Childhood through elders ch17 18

Lifecycle NutritionLifecycle Nutrition

Childhood, Adolescence and Elderly Childhood, Adolescence and Elderly NutritionNutrition

Measuring GrowthMeasuring Growth

Growth chartsGrowth charts Follow a child along a percentileFollow a child along a percentile Types of growth charts:Types of growth charts:

Height for AgeHeight for Age Weight for HeightWeight for Height Head CircumferenceHead Circumference Boys and GirlsBoys and Girls

BMI not a valid health indicator in growing BMI not a valid health indicator in growing childrenchildren

Nutrition Risks for Early ChildhoodNutrition Risks for Early Childhood

Nutrients of concern:Nutrients of concern: Protein – high need for essential amino acids, Protein – high need for essential amino acids,

RDA = 0.95-1.10 grams/kg body weightRDA = 0.95-1.10 grams/kg body weight Iron – stores depleted between 4 and 6 months of Iron – stores depleted between 4 and 6 months of

ageage Zinc – critical for body growthZinc – critical for body growth Vitamin D – difficult to obtain enough from food, Vitamin D – difficult to obtain enough from food,

seasonal variation in production ability via seasonal variation in production ability via sunlight exposuresunlight exposure

Early Childhood Eating PatternsEarly Childhood Eating Patterns

Three main meals separated by snacksThree main meals separated by snacks Parents or caregivers are primary role modelsParents or caregivers are primary role models Novel foodsNovel foods

12 exposures before a child no longer considers a food to 12 exposures before a child no longer considers a food to be “new” anymorebe “new” anymore

SatietySatiety Tiredness, hunger, excitement, consistencyTiredness, hunger, excitement, consistency Healthy eating patterns begin earlyHealthy eating patterns begin early

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture. www.MyPyramid.gov

Nutrition Risks for Early ChildhoodNutrition Risks for Early Childhood

Iron, vitamin deficienciesIron, vitamin deficiencies Food jagsFood jags Excessive fluidsExcessive fluids Sweet, fat flavorsSweet, fat flavors MilkMilk Constant snackingConstant snacking ChokingChoking

Adolescent NutritionAdolescent Nutrition

Generally low riskGenerally low risk More peer influence, More peer influence,

less parental less parental influenceinfluence

Eating disordersEating disorders Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosaBulimia nervosa

Alcohol and NutritionAlcohol and Nutrition Alcohol = ethanolAlcohol = ethanol

Provides 7 kcal/gramProvides 7 kcal/gram One serving of alcohol depends on the alcohol content of One serving of alcohol depends on the alcohol content of

the beverage (about 15 grams of ethanol per serving)the beverage (about 15 grams of ethanol per serving) Wine (4 oz)Wine (4 oz) Beer (12 oz)Beer (12 oz) Liquor (1.5 oz)Liquor (1.5 oz)

Alcoholism – disease defined by the American Alcoholism – disease defined by the American Medical Association as impairment of physical and Medical Association as impairment of physical and metal faculties due to chronic and excessive alcohol metal faculties due to chronic and excessive alcohol consumptionconsumption Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug worldwideAlcohol is the most commonly abused drug worldwide

Alcohol and NutritionAlcohol and Nutrition

U.S. Dietary GuidelinesU.S. Dietary Guidelines If you consume alcohol, do so in moderationIf you consume alcohol, do so in moderation

So what is moderate alcohol consumption?So what is moderate alcohol consumption? 2 or fewer drinks/day for men2 or fewer drinks/day for men 1 or fewer drinks/day for women1 or fewer drinks/day for women

NO alcohol intake is recommended during NO alcohol intake is recommended during pregnancy due to risk of fetal alcohol pregnancy due to risk of fetal alcohol syndromesyndrome

Alcohol and NutritionAlcohol and Nutrition

Metabolism of alcoholMetabolism of alcohol Absorbed rapidly through stomach and small intestineAbsorbed rapidly through stomach and small intestine Crosses cell membranes readily, including brain cellsCrosses cell membranes readily, including brain cells Is released in urine, sweat, by lungs (BAC/breathalyzer)Is released in urine, sweat, by lungs (BAC/breathalyzer)

Rate of metabolism differs based on:Rate of metabolism differs based on: Alcohol dehydrogenase and genderAlcohol dehydrogenase and gender Body sizeBody size EthnicityEthnicity Chronic useChronic use

Table 16.5Table 16.5

Alcohol and NutritionAlcohol and Nutrition Physical effects:Physical effects:

Liver toxicity and cirrhosis (fluid production/beer belly)Liver toxicity and cirrhosis (fluid production/beer belly) Oral, esophageal, and stomach cancerOral, esophageal, and stomach cancer Brain damageBrain damage Other organ damageOther organ damage Fat accumulation (beer belly)Fat accumulation (beer belly)

Alcohol and NutritionAlcohol and Nutrition

Social effects:Social effects: Risk to self and othersRisk to self and others Poor work and school performancePoor work and school performance Violence, property damageViolence, property damage Relationship problemsRelationship problems DepressionDepression Risk of passing on alcoholic behaviorsRisk of passing on alcoholic behaviors to children to children

Elder NutritionElder Nutrition

Source: Bobroff LB, Shelnutt KP. MyPyramid for older adults. 2007. University of Florida. http://enafs.ifas.ufl.edu/MyPyramid%20for%20Older%20Adults.html. Accessed 12-4-08. Reprinted with permission.

Elder NutritionElder Nutrition DETERMINE acronymDETERMINE acronym

DD EE TT EE RR MM II NN EE

Elder NutritionElder Nutrition

Body composition changesBody composition changes Decreased lean body mass, increased body fat percentage Decreased lean body mass, increased body fat percentage

decrease in BMR decrease in BMR Nutrition risk factors:Nutrition risk factors:

AlcoholismAlcoholism Anorexia (poor appetite)Anorexia (poor appetite) Chronic diseaseChronic disease DysphagiaDysphagia DentitionDentition Depression or dementiaDepression or dementia Decreased mobility, fine motor skillsDecreased mobility, fine motor skills

Nutrition risk, cont.:Nutrition risk, cont.: Food procurement and preparationFood procurement and preparation Diminished sense of smell and tasteDiminished sense of smell and taste Long-term care facilityLong-term care facility Loss of spouseLoss of spouse PolypharmacyPolypharmacy Vision problemsVision problems Financial hardshipFinancial hardship SurgerySurgery

Fig. 16.3.jpgFig. 16.3.jpg

Nutrition Services in the CommunityNutrition Services in the Community

Food Stamp ProgramFood Stamp Program Emergency Food Assistance ProgramEmergency Food Assistance Program Child and Adult Care Food Program (for daycare Child and Adult Care Food Program (for daycare

situations)situations) Senior Nutrition ProgramSenior Nutrition Program

Congregate Meals ProgramCongregate Meals Program Home-Delivered Meals ProgramHome-Delivered Meals Program

Senior CenterSenior Center Meals on WheelsMeals on Wheels