Child, Family, Child, Family, School, School, and Community and Community S S ocialization and Support 6 ocialization and Support 6 th th ed. ed. Chapter Five Chapter Five ECOLOGY OF CHILDCARE ECOLOGY OF CHILDCARE
Dec 13, 2015
Child, Family, School, Child, Family, School, and Communityand Community
SSocialization and Support 6ocialization and Support 6thth ed. ed.
Child, Family, School, Child, Family, School, and Communityand Community
SSocialization and Support 6ocialization and Support 6thth ed. ed.
Chapter FiveChapter FiveECOLOGY OF CHILDCAREECOLOGY OF CHILDCARE
Chapter FiveChapter FiveECOLOGY OF CHILDCAREECOLOGY OF CHILDCARE
The National Day Care Study has found three predictors of positive classroom dynamics and child outcomes:
• Size of the overall group
• Caregiver-child ratios
• Specialized training of caregivers in child development or early childhood education
CHILDCARE
What is quality care?
CHILDCARE
What is quality care?Advocacy for quality care
• National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) has its own accreditation standards to promote developmentally appropriate practice.
• A federal child-care bill was passed in 1990, which include a Childcare and Development Block Grant.
• The Family and Medical Leave Act was passed in 1993.
CHILDCARE
What is quality care?Accreditation of child care programs
• Voluntary systems exist nationally to establish higher- quality standards than are required by law.
• The standard criteria addresses staff qualifications and training, administration and staffing patterns, the physical environment, health and safety issues, and nutrition and food service.
• In 1998, the National Association for Family Day Care (now the National Association for Family Child Care) began a program for voluntary accreditation for in-home childcare services.
CHILDCARE Macrosystem influences on
child careGenerally child care and educational practices have been affected by four distinct macrosystems:
• Political Ideology
• Culture/Ethnicity
• Economics
• Science/Technology
CHILDCARE Macrosystem influences on
child care (cont’d)
• The first day nurseries were established to cope with the children of masses of immigrants to the United States during the mid-nineteenth century.
• The first cooperative nursery school was inaugurated at the University of Chicago in 1915.
CHILDCARE Macrosystem influences on
child care (cont’d)
• In 1964, the Economic Opportunity Act was passed to provide educational and social opportunities for children from low-income families.
• The political activism in the 1960s provided part of the rationale for early intervention.
• President George Bush outlined his plan for educational reform in his “No Child Left Behind” Act.
CHILDCAREChronosystem influences on
child care
Nineteenth century
• Industrialization and a flood of immigrants led to the need for childcare.
• Mrs. Joseph Hale opened the first day nursery for children of seamen’s working wives and widows.
CHILDCAREChronosystem influences on
child careTwentieth century
• Most childcare could be classified as custodial.
• President Franklin Roosevelt made public funds available for childcare as part of the Works Project Administration (WPA). These funds were stopped when the WPA was no longer in force.
CHILDCAREChronosystem influences on
child care (cont’d)
Twentieth century
• Federal funds, made available through the Lantham Act of 1942, made child care available to women working in the war effort.
• After the Lantham Act was discontinued, childcare facilities continued to exist as many women continued to work.
CHILDCAREChronosystem influences on
child care (cont’d)
Twentieth century
Philosophy of childcare changed from a support service for needy families to a developmental service for all children.
The 1971 White House Conference announces the need for quality care as the most serious problem for families.
CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD CARE
Child care and psychological development
Rene Spitz compared:
Infants raised by caregivers
Infants raised by their mothers exhibited normal development whereas the other infants were delayed developmentally.
Infants raised by their incarcerated mothers.
TO
CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD CARE
Child care and psychological development (cont’d)
John Bowlby:
ANY break in the early mother-child relationship could have detrimental effects for
the child.
CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD CARE
Child care and psychological development (cont’d)
Harold Skeels: • the degree and nurturance received (NOT the caregiver) is the most important determinant of children’s development.
• infants who are initially deprived can grow up normally IF intervention provided by a caring, nurturing person.
CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD CARE
Child care and psychological development (cont’d)
Researchers say :
Children form can SECONDARY
attachments to caregivers if caregiver
provides care for a substantial amount of time.
CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD CARE
Child care and psychological development (cont’d)
Jay Belsky says: Infants under age 1 receiving non-maternal
care 20+ hours a week are at a greater risk of developing insecure relationships with their mothers.
Phillips and Clarke-Stewart says:
Children in full-time day care may have different coping styles and traditional assessments of attachment may
not be adequate for children reared in diverse
environments.
CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD CARE
Child care and psychological development (cont’d)
Michael Lamb:
• Day care does not affect mother-child
attachment.
• Adverse effects = poor-quality day care +
insensitive and unresponsive maternal
behavior.
CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD CARE
Child care and social development
• Numerous studies show children experienced in
childcare programs are more socially competent
than children not experienced.
• Non-childcare children are typically more
aggressive and hostile toward others.
CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD CAREChild care and cognitive development
Research shows:
• A positive relationship between attendance in quality day care and cognitive development.
• Child care effects on cognitive development depend on many factors (i.e. home life)
MESOSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON CHILDCARE
Child Care and the School and Community
Ways to Increase Childcare Options:
• Extend services in elementary school to children under age 5 and to extend the class hours.
• Cooperative community ventures with urban public school districts and the YMCA.
MESOSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON CHILDCARE
Child care and the school and community(cont’d)
• Childcare affects not only children and families, but communities as well.
• The quality of family life in communities is often elevated by the provision of childcare.
• Childcare affects the economics of communities in that it enables adults to work.
MESOSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON CHILDCARE
Child care and the government business
• Current U.S. policy: government pays for disadvantaged families’ childcare and grants tax credits to other families.
• Perry Preschool research: children who attended a quality preschool significantly out-performed those who did not.
MESOSYSTEM INFLUENCES ON CHILDCARE
Child care and the government business(cont’d)
• The federal government plans to expand existing programs (Head Start).
• Some businesses provide child care assistance for employees:
• parental leaves
• flexible scheduling
• community resources
• on-site child care
• start-up costs to community childcare centers
• financial assistance to pay for child care
CHILD CARE AND SOCIALIZATION
There are different types of childcare:
• In-home care
• Family day care
• Center-based care
CHILD CARE AND SOCIALIZATION
Socialization effects of different preschool programs
Cognitively-oriented curriculum:
• translates Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development into an educational program
• learner-directed
CHILD CARE AND SOCIALIZATION
Socialization effects of different preschool programs(cont’d)
Direct-instruction curriculum:
• based on B.F. Skinner’s philosophy
• aims to enhance disadvantaged children’s
learning experiences through behavior
modification and controlled skill learning
• teacher-directed
CHILD CARE AND SOCIALIZATION
Socialization effects of different preschool programs(cont’d)
Montessori curriculum:
• child should be treated as an individual
• children naturally absorb knowledge during
“sensitive periods.”
• learner-directed
CHILD CARE AND SOCIALIZATION
Socialization effects of different preschool programs(cont’d)
Developmental interaction curriculum:
• focuses on the development of self-confidence and
productivity
• individualized in relation to each child’s stage of
development.
• learning organized around child’s own experiences
• learner-directed
CHILD CARE AND SOCIALIZATION
Socialization effects of child care ideologies
Cultural and
economic
background
influences child care
beliefs
People employ
caregivers outside
the family whose
child care
ideologies generally
match theirs
DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROPRIATE CAREGIVING
Collaborative Caregiving
• Professionals who care for infants and children
MUST collaborate with families regarding
ideologies and socialization goals.
• Diversity in socialization can be observed in
communication styles with infants.
DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROPRIATE CAREGIVING
Collaborative Caregiving
Experts suggest:
Parents and non-parental caregivers set-aside “transition time” when children enter a childcare center.
DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROPRIATE CAREGIVING
Caregivers and child protection
• Caregivers MUST report suspected
maltreatment under the law, Child Abuse
Prevention and Treatment Act
• There are physical and behavioral indicators
of maltreatment