼉儿？ Tā yuánlái zhù zài nǎr? Where did he live before? 我原來想學音樂。現在我不想學音樂，想學電影了。 我原来想学音乐。现在我不想学音乐，想学电影了。 Wǒ yuánlái xiǎng xué yīnyuè. Xiànzài wǒ bù xiǎng xué yīnyuè, xiǎng xué diànyǐng le. I was originally thinking about studying music. Now I do not plan to studying music but plan to study film. 我原來不愛吃水果，來這兒以後我很愛吃了。 我原来不爱吃⽔水果，来这⼉儿以后我很爱吃了。 Wǒ yuánlái bú ài chī shuǐguǒ, lái zhèr yǐhòu wǒ hěn ài chī le. (Before I did not like to eat fruit. After coming here I came to like very much to eat it.)

(3) To express new discovery or surprises

原來你不認識她啊！ 原来你不认识她啊！ Yuánlái nǐ bú rènshi tā a！ So, [as it turns out—contratrary to what we were made to believe] you don’t really know her! 我的手機原來在你那裡！太好了！ 我的⼿手机原来在你那里！太好了！ Wǒde shǒujī yuánlái zài nǐ nàlǐ! Tài hǎole! So my cellphone turns out to be at your place! That’s great! [I thought I have lost it.]

這裡原來有這麼多果樹！ 这里原来有这么多果树！ Zhèlǐ yuánlái yǒu zhème duō guǒshù！ Wow! [Who would have thought that] There are so many fruit trees here!

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<c> 繁簡對照／繁简对照 Fán-jiǎn duìzhào: Character Simplification Notes on Character Simplification:

1. 符號代替／符号代替 (fúhào dàitì) method of simplification was adopted in the simplification process of

the following characters. It was to replace certain complex components of a traditional character with a simpler existing character or component, or with a particularly created symbol.

A couple of complex components have been simplified to “寸” in the simplified character: 襯 to 衬 as well as the one we have in this lesson here:

過 is simplified to 过 (using 寸 to replace the phonetic component 咼 .)

2. Both 符號代替／符号代替 (fúhào dàitì: replacing complex components of a traditional character with a simpler existing characters or components, or with particularly created symbols) and 用古體字／用古体字 (yòng gǔtǐzì: Adopting an ancient form of the same character that is apparently simpler than the standard full-form characters) methods were adopted in the simplification process.

國 is simplified to 国 we have learned earlier in this lesson that one of the (大篆 dàzhuàn) graphs, representing the concept of a territory ruled by a king, is apparently the source of the current simplified form 国. The currently used simplified character, however, involves one further revision. It changed 王 component in the ancient 大篆 dàzhuàn form to 玉 (yù, “jade”), with one extra dot added and the meaning changed—maybe trying to make the character less “feudalistic” .

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<d> 練習／练习 Liànxí: Exercises

1. 筆畫結構／笔画结构 Bǐhuà jiégòu: Character Strokes and Structures (1) Traditional Characters: Trace and write to become familiar with the structure of characters

國 過 南 北 guó: country guò: go over; experience nán: south běi: north

中國／中国: China 去過／去过: have been to 南方: south 天南地北: everywhere

山 川 州 泉 shān: mountain chuān: river zhōu: city; province/state quán: spring 上山: go uphill 山川: mountains & rivers 加州: California 泉水: spring water

原 源 江 河 yuán: origin; source yuán: fountainhead

jiāng: river hé: river

原來／原来: originally 水源: source of water 江南: South of Yangtze 河北: Hebei Province

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<d> 練習／练习 Liànxí: Exercises 1. 筆畫結構／笔画结构 Bǐhuà jiégòu: Character Strokes and Structures

(2) Simplified Characters: Trace and write to become familiar with the structure of characters

国 过 南 北 guó: country guò: go over; experience nán: south běi: north

中國／中国: China 去過／去过: have been to 南方: south 天南地北: everywhere

山 川 州 泉 shān: mountain chuān: river zhōu: city; province/state quán: spring 上山: go uphill 山川: mountains & rivers 加州: California 泉水: spring water

原 源 江 河 yuán: origin; source yuán: fountainhead

jiāng: river hé: river

原來／原来: originally 水源: source of water 江南: South of Yangtze 河北: Hebei Province

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2. 詞義對應／词义对应 Cí yì duìyìng: Matching words with meaning

(1) Write the Chinese equivalent of the following in characters

<i> country: __________________ <ii> hometown; native place _______________ <iii> China: __________________ <iv> Chinese (person): _______________ <v> USA: ________________ <vi> France: _______________ <vii> overseas; abroad: ________________ <viii> foreign country: _____________ <ix> come over here: ________________ <x> go over there _____________ <xi> celebrate New Year: ________________ <xii> celebrate a birthday: _____________ <xiii> south: ________________ <xiv> North Pole: _____________ <xv> South Pole: ________________ <xvi> American (person): _____________ <xvii> northeast: ________________ <xviii> southwest _____________ <xix> go up the hill: ________________ <xx> descend hill:_____________ <xxi> landscape: ________________ <xxii> spring water _____________ <xxiii> originally: ________________ <xxiv> origin _____________ <xxv> watershed: ________________ <xxvi> fountainhead: _____________ <xxvii> weather: ________________ <xxviii> four seasons: _____________ <xxix> snow: ________________ <xxx> warm: _____________

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3. 回答問題／回答问题 Huídá wèntí: Answer Questions Write your answers and translate them into English.

1) 你是哪裡人？你爸爸媽媽呢？ 你是哪里⼈人？你爸爸妈妈呢？

__________________________________________________________

2) 你的家是在南方還是在北方？ 你们家是在南⽅方還是在北⽅方？ Nǐde jiā shì zài nánfāng háishì zài běifāng?

__________________________________________________________

3) 你們家那兒天氣怎麼樣？ 你们家那⼉儿天⽓气怎么样？ Nǐmen jiā nàr tiānqì zěnmeyàng?

__________________________________________________________

4) 現在這兒冷不冷？熱不熱？ 现在这⼉儿冷不冷？热不热？

Xiànzài zhèr lěng bù lěng? Rè bù rè? __________________________________________________________

5) 春夏秋冬四季，你喜歡哪一季？ 春夏秋冬四季，你喜欢哪⼀一季？

Chūn-xià-qiū-dōng sìjì, nǐ xǐhuan nǎ yī jì? __________________________________________________________

6) 美國是東方國家還是西方國家？日本呢？

美国是东⽅方国家还是西⽅方国家？日本呢 __________________________________________________________

7) 你去過北極嗎？南極呢？ 你去过北极吗？南极呢？

__________________________________________________________

8) 你喜歡吃四川菜嗎？你喜歡喝礦泉水嗎？ 你喜欢吃四川菜吗？你喜欢喝矿泉⽔水吗？

__________________________________________________________

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4. 用詞練習／用词练习 Yòngcí Liànxí: Word Use Exercise Write sentences using particular expressions

(1) Use [過／过] to discuss experience

<a> Lele has not been to China but she has been to many U.S. cities.

樂樂沒去過中國，不過她去過很多美國的城市。 _____________________________________________________________________

<b> Keke has had the experience of drunking the mountain spring water from South France.

可可喝過法國南部山上的泉水。 _____________________________________________________________________

(2) Use [過／过] for the meaning of “Passing a particular day in a special manner”.

<a> He said that he celebrate his parents’ birthdays for them every year.

他說他每年都給他父母過生日。 _____________________________________________________________________

<b> Xiao Zhang’s home is in Sichuan. This year he wishes to go to Sichuan for the New Year .

小張的家在四川。他今年想回四川過年。 _____________________________________________________________________

(3) Use [過／过 ] for the meaning of “after certain time has passed”.

<a> We may drink alcohol drinks after having passed our 21 year old birthday.

我們過了二十一歲的生日以後可以喝酒。 _____________________________________________________________________

(4) Use [原來] as modifier of nouns for the meaning of “original”; “former”

<a> The previous shopping mall at their place was very small. The new shopping mall is extremely big.

他們那兒的原來的商場很小，新的商場大極了。 _____________________________________________________________________

(5) Use [原來] as modifier of verbs for the meaning of “originally”; “before”; “earlier”

<a> His mom was originally from France.

他媽媽原來是法國人。 _____________________________________________________________________

<b> Originally she did not want to live in the dorm, but now she lives in the dormitory.

她原來不想住宿舍，可是現在她住在宿舍。 _____________________________________________________________________

(6) Use [原來] to express new discovery or surprises

<a> The person s/he loves, as I just realized, was not me but my good friend, Xiao Lin.

他愛的人原來不是我，是我的好朋友，小林。 _____________________________________________________________________

<b> So, this is actually a cellphone! How come it is so tiny?

這原來是一個手機！怎麼這麼小呢？ _____________________________________________________________________