CHILD LABOUR AND EDUCTIONAL ATTAINMENTS OF STUDENTS IN MBULAMUTI SUBCOUNTY IN KAMULI DISTRICT BY NAMULWA FATIA 1163-07234-06989 A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION OPEN AND DISTANCEE-LERNING AS A REQUIREMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH EDUCATION OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY AUGUST2019
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CHILD LABOUR AND EDUCTIONAL ATTAINMENTS OF STUDENTS IN
MBULAMUTI SUBCOUNTY IN KAMULI DISTRICT
BY
NAMULWA FATIA
1163-07234-06989
A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
OPEN AND DISTANCEE-LERNING AS A REQUIREMENT IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH
EDUCATION OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
AUGUST2019
DECLARATION
I Namuiwa Fatia declare that, this dissertation is my own and has never been
produced by anybody else for any award in any institution of higher learning.
NAMULWA FATIA
1163-07234-06989
signature:..H11~t~[~’
Date:
APPROVAL
This is to satisfy that this dissertation is being done under my supervision as a
university supervisor and here by ready for submission to the college of Education,
Open and Distance E-learning.
DEBORAH TALIGOOLA(Mrs.)
University Supervisor
Signature
Date•
DEDICATION
I dedicate this research m my unde, mother~ friends and the lecturers In the faculty& education.
‘U
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In a special way, I wish to thank the Almighty God for providing me with the wisdom
and knowledge towards successful production of this dissertation.
I am highly appreciative to my Supervisor, madam Taligoola for her inspiration,
constructive guidance, patience and allowing me to use his books during my
research study. I am equally grateful to all the other lecturers for the guidance they
gave me in different course units.
May God bless you.
iv
Tab~e of Contents
DECLARATION
APPROVAL
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
ABBREVIATIONS ix
ABSTRACT X
CHAPTERONE 11
INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 Background 11
1.2 Statement of the problem 12
1.3 Objectives of the study 15
1.3.1 Purpose of the study 15
1.3.2 Specific objectives 15
1.4 Research Questions 15
1.5 Scope of the Study 15
1.5.1 Geographical scope 15
1.6 Significance of the study 16
1.7 Definition of Key Terms 17
1.8 Conceptual Framework 18
CHAPTER T’vVO 20
LITERATURE REVIEW 20
V
2.2 Child Labor in Practice . 20
2.2.1 Forms of Child Labor 21
2.2.1.1 Worst form of child labor 21
2.3 Perception of Child Labor 22
2.4 Child Labor and school performance 23
2.5.1 Factors that Affect School Performance 25
2.5.1.1 Teacher’s Characteristics 25
2.5.1.2 School Administration 26
2.3.1.3 Pupil’s Characteristics 26
2.6 Measures to Curb Child Labor 27
2.6.1 Legislation Framework 27
2.6.1.1 ILO No 138 (1973) 27
2.6.1.2 ILO Convention 182, 1999 27
2.6.1.3 ILO Recommendation 190, 1999 27
CHAPTER THREE 29
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29
3.0 Introduction 29
3.1 Research Design 29
3.2. Unit of Analysis and observation 29
3.3. Target Population 29
3.4. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure 30
3.5 Methods and Tools of Data Collection 31vi
3.5.1 Collection of quantitative data. 31
3.5.2 Collection of qualitative data 31
3.6 Research Ethics 31
3.7 Data analysis 31
CHAPTER FOUR 32
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS 32
4.0 Introduction 32
4.2 Social and Demographic Characteristics of the participants 32
4.2.1 Age of the respondents 32
4.2.2 Gender of the child 33
4.2.3 Class level in secondary school 34
Table 4.3: Distribution of students according to class level 34
4.2.4 Marital status of parents 34
4.2.5 Highest level of education attained by parents 35
4.2.6 Mother’s Highest Level of Education Attained 36
Table 4.6: Distribution of Respondents by Mother’s Highest Level of Education 36
4.3 Occupations of the parents 36
4.1.1 Family’s main source of income 38
4.4 Social and demographic characteristics and child labor 38
4.4.1 Knowledge of child labor 39
4.4.2 Education of parents and child labor 40
4.7 Measures to mitigate child labor 50VII
Table 4.16 Measures in place to mitigate child labor.................................. 51
CHAPTER FIVES 52
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 52
5.1 Summary 52
5.2 Conclusions 55
5.3 Recommendations 57
REFERENCES 58
APPENDICES 62
APPENDIX 1: Questionnaire for child laborers 62
APPENDIX 2: Interview guide for Teachers 67
INTERVIEW GUIDE (Teachers) 67
APPENDIX 3: Interview Guide for Educational Officer /Chief 68
VIII
ABBREVIATIONS
ANPPCAN : African Network for the prevention & prevention against child
abuse and Neglect
ICDC : Industrial & commercial development Corporation
ILO : International Labour Organization
UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific& Cultural Organization
UN : United Nations
UNICEF : United Nations Children’s fund
NGO’s : Non-governmental Organizations
WOFCL : Worst Form of Child Labour
WHO : World health Organization
FPE : Free Primary Education
ix
0
ABSTRACT
This study investiqated the effects of child labor on students’ educational
attainments. The objectives for this study were to establish the causes of child
labor in the area of study, establish the relationsht~ between child labor and
performance in primary schools and lastly to find out the measures in place to
mitiqate child labor among school going children. A systematic random sampllng
of 100 respondents was carried out; questionnaires were used to collect
quantitative data. While face to face in-depth interviews were conducted to
collect qualitative data from key informants. The data obtained was analyzed
using frequency distribution tab/es percentages, descriptive statistics and
regression tables From the study findings, the causes of child labor involve
domestic chores which children are subjected to before going to school and after
school in the evening. Fifty percent of the children studied worked for some form
of payment which agrees with the ILO report (1983; 12) which observes that
most children are involved in paid and un paid work. The findings, a/so showed
that child labor affect students’ academic performance as was revealed on the
POO~ academic achievements by students exposed to labor were mostly female%
compared to their male counterparts. The study therefore recommends that the
government should government should develop strategies to reduce or eradicate
child labor activities as well as enforce poilcies on child labor spelt out in the
international agreements it has signed and the constitution which spell out the
rights of the children.
x
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundChild labor activities and low school performance by children are the key issues
affecting many African rural societies, as these two issues deter their future
academic endeavors. According to IPEC (2015), children’s participation in agricultural
activities couple with limited access to quality education do leads them to uncertain
future. Due to poverty of the household heads, children tend to intensively
participate in agricultural sectors of most rural areas (Sackey and Johannsen, 2015).
Despite their heavy involvements, the rates of returns on agricultural investment are
slow and low, which made many households to diversify by placing their children on
other sectors, particularly in the cottage industry. This sectorl experience large
participation of children especially those that are not household biological children,
which hampers their access to education as they are mostly seen in rural seasonal
markets2 as head load carriers, wheel pushers, hawkers, vendors, etc.
According to Anadolu Agency (AA) (2013) earlier research, about 48 million engaged
in child labor in Sub-Saharan African with 15 million children from Nigeria topping
the entire region. Equally, global estimate by AA (2013) shows that sub-Saharan
African region are lagging behind in terms of eliminating child labor issues. The
region shows a high level of participation of children in labor having 28.4% of
children 5-14 years old aside Asia when compared to 14.8% for Asia and the pacificc
and 9% for Latin America. In clear terms, approximately 58.2 million children of
same age group are engage in work in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nigeria is not an
exceptional country in the Sub-Saharan African countries as per child labor
participation, as AA (2013) earlier pointed out that 31.25% of children engage in
labor. Evidence by Kure (2013) shows it prevalence despite it ban in the country,
with low school attendance in various rural communities. Constrain in income made
household heads to use a cost-free-income-strategy by diversifying their children
participation in both labor and education (Todaro and Smith, 2006).
11
Provision of education is viewed as an intervention mechanism with the potential to
equip and empower children not only with literacy, reasoning and numerous skills
but also with critical social skills, a sense of responsibility, self-respect and for others
knowledge of their rights and capacity to resist exploitation which are components of
child labor.
Early study shows the trade-off between child labor and human capital development,
because many children do attend school and as well work on the farm or street
(Akabayashi and Psacharopoulos, 1999); though some studies concentrated on the
effect of child work on learning achievement (Heady, 2003; Gunnarsson et aL,
2006). Most recent was that of the impact of child labor on
children’s educational outcomes in rural Vietnam with exclusion of child relationship
with household head (Le and Homel, 2015). Other studies like Bacolod and Ranjan
(2008) concentrated on the household wealth, child ability and school quality in
Philippine. Similarly, Bhalotra and Heady (2003) emphasis on wealth paradox by
considering land to be store of wealth in the agrarian societies. Despite all efforts by
scholars of child labor and child educational performance, enough attention has not
been given to the study of children of other relation on both labor and academic
performance when compared to children of household head. Some studies thus
consider it as a determinant of either child labor or performance (Rosati and Rossi,
2003; Moyi, 2011; Alfa et al., 2012)
1.2 Statement of the problemThe challenge of child labor remains a serious problem in many parts of the world.
This in particular affects the developing world as children are turned into bread
winners for their families and are exposed to risky and hazardous work subsequently
denied a chance to get education.
Studies by the ILO, UNICEF UNESCO and World bank confirms that education is key
in reduction of child labour (Kruger, 2007). Children who lack education are more
vulnerable to exploitation according to Khan (2007). Considerable efforts have been
made to meet the UN millennium goal by ensuring universal primary education to all
children. Uganda has not been left behind hence introduced the FPE in 2003.The12
move saw approximately 1.5 million children enroll back to school. However as ILO
points out, if a child combines school with work he/she may not be able to attend
school and also long hours of work interfere with class or homework from school
(ILO: 2004)
Generally, work is perceived to be negative and interferes with a child schooling
since it requires too much of a child’s time (Heady, 2003). Academic performance of
such children engaged in work and education places physical and psycho-social
strain since they lack a balance between the two. (Binder and Scrogin,1999) add
that these children who are exposed to work end up fatigued and lack leisure
activities for supporting their social. emotional and physical development.
Consequently, these children are demotivated and end up neglecting their studies.
Ray and Lancaster (2003) on their study on the effect of work on school attendance
and performance of children in relationship to hours of work, school attendance and
performance concluded that higher levels of work hours negatively impact on
education variables. However, it’s also acknowledged that in some cases work
affords children additional income for the families and for schooling (Binder and
Scrogin, 1999).
The relationships between child labor and schooling involve interlinking factors
therefore the direction of causation can go either way. Child labor affects schooling,
but poor performance in school might also impact child labor. Poor school quality
and the indifference of families and students to school might cause students to enter
earlier into the labor market. Factors that affect both child labor and school
achievement occur at the levels of individuals, families, schools, and communities
and include school availability, school infrastructure, parents’ education, family
income, individuals’ natural abilities for school, community labor market conditions,
and low levels of parental participation in their children’s education and in their
communities (Barros and Mendonca 1996, Psacharopoulos 1997, Cavalieri 2000,
Gunnarsson et al, 2004).
13
However, aside child relationship with head, other factors that contribute to
fostering of child that resu!ts to child participating fully either in labor or school is the
child gender. Vásquez and Bohara (2010) used Guatemala 2000 National Survey of
Standards of Living and found child labor and schooling to be greater for boys than
girls’.
Educational attainment is greatly affected by participation of children in child labour.
This is because very few children can attend school and work at the same time as
these activities usually run concurrently. Those who attend school and also work find
it difficult to give their school work attention it deserves; therefore, ends up doing
badly at school. For most children the choice to be made is that of either to attend
school or working. In spite that education authorities are aware that working
children face problems in school attendance, information on the exact nature of the
effect of work on educational performance of children is insufficient. As a result, a
school based survey provides an opportunity for detailed information on the
academic progress of children and of importance providing invaluable information in
developing effective tools for retention of working children in schools and in
understanding school performance.
14
13 Objectives of the study
L3~1 Purpose of the studyThe study’s general objective is to examine the effects of child labor on students’
educational attainments selected secondary schools in Mbulamuti Sub count:y in
Kamuli district
L3~2 Specific objectivesThe specific objectives of the study are;
1. To establish the causes of child labor in Kamuli district
2. To assess the relationship between child labor and students’ educational
attainments
3. To find out the measures put in place to mitigate child labor among school
children in Kamuli
L4 Research Questions1. What are the causes of child labor in Kamuli district?
2. What is the relationship between child labor and students’ educational
attainments?
3. What measures can be adopted to mitigate child labor among school children
in Kamuli?
L5 Scope of the Study
1.5~1 Geographica’ scopeGeographically, the study was carried out in selected secondary schools in
Mbulamuti Sub county in Kamuli district, to examine the effects of child labor on
students’ educational attainments. Focus was put on; establishing the causes of child
labor in the sub county; assessing the relationship between child labor and
students’ educational attainments; and finding out the measures put in place to
mitigate child labor among school children in Kamuli.
The study begun in May 2018 and ended in June 2019
15
The district is bordered by buyende district to the North, Kaliro district to the
East, Luuka district to the South-East, Jinja to the South, and kayunga district to
the West. The district consists of one municipality and 19 rural sub-counties.
Kamuli covers a land of 1778.4 square kilometers (686.6 sq mi) with an average
elevation of about 1800 metres (5900ft) above sea level. The district receives an
average annual rainfall of 1200 millimeters (47 in). Temperatures range between
17°C (63°C) and 30°C (86°F)
1.6 Significance of the studyChild labor is any work that hinders the development of a child at the physical,
mental, social or moral level. It describes all types of situations where a child works
to earn a living including where the child works but somebody else receives the
remuneration on behalf of the child, where the child works as an assistant to
somebody else and the child’s labor is deemed to be that other person’s who
receives the remuneration. Prevalence of child labor has particularly affected the
developing countries whose demand for child labor has been prompted by
subsistence economy, poverty, large families, absentee husbands, attitudes towards
female as well as traditional patterns of labor.
Uganda together with other international organization has been concerned with the
elimination of child labor for a long time. Its concern on the plight of children is
stated in the National development plan 1997-2001(pg 169) and in the country’s
statement at the 1995 world summit for social development. Exploitative work
encroaches on the child’s growth (UNICEF 1990C: 2003) and his or her exposure to
accidents and environmental hazards entail prolonged separations from family and
interfere with his/her schooling. It also robs them the interest in academic
achievements resulting in lack of motivation that affects both the learning and their
future prospects. Child labour undermines the child’s dignity and self- esteem and
hinders the development of the child at the physical, social and moral.
16
Elimination of child labor is important as it would free the children to be able to
participate in the education as process of acquiring knowledge in order to promote
their social survival and contribution to their families, society and themselves, thou
there is some controversy in the empirical literature about the effects of child labour
on the educational attainment of children (Grootaert and Kanbur 1995) in which
some studies have found that child labor does not have significantly adverse effect.
The findings provided a comprehensive reverse causal relationship of child labor and
performance in primary school examination. It will provide measures that would
contribute in effecting programmes which monitor child labor and ensure education
as a fundamental right for all the children is observed.
1.7 Definition of Key TermsChild- According to the ILO child labor convention Nos. 138 and 182 and
Article 1 of the 1990 convention, a child is every human being below the
age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child majority is
attained earlier.
o Child labor- According to the UN convention on Rights of children 1989
article 32, child labor is defined as work that is likely to be hazardous or to
interfere with the child’s health or physical, mental or social development.
The ILO in the minimum age convention 138 of 1973 further puts it that
this work is performed by children under the age of 12.
o Child laborers- refers to the number of children reported to have worked
either for pay (cash or kind), or unpaid family and domestic workers during
the reference period and the nature of work or amount of time spent
working by a child below minimum age for the type of work they perform.
Also the child works under conditions specified domestically in reference to
Article 4 of convention 182.
o Child work activities done by children for learning and socializationpurposes
17
o Academk Performance: is the pupil’s ability to study and remember
fact, being able to communicate knowledge verbally or written down on a
paper. The academic performance of a primary school entitles scores from
continuous assessment and the examination of pupils for the academic
session.
LB Conceptua’ FrameworkThe conceptual frame work below shows the linkages between the independent
variables and intervening variable affect with dependent variable. Parental socio
economic status the income levels and Education levels are independent variables
which can cause a change to the performance of children in school. Ineffective
enforcement of legal provisions on children is an intervening variable in which a
success of it will reduce the levels of child labor and consequently reduce on the
dependent variable which is performance in class.
I Completion of schoolDomestic child labor homework/assignment
o Coverage of school syllabuso Learner’s attitude, Teaching and learning
Commercial child labor motivation, and process_______________________ encouragement I
o Provision of learning _____________________facilities/materials and
Child labor and school and school leviesabsenteeism
- o Learners classconcentration and Affects pupils’participation performance
Household poverty andchild labor • Learners’ interaction with
teachers• Learners’ group work
Social roles in society o Seasonal dropout
Some causes of child labor includes household poverty, culture, rapid population
growth, inability of educational systems to carter for all children, broken families,
18
parental ignorance and high cost of education. Thus, household poverty causes
children to be involved in child labour leading to more time spend on domestic work,
school absenteeism and taking up social roles to augment school and family needs
and being involved in different categories of labour. This affect inadequate syllabus
coverage and class concentration, hinders completion of homework and lateness to
school, Poor/Inadequate concentration, negative attitude on learning and thus
overall effect on low performance especially in national examination.
Child labor related activities thus leads to unlimited study/reading time, school
absenteeism and lateness, inadequate work coverage, seasonal dropout and
negative attitude towards learning which eventually leads to low examination
performance in national exams.
19
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2~1 Introduction
This chapter reviews literature under six main headings. The first section gives an
overview of the practice of child labor and the reasons why children are engaged in
child labor. This is followed by literature on forms of child and how it affects the
children. Perception of children on child labor follows in the third section. The fourth
section addresses the relationship between education and child labor. The fifth
section addresses the legal and regulatory frame work on child labor and finally the
theoretical frame work.
2.2 ChiNd Labor in PracticeAccording to ILO, child labor refers to a subset of children’s work that is injurious,
negative or undesirable to children and should be targeted for elimination
(ILO-IPEC, 2013: 17). Three
international conventions—UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC),