Childhood Obesity Pennington Biomedical Research Center Division of Education Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director Pennington Biomedical Research Center Claude Bouchard, PhD, Executive Director Heli J. Roy PhD, RD Beth Kalicki Edited: October 2009 Publication # 1
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Childhood Obesity
Pennington Biomedical Research CenterDivision of Education
Phillip Brantley, PhD, DirectorPennington Biomedical Research Center
Claude Bouchard, PhD, Executive Director Heli J. Roy PhD, RD
Beth KalickiEdited: October 2009
Publication # 1
Introduction and Prevalence
PBRC 2009 3
Childhood obesity rates
Rates in the U.S. have increased 2.3-fold to 3.3-fold over the last 25 years.
The distribution of body-mass index (BMI) has shifted, such that the heaviest children, at greatest risk of complications, have become even heavier.
Higher among minority groups.
PBRC 2009 4
Prevalence in the U.S. Nearly 8% of children (ages 4 to 5) in the United
States are overweight. – A BMI greater than the 85th percentile and below the 95th
percentile
Approximately 18.8% of children (ages 6 to 11) are overweight and 15.3% are obese.
For adolescents (ages 12 to 19), 17.4% are overweight and 15.5% are obese.
-A BMI more than or equal to the 95 th percentile
PBRC 2009 5
Percent Overweight Children Ages 6 to 19 yrs by age, 1976-2004
02
46
810
121416
1820
1970-1980 1989-1994 1999-2002 2003-2004
Ages 6-11Ages 12-19
% o
verw
eigh
t
Year
PBRC 2009 6
Percentage of Overweight: Males and Females 12 to 19 yrs by Race/Ethnicity, 2003-2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Men Women
CaucasianAAHispanic
% o
verw
eigh
t
Year
PBRC 2009 7
Childhood Obesity: Risks for the future
Children and adolescents are considered at high risk for overweight if:
One or both parents are overweight. They are from families with low incomes. They have a chronic disease or disability that
Excess weight in childhood and adolescence has been found to predict overweight in adults.
Overweight children, aged 10 to 14, with at least one overweight or obese parent (BMI> 27.3 for women and > 27.8 for men in one study), have a 79 percent likelihood of overweight persisting into adulthood.
Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing many chronic diseases and health conditions, including the following:
Hypertension Dyslipidemia (for example, high total cholesterol or high levels of
triglycerides) Type 2 diabetes Coronary heart disease Stroke Gallbladder disease Osteoarthritis Sleep apnea and respiratory problems Some cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon)
Environmental Factors
PBRC 200912
Childhood Obesity: gene vs environment
Genetic make-up is shaped by environmental experience.
In pre-disposed children, non-nutritious environments with little chance for physical activity can lead to behaviors that promote obesity that can lead to clinically significant obesity, insulin sensitivity, and ultimately to type 2 Diabetes.
In pre-disposed children, appropriate physical activity and good nutrition are the key to staying lean.
Reduced physical activity vs overabundance of high calorie foods.– About 80% of the causes of childhood obesity.
Irregular meals, snacking, dining out, and sedentary behaviors such as television watching and absence of regular physical activity are dominant trends.– The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a limit of 14 hours
Many states now have addressed the lack of participation in PA classes and have mandated that schools integrate 30 minutes of physical activity in each day.
About 25 percent of young people (ages 12–21 years) participate in light to moderate activity (e.g., walking, bicycling) nearly every day.
About 50 percent regularly engage in vigorous physical activity.
Approximately 25 percent report no vigorous physical activity, and 14 percent report no recent vigorous or light to moderate physical activity.
PBRC 2009 31
Participation in PA by children 9-13 yrs of age, by gender
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Free time Organized activity
FemaleMaleP
ercent
PBRC 2009 32
Participation in PA by children 9-13 yrs of age, 2002
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Age 9 Age 10 Age 11 Age 12 Age 13
OrganizedFree-timeP
ercent
PBRC 2009 33
PA Recommendations
Children should accumulate at least 60 minutes, and up to several hours, of age-appropriate physical activity on all, or most days of the week.
Children should participate in several bouts of physical activity lasting 15 minutes or more each day.
Children should participate each day in a variety of age appropriate physical activities designed to achieve optimal health, wellness, fitness, and performance benefits.
Extended periods of inactivity are discouraged, especially during daylight hours.
Tips
PBRC 2009 35
To prevent overweight in children…
Provide healthy, low calorie snacks such as fruits and vegetables.
Place portions of snack foods on plates. Put the rest away. Allow children to only eat while sitting at the dining table
or in the kitchen– This could eliminate endless hours of snacking in front of the TV and
make family members more conscious of when the child is eating.
Provide water to drink. Allow time and space for appropriate physical activity.
PBRC 2009 36
References
http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/895_brstfeed.html http://obesity.org/subs/childhood/prevention.shtml Wardlaw G, Kessel M. Perspectives in Nutrition. 5 th Ed. New York, NY. 2002. TJ Cole, BMC Pediatrics 2004, 4. Cara B Ebbeling et al. 2002. TJ Cole BMJ 2000;320;1240. Deckelbaum RJ, Williams, CL. Obesity Research 9:S239-S243 (2001). Dietz, WH. J. Nutr. 127: 1884S–1886S, 1997. Institute of Medicine Fact Sheet, 2004. Dietz, WH. N. Engl J. Med. 350;9, 2004. British Medical Association, Board of Sciences, 2004. Remakle, C. et al. International Journal of Obesity (2004) 28, S46–S53 Salbe AD et al. Pediatrics 2002;110;299-306
About Our Company The Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a world-renowned nutrition research center. VISION Our vision is to lead the world in eliminating chronic diseases. MISSION Our mission is to discover the triggers of chronic diseases through innovative research that improves human health across the lifespan. We
are helping people live Well Beyond the Expected. The Pennington Center has several research areas, including: Clinical Obesity Research Experimental Obesity Functional Foods Health and Performance Enhancement Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Nutrition and the Brain Dementia, Alzheimer’s and healthy aging Diet, exercise, weight loss and weight loss maintenance The research fostered in these areas can have a profound impact on healthy living and on the prevention of common chronic diseases, such
as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and osteoporosis. The Division of Education provides education and information to the scientific community and the public about research findings, training
programs and research areas, and coordinates educational events for the public on various health issues. We invite people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in the exciting research studies being conducted at the Pennington Center in
Baton Rouge, Louisiana. If you would like to take part, visit the clinical trials web page at www.pbrc.edu or call (225) 763-3000.