Child welfare law power point

CHILD WELFARE LAW

• CHILD SAFETY PROCEDURES

• CHILD WELL-BEING

BY: JAMIE ARCHER

HISTORY OF CHILD PROTECTION IN AMERICA

DIVIDED INTO THREE ERA

• FIRST ERA

• EXTENDS FROM COLONIAL TIME TO 1875.

• BEFORE ORGANIZED CHILD PROTECTION.

• SECOND ERA

• SPANS FROM 1875 TO 1962.

• CREATION AND GROWTH ORGANIZED CHILD PROTECTION.

• NON-GOVERNMENT CHILD PROTECTION SOCIETY.

• THIRD ERA

• 1962 MARKS THE THIRD OR MODERN ERA.

• GOVERNMENT SPONSORED CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES.

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CHILD WELFARELEGISLATIVE HISTORY

•SOCIAL SECURITY ACT• TITLE IV-B AND TITLE IV-E.

• IS PRIMARILY BUT NOT EXCLUSIVELY IN THE DEVELOPMENT

OF IT’S PROGRAMS.

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EARLY YEARS1912

• THE FEDERAL CHILDREN’S BUREAU WAS DEVELOPED BY

CONGRESS.

• THE DUTIES OF CHILDREN’S BUREAU WAS TO

INVESTIGATE AND REPORT. ALL MATTERS EFFECTING

CHILD WELFARE AND CHILD LIFE AMONG AL CLASSES OF

OUR PEOPLE.

• IN 1930’S THE CHILDREN’S BUREAU LEADERS WERE

INSTRUMENTAL IN SHAPING SEVERAL TITLES TO THE

SOCIAL SECURITY ACT. BY THE 1935 THESE PROVISIONS

DIRECTLY RELATED TO CHILD WELFARE SERVICES.

• 1935 THESE ACT ALLOWED FEUDAL FUNDING TO BE

RELEASED TO ALL STATES TOTALING 1.5 MILLION IN

REGARDS TO THE STATES POPULATION ALONG WITH THE

NEED.

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1960’S

• RAISED CHILD WELFARE SERVICES FUNDING TO $ 25 MILLION.

• EACH STATE ALLOTMENT TO BE NO LESS THEN 50 THOUSAND.

• NEW AND SEPARATE FUNDING BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE.

• 1962 RENAMED ADC PROGRAM TO AID TO FAMILY WITH DEPENDAT CHILDREN (AFDC) WHICH ALLOWED STATES TO PROVIDE FOSTER CARE SUPPORT.

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1970’SCHILD ABUSE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT ACT

• SYSTEM TO RECIVING AND RESPONDING TO ALLEGATIONS OF CHILD ABUSE OR

NEGLECT.

• ALSO IN PROTECTING CONFIDENTIALITY OF RECORDS.

1978• THE CHILD ABUSE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT AND ADOPTION ACT.

• THEIS ACT ESTABLISHED AND RAN A NATIONAL ADOPTION AND FOSTER

CARE SYSTEM.

• ALSO ALLOWED BARRIES TO BE REMOVED AROUND ADOPTION OF

CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS.

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1980’S

• THE FEDERAL ADOPTION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM.

• FEDERAL SHARE PROGRAM COST WAS CHNGED TO EQUALL IN ALL

STATES.

• “THE LAW ALLOWED STATES TO STIPULATE WHAT THE SPECIAL NEEDS

FACTORS WOULD BE BUT IT SUGGESTED A CHILD’S AGE, MEMBERSHIP IN

A SIBLING GROUP, RACE/ETHNICITY, AND EMTIONAL, PHYSICAL OR

MENTAL DISABILITIES.

• REQUIRED STATES TO MAKE ALL “REASONBLE EFFORT’S” PREVENTING

PLACEMENT IN FOSTER CARE, TO REUNITE CHILDREN WHO HAVE BEEN

IN FOSTER CARE.

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1990’S

• THE SECOND SESSION 101 ST CONGRESS MADE

SEVERAL AMENDMENTS TO CHILD WELFARE

SERVICES / TITLE IV-E.

• FOSTER CARE AND THE ADOPTION PROGRAM.

• THE AMENDMENTS REQUIRED EACH STATE TO

SEPARATE TRADITIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS

AND CHILD PLACEMENT COST.

• THIS ALLOWED EACH STATE TO OFFER YOUTHS

INDEPENDENT LIVING SERVICES WHO AGREE

OUT OF FOSTER CARE UP TO 21.

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UP COMING YEAR’S

• 1993• MADE SIGNIFICANT AMENDMENTS IN CHILD

WELFARE ACT.

• NEW SUBPART 2 “TITLE IV-B”.

• AUTHORIZING FUNDS TO STATES THAT

PROVISION IN “FAMILY SUPPORT” AND

“FAMILY PRESERVATION”.

• ONLY 10% ON ADMINISTRATION AND 90% ON

EACH IN THE TWO CATEGORIES OF SERVICE.

• THEREFOR EACH STATE HAD TO REPORT ALL

PROGRESS IN BOTH CATEGORIES.

• 1994

• MADE ANOTHER AMENDMENTS IN THE

SESSION 103RD CONGRESS.

• THAT IS MADE AVAILABLE TO ALL CHILDREN

IN FOSTER CARE. NOT THE ONES THAT

ELIGIBLE.

• HEARINGS WILL BE HELD EVERY 12 MONTHS

AFTER INITIAL HEARING, CASE PLAIN AND

CASE REVIEW PROCEDURES.

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1996• CONGRESS AMENDED THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT IN REGARDS, THAT NO STATE OR

ENTITY THAT RECIVES FEDURAL FUNDING CAN NOT DISCRIMNATE IN ADOPTION OR FOSTER CARE PLACEMENT ON BASIS OF RACE, COLOR OR NATIONAL ORIGIN.

1997• PROVISIONS REGARDING HEALTH INSURANCE FOR ADOPTIED CHILDREN WHO WAS

NOT ELIGIBLE UNDER TITLE IV-E.• LAW REAUTHORIZED NEW PROGRAM UNDER TITLE IV-B, PART 2 BY RENAMEING IT

PROMOTING SADE AND STABLE FAMILIES PROGRAM.• THIS ACT PROMITED THE “TIME-LIMITED FAMILY REUNIFICATION” AND “ADOPTION

PROMOTION AND SUPPORT SERVICES”.• THIS REQUIRED HHS TO ESTABLISH CHILD WELFARE OUTCOME TO BE MEASURED

AND PUBLISHED IT’S DATA FOR ANNUALLY PROFORMANCE.1999

• THE FOSTER CARE INDEPENDENCE ACT WAS ENACTED IN THE 106TH CONGRESS.• REVISED THE STATE ALLOCATION FORMULA TO USE THE CURRENT FOSTER CARE

DATA.• THIS WAS THE FIRST YEAR THAT NATIONAL YOUTH IN TRANSITION DATABASE WHICH

COLLECTED DEMOGRAPHIC AND ITS OUTCOME OF CURRENT AND FORMER YOUTHS.2

2001

• THE PROMOTING SAFE AND STABLE FAMILIES • WHICH REAUTHORIZED FOUNDING FOR THE NEXT 5 YEARS.• INCLUDING THE AMENDMENT TO STRENGHENING PARENTAL RELATIONSHIP BY

ADDING THE DEFINITION OF HEALTHY MARRIAGES TO THE “FAMILY SUPPORT SERVICES.”

• ADDING THE SUPPORT FOR INFANT SAFE HAVEN PROGRAMS, WHICH WILL BE FOUND UNDER THE DEFINITION OF FAMILY PRESERVATION SERVICES.

• OPENING UP NEW FUNDING.• THERE WAS AUTHORIZED FUNDING FOR POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION AND

TRAINGING VOUCHERS.2003

• THE ADOPTION PROMOTION ACT• AUTHORIZING INCENTIVE PAYMENT FOR ANOTHER FIVE YEARS .• THIS AMENDEDMENT OF INCENTIVE AWARDS TO CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS. • WHICH LIMITED FUNDING FOR CHILDREN NINE AND UNDER WITH SPECIAL NEEDS.• THEN AN INCREASED INCENTIVE FOR ADOPTION OF NINE AND OLDER IN FOSTER

CARE.

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2005• THE FAIR ACCESS TO FOSTER CARE ACT

• FOR STATES TO CLAIM REIMBUREMENT UNDER TITLE IV-E.• EVEN ELIGIBLE FOSTER CHILDRENS MAINTENANCE PAYMENTS.• WHICH IS PROVIDED TO HIS/HER INSTIUTIONAL, FAMILY,FOSTER CARE

PROVIDER, AND FOR PROFIT PLACEMENT AGANCY.• ALSO MADE CLARIFING THE MEANING OF “HOME OF REMOVAL.”• PUTTING LIMITAIONS ON THE STATES CLAIM FOR REIMBURSEMENT COST.• THIS ALSO INCLUDED THE LENGTH A CHILD MAY BE A “CANDIDATE” FOR

FOSTER CARE. • INCLUDED THE PLACEMENT OF A CHILD IN AN UNLICENSED RELATIVE HOMES

OR OTHER SIBLINGS HOME THAT ARE • “INELIGIBLE” FOR THE FOSTER CARE PROGRAM.• THE STATES POLICEYS AT A MINIMUM MUST “ENSURE THE SAFETY AND WELL-

BEING OF THE CHILD, PARENTS, AND FAMILY”.2006

• THE SAFE AND TIMELY INTERSTATE PLACEMENT ACT.• FEDURAL MANDATES A 60-DAY DEDLINE IN COMPLETING INTERSTATE

HOME STUDY.• WITH ONLY A 14-DAY DEDLINE FOR THE STATE TO ACT ON THIS

INFORMATION.2

• WITH AUTHORIZATION OF $10 MILLION DOLLARS FOR EVERY STATE AS AN INCENTIVE TO COMPLEAT INTERSTATE HOME STUDY WITH IN 30 DAYS.

• FUNDS WERE AVAILABLE THE VERY FIRST DAY.• “NO FUNDS WERE APPRPRIATED UNDER THIS AUTHORITY AND IT IS NOW REPEALED.”• THIS RESTRICTED STATES TO CONTRACT PRIVATE AGENCY TO DO HOME STUDY FOR

THE CHILDREN THAT WILL NO BE REUNIFIED WITH FAMILY.• THE LAW REQUIRS THAT ALL INSTATE AND OUT OF STATE PLACEMENTS BE PART OF

THE CASE PLAIN FOR REVIEW IN AN ADIQUIT PLACMENT.• PART OF THE COURT IMPROVEMENT FUNDING MAKES NOTIFYING FOSTER PARENTS,

PRE-ADOPTIVE PARENTS, OR RELATIVE CAREGIVERS INFORMATION ON PROCEDDINGS REGARDING THE CHILDREN.

• ALL MEDICAL AND EDUCATION RECORDS FOR EACH CHILD IN FOSTER CARE MUST BE UP TO DATE.

• ALL FOSTER PARENTS AND OTHER PEOPLE LIVING WITH IN A HOME MUST HAVE BACKGROUND CHECKS DONE BEFORE FOSTER CHILDREN CAN BE PLACED IN THE HOME.

• EACH STATE IS REQUIRED TO PROVIDE A WELL-PLAINED VISIT WITH THEIR CASE WORKER AT LEAST ONCE A MONTH.

2007• THE 110TH CONGRESS AMENDED REIMBURSEMENT RATE TO 70 PERCENT.

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2008• THE 110TH CONGRESS APPROVED CHILD WELFARE

BILL• FOSTERING CONNECTIONS TO SUCCESS AND

INCREASING ADOPTIONS.• THIS WAS THE FAIR-REACH OF FENDERAL CHILD

WELFARE FINANCING SINCE 1980.• UNDER THE TITLE IV-E THIS PROVIDED KINSHIP

GAURDIANSHIP ASSISTANCE PAYMENTS FOR THE CHILDREN THAT WERE LIVING WITH THEM IN THE FOSTER CARE SYSTEM.

• THE STATE WILL CONTIUNE TO PROVIDE PAYMENT UNTIL A CHILDS 21ST BIRTHDAY REGARDING THEY ARE IN SCHOOL, WORKING, OR REMOVING BARRIERS OF EMPLOYMENT, OR HAVE A MENDIACL CONDITION THAT KEEPS THEM FROM ACHIEVING ANY OF THOSE THINGS.

2009• ALLOWING STATES TO FILE REMEMBERSMENT COAST FOR

CHILDREN IN FOSTER CARE, ADOPTION, AND KINSHIP GUARDIANSHIP ASSISTANCE.

• ALSO TO INCLUDE PAYMENT OF TRANSPORTING A CHILD TO HIS/HER “SCHOOL OR ORIGIN.”

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2010• IN AUGUST CONGRESS PASSED EDUCATION JOBS AND MEDICAID

BILL• A TEMPORATY INCREASE IN THE GENERAL FUND FOR A 3.2 PERCENTAGE

IN THE FIRST THREE MONTHS, THEN A 1.2 PERCENT FOR THE NEXT 3 MONTHS.

• THEN THE PROGRAM WILL RETURN TO IT’S REGULAR REIMBURSEMENT RATES BY JULY 1, 2011.

• THE PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT• THAT YOUTH THAT ARE AGING OUT OF CARE HAVE THE INFORMATION

AND POWER TO MAKE HEALTH CARE DECISIONS.• THIS ALSO INCLUDES FOSTER CARE INDEPENDENCE PROGRAM.

2011• THE CHILD AND FAMILY SERVICES IMPROVEMENT AND

INNOVATION ACT• THAT EACH STATE MUST PROVIDE (ON-FEDERAL) FUNDS TO RECEIVE THE

FULL AMOUNT ALLOTED THE CHILD WELFARE SERVICES PROGRAMS. • ALSO REQUIRE STATES TO PROMOTE SAFE AND STABLE FAMILIES WITH

AN DESCRIBED OF THE POPULATION THAT IS AT THE GREATES RISK.2

THE TRADGIC EVENTS OF

2014

THE DEATH OF 2 –YEAR- OLD

DEZIRAE SHELDON

AND

15- MONTH- OLD

PEIGHTON GERAW

BROUGHT THE CITIZENS OF

VERMONT QUESTIONING THE

ABILITY TO KEEP VERMONT

CHILDREN SAFE.

PUTTING VERMONT CHILDREN AT RISKMAY 21, 2014

THE CHALLENGES FACING FAMILY’S TODAYS SOCIETYSUBSTANCE ABUSE, VIOLENCE, NEGLECT AND THE INCREASE OF OPIATE ADDICTION

INSURES A NEW DANGER THAT SPREADS VIOLENT CRIMES TO FAMILIES

AND THE COMMUNITY.

WHO’S RESPONSIBILITY IS IT TO PROTECT THE

CHILDRENFAMILIES AND COMMUNITIES HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN KEEPING CHILDREN SAFE,

HOWEVER THE DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, LAW

ENFORCEMENT, AND THE COURTS HAVE A GREATER RESPONSIBILITY IN

THE PROTECTION OF IT’S CHILDREN.

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ACTION IN IDENTIFYING ISSUES IN STATE POLICIES AND PRACTICES

WE CAN NOT SAY THAT THESE CHANGES WOULD HAVE CHANGED THE OUTCOME

FOR PEIGHTON AND DEZIRAE, HOWEVER MOVING FORWARD WE BELIEVE THE

STEPS OUTLINED BELOW WILL HELP CHILDREN AND STRENGTHEN FAMILIES

1. DCF POLICIES AROUND RETUNING CUSTODY AND REUNIFICATION WITH PARENTS.

2. REQUIREMENT THAT SENIOR LEADERSHIP IN CENTRAL OFFICE, REVIEWING ALL

CASE THAT A CHILD HAS EXPERIENCED SERIOUS PHYSICAL ABUSE IS

CONTEMPLATED.

3. CENTRAL OFFICE OVERSIGHT EXTENDS TO REUNIFICATION WITH ALLEGATIONS

OF PHYSICAL ABUSE IS PRESENT.

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1. POLICY REGARDING CHILDREN THAT ARE IN DCF CUSTODY LIVING WITH THERE

PARENTS IN A RESIDENTIAL OR OTHER SUPPORTED SETTING1. THIS REQUIRES DCF THE ABILITY NOT TO START REUNIFICATION UNTILL

PARENT HAS BEEN DISCHARGED FROM THE RESIDENTAL OR OTHER SUPPORTED SETTINGS.

2. GOVENOR SHUMLIN HAS REQESTED THAT THE “VERMONT CITIZENS ADVISORY BOARD (VCAB) REVIEW THE HANDLING OF THE CASE OF DEZIRAE SHELDON AND PEIGHTON GERAW’S.”1. VCAB HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TO EXAMINE THE CHILD PROTECTION

POLICIES AND PRACTICES.2. A SPECIAL VCAB BOARD WAS DEVELOPED WITH MEMBERS HAVING

SIGNIFICANT EXPERTISE AND THE EXPERIENCE IN CHILD ABUSE MATTERS.3. DURING THE REVIEW VCAB WITH DETERMINE IF DCF POLICIES AND

PRACTICES WERE FALLOWED AND IF ANY NEED TO “BE REVISED TO INSURE THE SAFETY OF VERMONTS CHILDREN.”

4. ALONG WITH THE LEGISLATURE CREATED A “COMMITTEE ON CHILD PROTECTION.” THE GOVERNERS “ADMINISTRATION WILL COPPERATE WITH THE COMMITTEE ON EXAMINE VERMONT’S LAWS,POLICIES AND PROCEDURES, REVIEWING THEM IN THE JURISDICTIONS,FEDERAL REQUIRMENTS, MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEING OUR CHILDRENS PROTECTION SYSTEM.”

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THE REVIEW OF POLICIES

“IMPLEMENT NEW POICIES THAT WILL HIGHTEN THE REVIEW

STANDARDS IN CERTIN CASES.”

“EVALUATE REORGANIZATION OF DCF TO BETTER TARGET

THE CORE MISSION.”

“STRENGTHEN DCF RESOURCES TO INCREASE ITS ABILITY TO

RESPOND TO CHILDREN IN NEED.”

“INCREASE TRAINING FOR DCF AND FOR OTHER STATE

AGENCIES AND BRANCHES REGARDING PARENTAL DRUG ADDICTION

AND ABUSE OF VERY YOUNG CHILDREN.”

****(“DCF WILL ALSO WORK WITH STAKEHOLDERS TO DEVELOP

FURTHER TRAINING FOR THOSE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT, LEGAL

COMMUNITY, MENTAL COMMUNITY, JUDICIARY AND THOSE HOW PLAY

A ROLE IN THE DECISIONS THAT AFFECT THE SAFETY OF CHILDREN.”)

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IMMEDIATE ACTION BEING TAKEN

1 “FIELD SERVICES DIRECTOR LYNNE KLAMM WILL RESUME LEADERSHIP IN DCF

DISTRICT OFFICE IN RUTLAND, WHICH INCLUDES FULL AUTHORITY OVER

OPERATION. CASEY FAMILY PROGRAMS “NATIONALLY-RENOWNED CHIL WELFARE

FOUNDATION.” “WILL ASSIST DCF WITH A THOROUGH REVIEW OF CHILD SAFETY

PRATICES, ASSESS STRENGHTS AND CHALLENGES.” “RECOMMENDATIONS TO

IMPROVE TO PROTECT VULNERABLE CHILDREN.”

2 “SIX SUBSTANCE ABUSE SPECIALIST WILL BE CONTRACTED TO ASSIST

SOCIAL WORKERS IN CASES INVOLVING SUBSTANCE ABUSE, CONTRIBUTING

FACTORS OF ALLEGED CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT.”

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4 TWENTY-SEVEN NEW POSITIONS ARE BEING RECRUITED. “POSITIONS INCLUE 18 SOCIAL WORKERS, 2 SOCIAL WORK SUPERVISORS, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SPECIALIST, AND PRACTICE WITH FAMILIES THAT HAVE SUBSTANCE ABUSE USE DISORDERS.”

5 THE NATIONAL RESOURCE CENTER ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND CHILD WELFARE “WILL BE HELPING DCF REVIEW POLICIES, ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS, AND PRACTIVE WITH FAMILIES WHO HAVE SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS.”

6 GIVE THE GOVENOR “ A PROPOSAL TO ALIGN THE STRUCTURE OF DCF, WHICH WILL HELP THE COMMISSIONER HAVE A BETTER FOCUS ON THE WELFARE OF VERMONT CHILDREN AND FAMILIES.”

7 “ALL WORK HAS BEEN SENT TO THE VERMONT CITIZENS ADVISORY BOARD SO THEIR WORK CAN CONTINUE EXPEDITIOUSLY.”

8 “POLICY REVIEWS WILL CONTINUE AS MORE WORK IS DONE BY DCF, LEGISLATOR’S COMMITTEE ON CHILD PROTECTION AND THE VERMOTN CITIZENS ADVISORY BOARD.

YACOVONE IS 100% COMMITTED TO THE SAFTY OF THE CHILDREN, MAKING SURE THAT ALL PARTNERS INVOVLED INCLUDEIN THE COURT, LAW ENFORCEMENT, SCHOOLS, AND FAMILIES KEEP THESE CHILDREN SAFE.

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RUTLAND SEES CHANGES

• LYNNE KLAM HAS REPLACED JOHN ZALENSKI HOW HAS BEEN TRANSFERRED TO

DCF CENTERAL OFFICE IN ESSEX JUNCTION

• THIS WAS NOT A DISCIPLINAREY ACTION.

• ENSURING RUTLANDS OFFICE HAS STRONG SUPERVISION AND STAFF, ALONG WITH

COMPERHENSIVE PROCEDURES IN PLACE FOR THE CHILDREN SAFETY IN VERMONT.

• DCF HAS BEEN “SCRUTINIZED IN THE DEATHS OF 2-YEAR-OLD DEZIRAE

SHELDON, OF POULTNEY, AND 15-MONTH-OLD PEIGHTON GERAW, OF WINOOSKI.”

• THE DEATHS HAVE BEEN DETERMINED A HOMICID “UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DCF.”

• PROBLEMS INCLUDING COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SOCIAL WORKERS, THE

COURTS, LAW ENFORCMENT, MEDICAL PERSONNEL, AND OTHERS

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YACOVONE

• “HAS FACED CALLES FOR HIS RESIGNATION.”

• “THE ATTORNEY GENERAL’S REPORT POINTED OUT SPECIFIC,

SIGNIFICANT FLAWS IN OUR SYSTEM THAT WERE

IMMEDIATLEY CORRECTED.”

• “LOOKING INTO ALL STAFFING AND PROCEDURES IN EVERY

DCF OFFICE AROUND THE STATE, THIS WILL ENSURE

PROTENTIAL PROBLEMS ARE ADDRESSED.”

• “THE GOVENOR HAS NOT ASKED YACOVONE TO RESIGN.”

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RESULTS OF INVESTIGANTION

• “THE INVESTAGATION INTO DCF SOCIAL WORKER JOHN SALTER COMMITED A

CRIME IN HANDLING PEIGHTON’S CASE.”

• DCF WORK HAS BEEN CLEARD IN THE DEATH OF WINOOSKI TODDLER.

• SOCIAL WORKER JOHN SALTER DID EVERYTHING HE WAS TRAINED TO DO, HE

DID EVERYTHING HE WAS SUPPOSED TO DO.

• SALTER FALLOWED ALL PROTOCOLS THAT DCF HAS.

• DCF POLICY DOES NOT REQUIRE A SOCIAL WORKER PHYSICAL CONTACT TO

DETERMINE WELLNESS OF A CHILD.

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CONTINUED RESULTS OF INVESTIGANTION

• POLICIE READ’S• 72 HOURS TO RESPOND TO A ABUSE REPORT.

• CONTACT FAMILY WITHIN 24 HOURS.

• A HOME VISIT WITHIN 48 HOURS.

• NYTOSHA LAFORCE ( PEIGHTON’S MOTHER) WAS CHARGED

WITH PEIGHTON’S MURDER.

• LAFORCE PLEAD NOT GUILTY.

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CAUTION• THIS VIDEO THAT IS ABOUT BE SHOWED,

INCLUDES SENSE DETAILING AND EMOTION

EVENTS THAT INVOLVED CHILD, AND THE

EFFECTS RESULTING IN CHILD ABUSE.

• AT THIS POINT FEEL FREE TO LEAVE THE ROOM.

 . The Story Of Oliver & Anne- Sophie. 16 September, 2011. Youtube. 27 July, 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3JV7OzSfzA>.

REFERENCE

• 1 WWW.AMERICANBAR.ORG

• 2 WWW.HISTORYOFCHILDWELFARE.ORG

• 3 WWW.VTGOVERNORSHUMLIN.ORG

• 4 WWW.DEPARTMENTFORCHILDRENANDFAMILIES

• 5 WWW.DOCS.NEWSBANK.COM – RUTLAND HERALD, NEAL GOSEAMI

• 6 WWW.DOCS.NEWSBANK.COM – ST. ALBANS MESSENGER, LAURA KRANTZ

VTDIGGER.COM