क� �य भ ू �म जल बोड जल संसाधन, नद� �वकास और गंगा संर�ण मंालय भारत सरकार Central Ground Water Board Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Government of India AQUIFER MAPPING REPORT Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh उ�र� मय �े, भोपाल North Central Region, Bhopal
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Transcript
क� द्र�य भू�म जल बोडर्
जल संसाधन, नद� �वकास और गंगा संर�ण मंत्रालय
भारत सरकार Central Ground Water Board
Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
Government of India
AQUIFER MAPPING REPORT
Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh
उ�र� मध्य �ेत्र, भोपाल North Central Region, Bhopal
Government ofIndia CentralGroundWaterBoard
MinistryofWaterResources,River Development & GangaRejuvenation
AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN
CHHATARPUR DISTRICT, MADHYA PRADESH
BY
Dr L.K.Mathur Dr.K.Paramasivam Scientist 'D' STA (HG)
NORTH CENTRAL REGION BHOPAL
March 2018
CONTENTS
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION Page No.
Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of Aquifer Mapping 1 1.2 Scope of study 1 1.3 Objectives 1 1.4 Approach and Methodology 2 1.5 Study Area 3 1.6 Rainfall & Climate 4 1.7 Physiography/DEM 5 1.8 Geomorphology 7 1.9 Soil cover 10 1.10 Geology 11 1.11 Hydrology and drainage 12 1.12 Land use Agriculture, irrigation and cropping patterns 15
Chapter- 2 DATA COLLECTION AND GENERATION 17 2.1 Hydrogeology 17 2.2 Ground water scenario 19 2.3 Ground water Exploration 24 2.4 Hydrochemical of Chhatarpur District 30 2.5 Geophysical Survey 32
Chapter-3 DATA INTERPRETATION, INTEGRATION AND AQUIFER MAPPING
Chapter-4 GROUND WATER RESOURCES 74 4.1 Dynamic Ground Water Resource 74 4.2 Static Ground Water Resource 74 4.3 Draft 74
Chapter-5 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES 77 5.1 Declining of water level 77 5.2 Ground Water Quality 77
Chapter-6 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 79 6.1 District Ground Water Management Plan 79 6.2 Post-Intervention Impact 84 6.3 Block wise Ground Water Management Plan 84
Chapter-7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
102
Annexure I
105
PREFACE
‘Aquifer mapping’ is a holistic approach for aquifer-based groundwater management. It may not be construed as aquifer geometry mapping only. In a broader perspective it can be defined as understanding the aquifers, ascertaining and establishing their quantity and quality sustainability through multi-disciplinary scientific approach integrating the techniques of geology, remote sensing, hydrogeology, geophysics, borehole drilling, hydrochemistry, hydrology, hydrometeorology, mathematical modelling, agriculture and soil science, water treatment and remediation, economics and social and environmental sciences.
Under the project on National Aquifer Mapping (NAQUIM) in XII & XIII Plan to formulate sustainable aquifer management plan, Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), North Central Region, Bhopal has taken up Chhatarpur district to prepare the 3-Dimensional Model and 2-Dimensional Aquifer Maps for the entire district and formulate Block-wise Aquifer Management Plan.
Chhatarpur district occupies an area of 8687 sq km out of which the ground water recharge
worthy area is 7904 sq. km. and the rest is covered by hilly and forest area. The major rivers flowing through the area includes the river Dhasan, ken. The major part of the district is covered by the Bundelkhand Granite and in southern part by Bijawar, Vindhayan sandstones and Deccan traps. On the basis of the 94 Exploratory borewells drilled by CGWB, NCR under its Exploratory/NAQUIM program, it has been observed that the yield varies from meagre to 4.5 lps in Granite and meagre to 40 lps in Bijawar formation. As per the Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report (2013), the net ground water availability in the district is 795 MCM and ground water draft for all uses is 500 MCM, resulting the stage of ground water development to be 62.92 % as a whole for district.
The Chhatarpur district falls under safe category. After the implemented of project
interventions in the report, the stage of development is expected to improve by 8% i.e. from 62.92% to 54.21% for the Chhatarpur district and additional area for the irrigation will be 63384Ha.Chhatarpur district comprises of eleven blocks, namely Gourihar, Loundi, Nowgarn, Chhatarpur, Rajnagar, Bijawar, Badamalhera&Buxwaha. As per the Management plan prepared under NAQUIM of all the Block of ChhatarpurDistrict , a total number of 423 Percolation Tanks, 1266 Recharge Shafts/Tube wells and 2958 Nala Bunds/Check Dams/Cement Plugs have been proposed and financial expenditure is expected to be Rs 390.28 Crores in Chhatarpur District for sustainable development and management of ground water resources.
Before finalization of this report a three tier evaluation mechanism is adopted ,presentations were made at Regional level & State level Coordination Committee ,then the revised presentation were made before the Member and finally it was presented to National Level Expert Committee , after all corrections this report is prepared.Results of these comprehensive studies will contribute significantly to ground water sustainable management tools. It will not only enhance the long-term aquifer monitoring networks and but would also help in building the conceptual and quantitative regional ground-water-flow models for planners, policy makers and other stakeholders.
I would like to place on record my appreciation for Dr. L.K. Mathur, Scientist ‘D’ who had
supervised and guided Dr.K.Paramasivam ,STA Hg to compile this report . I fondly hope that this report will serve as a valuable guide for sustainable development of ground water in the Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh.
Parvinder Singh (Regional Director)
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Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
Central Ground Water Board has pioneered extensive groundwater studies, in all the hydrogeological terrain of the country. It has remarkably brought out comprehensive regional picture of the aquifers in terms of their water quality and yield potential. To meet the challenges of growing groundwater demand and sustainability of the resource, an effective aquifer based groundwater management in the country, through adequate and precise information on aquifers in time and space at a scale as large as possible, is the most imperative and earnestly desired. The aquifer-mapping programme demands for a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional, innovative and modern approach to arrive at a comprehensive aquifer data base under National Aquifer Mapping Programmer.
1.1 Background of Aquifer Mapping
‘Aquifer mapping’ is a holistic approach for aquifer-based groundwater management. It may not be construed as aquifer geometry mapping only. In a broader perspective it can be defined as understanding the aquifers, ascertaining and establishing their quantity and quality sustainability through multi-disciplinary scientific approach integrating the techniques of geology, remote sensing, hydrogeology, geophysics, borehole drilling, hydrochemistry, hydrology, hydrometeorology, mathematical modelling, agriculture and soil science, water treatment and remediation, economics and social and environmental sciences. Out of these the Geophysical technique will help as a strong tool to identify the aquifer geometry precisely. 1.2 Scope of Study
At present a generalized picture of aquifer-dispositions and their characteristics are known from the existing hydrogeological and surface geophysical data, the borehole lithological and geophysical logs and the aquifer performance tests conducted by CGWB and other central and state agencies. But it is not enough to prepare aquifer maps because of the inadequate density of data vis-à-vis geological heterogeneities. The extrapolation and interpolation within the existing boreholes may not yield accurate information on aquifer disposition unless they are tied up further by close-grid geophysical measurements conducted in between. This has necessitated in a systematic mapping of aquifers. Further hydro-geological investigation either by geophysical technique or by exploration is proposed for the aquifer mapping. It is to provide adequate and precise subsurface information in terms of aquifer lithology and geometry leading to 3-dimensional aquifer dispositions. Also it is to establish the most appropriate technique or combination of techniques for identifying the aquifers in different hydrogeological terrains. 1.3 Objectives
The objective of applying the hydrogeological and geophysical techniques is to provide more adequate and more precise (reduced uncertainty and ambiguity) information on aquifers – shallow and deep including dry and saturated zones with their geometry at reasonable scale (1: 50,000) in the area. The tentative depth of the hydrogeological and geophysical exploration will be 200 m in hard rock area. However, the depth of exploration may vary depending on the geological conditions and requirements. Additional exploratory wells shall be drilled for validations of aquifer parameter estimations where borehole data are not available.
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The information thus generated through additional drilling of boreholes shall be used for
refinement of hydrogeological data base in terms of aquifer characterization, yield capacity, chemical quality, selecting areas for artificial recharge and sustainability under varied future demand scenario leading to preparations of aquifer-management plans and recommendations to mitigate mining of aquifer. 1.4 Approach and Methodology
National Aquifer Mapping Programme basically aims at characterizing the geometry, parameters, behavior of ground water levels and status of ground water development in various aquifer systems to facilitate Major Aquifers planning of their sustainable management. The major activities involved in this process include compilation of existing data, identification of data gaps and generation of data for filling data gaps and preparation of aquifer maps. The overall methodology of aquifer mapping is presented once the maps are prepared, plans for sustainable management of ground water resources in the aquifers mapped shall be formulated and implemented through participatory approach involving all stakeholders.
Fig:1 Flow Chart of Methodology
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1.5 Study Area Chhatarpur district in located on the central portion on the plateau of Bundelkhand in
M.P. the district is spread over an area of 8616.82 sq. km and is located at the northern boundary of the state, laying between north latitudes 240 06’ and 250 20’ and east longitude 790 59’ and 800 26 falls under the survey of India toposheet No. 54O, 54P, 63D. The district is bounded by Mohaba district U.P in the north, Panna district, in the east Tikamgarh district in the west and Sagar & Damoh district in the south (fig.-2).
Fig:2. Location Map
The district is divided in to six Tehsil (Gourihar, Londi, Nowgaon, Chhatarpur, Rajnagar,
Badamalhara and Bijawar) and eight development blocks (Gourihar, Loundi, Nowgarn,
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Chhatarpur, Rajnagar, Bijawar, Badamalhera & Buxwaha). These are 1080 inhabited villages in the district (Table- 1). As per census 2011, the total population of the district is 1762857
Table – 1 : Administrative Units of Chhatarpur district.
DISTRICT TOTAL 8687.36 7904.34 The district as a whole lies in the Yamuna sub basin of the Ganga basin and traversed by
the left bank tributaries of the Ken & the right bank tributaries of the Dhasen. The catchment area of Ken Dhasen rivers falling in the district are 6033.15 Sq.km and (69.99%) and 2594.25 Sq. km (30.10%) respectively. 1.6 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE
RAINFALL Chhatarpur District receives maximum rainfall during the south west monsoon. The
South west monsoon arrives at the end of June and last till end of September. Normal isohyetal Map is shown in plate 4. There are five raingauge stations in Chhatarpur district namely Chhatarpur, Buxwaha, Bijawar, Rajnagar and Nowgaon. The long term regular rainfall data is available for two stations viz Chhatarpur, and Nawagaon only ( Table 9& 1 0). On the basis of long term data the normal rainfall has been worked out. The maximum rainfall received at Bizawar is 1130mm and minimum at Nowagaon is 1028 mm.
About 91 % of the annual rainfall takes place during the south west monsoon ie. between
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June to September. Only about 2% of the annual rainfall takes place duri.ng the winter season from October to February and only about 7% of the annual rainfall takes place during the summer season i.e. between March to May. Hence only about 9% of the annual rainfall takes place from October to May. Thus, the surplus water is available only during the south west monsoon. July is the wettest month of the year. About 3% of the annual rainfall takes place during the month of July only. Recent rainfall data of Chhatarpur and Nowgaon is available from 1976 to 1997. While analysis, the recent year rainfall data, is clear that" Most Severe Drought" conditions have occurred in the last seventeen years. Only once during 1984 in Chhatarpur area and 1979 in Nowgaon area has severe drought conditions were observed. During other years, more than the normal or rainfall within normal range of drought condition was received. Hence Chhatarpur district is not a drought prone district. During the year 1997. Nowgaon Station received more than the normal rainfall while Chattarpur Station received about 82% of the normal rainfall. TEMPERATURE Chhatarpur district can be classified into three major seasons. Summer, Winter and Monsoon. The temperature starts rising from the middle of February and reaches maximum during the month of May. The daily maximum temperature during the month of May is around 42.7"C, while annual daily maximum normal temperature is around 32.6° C the day temperature on individual days during the summer season goes upto around 45°C. On the arrival of monsoon at the end of June there is a dip in temperature and weather becomes pleasant. After withdrawal of monsoon early in October, there is slight increase in day temperature. After October or from middle of November both the day and night temperature starts falling and lowest temperature recorded in the month of December. The minimum mean normal daily temperature is about 7.5" C and the annual daily mean normal temperature is about 18.6') C. Sometimes, the minimum temperature drops down to even as low as 1 & 2° C. HUMIDITY
The summer season with the driest period of the year. Hence humidity is also very low during the summer season. The minimum humidity recorded during the month of April/May about 33%. On the arrival of South west monsoon the humidity increases and highest recorded during the month of August i.e.85%. The humidity again decreases 011 withdrawal of monsoon and due to high temperature.
WIND VELOCITY
The wind velocity is high during the premonsoon period as compared to post monsoon. The highest wind velocity is recorded during the month of June. The mean monthly normal wind velocity during the month of June is around 8.2. The annual average normal wind velocity is around 4.5 Km/hr. 1.7 PHYSIOGRAPHY/DEM Physiographically the district has been divided broadly in to three main geomorphic units. The Panna range, the central plateau & northern plains range which traverses district in a
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south west north east direction. This range separates the upper Bundelkhand from lower bundelkhand plateau. Overlying the archeans is if formed by Bijawar and vindhyan beds which are highly folded and are also dissected by the superimposed drainage system.
The highest peak lies at Ban pathar (240 37’: 790 45’) in the district at 607 m amsl. The central plateau runs to the north as an offshoot of Panna range. It lies mainly on the Bundelkhand granites & forms the central sub water divide. They give way to lower plains along the Ken and Dhasan in the east & west respectively. The northern plateau lies between 150 to 300 m amsl & covers nearly the whole of Loundi Tehsil. It is covered by varying thickness of alluvium but is cut in ravines resulting in “bad land” topography. The district can be divided into three physical units:
1 The Panna range
2 The Central Plateau 3 The Northern Plains
The Panna range is a branch of the Vindhyan mountain range. It traverses Sagar, Chhatarpur and Panna districts in a south west - northeast direction. This range separates the Upper Buudelkhand from the lower Bundelkhand plateau. Overlying the Achaeans, it is formed by the Bijawar and vindhyan beds which arc highly folded and are also dissected by the superimposed drainage system. A few hill tops now capped by the Deccan trap rocks stand evidence of their being covered by extensive lava flows. Since then, the drainage developed on the slopes of the original lava beds has eroded the surface deeper to the present level. Because of this, the main streams of the district now flow across the Panna range. The highest peak lies at Bans Pathar ( 24°37:79"45") in the district at 607 mamsl. Kusmar hill on Buxwaha plateau is 551 and Madanwa at 564 mamsl.
The Central Platean runs to the North as Oll offshoot of Panna range. It lies mainly on the
Bundelkhand granites and forms the central sub - water divide. The result is the presence of small hills and ridges at intervals between the tributaries of streams. They give way to lower plains along the Ken and the Dhasan, in the east and west respectively.
The Northern Plateau lies between 150 to 300 m amsl and covers nearly the whole of Laundi tehsil. It is covered by varying thickness of alluvium but is cut in ravines resulting in "bad land" topography.
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Fig:3. Digital Elevation Map
1.8 GEOMORPHOLOGY In Chhatarpur district, land forms have been classified en the basis of genetic factor and
the geomorphic processes involved. FU11her, the geomorphic units have been classified on the basis of differential erosion of rock material, process and relief amplitude. The classification system adopted in this report is as per ITC Scheme of classification of land forms.
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In the district four group of Landforms are identified and are given below: 1 Denudational landforms 2 Depositional landforms 3 Structural landforms 4 Intrusive landforms DENUDATIONAL LANDFORMS (a) Pediplain (Granite) P8(G) Pediplain refers to the flat or gently sloping surface which is the end product of erosion. In Chhatarpur district, Bundelkhand granite dominates as the underlying lithology and it is also criss- crossed by fractures etc. The ground water prospects in this unit are moderate especially along the fractured and in weathered zones. (b) Burried Pediplain (Granite) BPP (G) This is characterised by a broad landscape of low relief broken by isolated residual uplands with thick overburden of weathered material. It is also formed over Bundelkhand granitic with shallow to thick overburden. This unit is also criss-crossed by fractures and faults etc. (c) Structural Hills (Meta sedimentary) SH(MS) These arc composed or meta sedimentary rocks like quartzite etc and are usually associated with folding and faulting. These occur in the form of liuear to arcuate hills showing defunct trendlines. These have poor ground water potential. (d) Pediplain (Meta sedimentary) pp(ms) These pediplains have developed over the metasedimentary rocks as the underlying lithology and are criss crossed by joints and fractures. They have a thin soil cover erosional surface with low relief and gentle slopes. The ground water potential of this unit in poor. (e) Structural Hills ( Vindhyau Sediments) SH (VC) These comprise sandstone, shale and limestone etc. of the Vindhyan supergroup and is associated with folding and faulting-These are in the form of linear to arcuate hills showing definite trend lines and generally have poor to moderate ground water potential. (f) Pediment (Sand Stone) P (SST) This unit occupies a very small area ill the Southwest tip of be district. This unit is characterised by broad, gently sloping erosional surface with detritus of sandstone and thin soil cover with Vindhyan sandstone dominating as the underlying lithology. This group is also criss-crosscd by joints and fractures and has moderate ground water potential. (g) Deccan Plateau (DP) Plateau is formed due to volcanic eruption of basaltic lava having low amount of dip slopes. The upper most part of the plateau unit comprises of soil where as the lower part in hard. The plateau is characterized by low relief and undulating topography. This unit has moderate ground water potential, especially along lineaments, in weathered zone and depressions.
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(h) Denudational hills (Volcanic) DNH (V) These are the remnants of the natural dynamic process of denudation, weathering and fluvial action. The geomorphic forms occur as residual bills, denudational hills with scree or debris. These have high relief and steep sided hills and are highly jointed and fractured. These have poor ground water potential. DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORM (a) Valley Fill (VF) These are mostly unconsolidated sedimentary deposited in a valley and are contentious also controlled by fractures forming linear depressions. The sediments are composed of boulders, cobbles, pebbles, gravel, sand, silt and clay sized grains of varying lithology. The ground water potential of this unit is good. (b) Alluvial Plain: The alluvial plains in the district is restricted to the lower reaches of the Ken. This unit is a level or gently sloping tract produced by deposition or alluvium composed or gravel, sand, silt and clay. The ground water potential of this unit is excellent. STRUTURAL LANDFORMS -LINEAMENT
This is a linear feature is the form of faults, fractures, joints, shear zones, contact zones and similar features, as well as straight stream courses which reflect the crustal structure. A majority of lineaments in the district have a NE-SW trend since, some of the lineaments are dislocations generated by structural disturbances, and they provide channels for ground water movement especially at their intersection. The intersection areas of the lineaments thus have good to excellent ground water potential. INTRUSIVE LAND FORM - DYKE
There are intrusive of quartzite ill the form of discordant mass of consolidated igneous intrusion that cuts across the granite country rock. These generally have a NE-SW trend and act as a barrier as well as carrier and thus control ground water flow. These have a good ground water potential on the up-gradient side. The following table gives a brief description of the geomorphic units occurring in Chhatarpur district.
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Fig:4. Geomorphology Map
1.9 Soil Covers Soils in the district are generally of classified in four groups viz alluvial soils which
occurs in north eastern part of the district. Red and yellow soil in north eastern parts mixed red & black yellow soil in central part and medium black soil in the south western extreme of the district.
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1.10 GEOLOGY
Archaean Bundelkhand granite of the Archaean age, occupying almost 65 % of
the district in the oldest rock type occurring in the area. It underlies northern and north - central part of the district. The entire granite country is undulating and rocky with a thin soil cover. lnselbergs of granites stand out prominently at a few places. The granite is pink in colour, medium to coarse grained porphyritic in texture.
It is very hard and compact with well developed joints. The prominent joint sets are - (i) N400E -S400W dipping 85° towards east to vertical, ( ii) NW-SE with a vertical dip, (iii) N85° E- S85° W dipping 84° due North to vertical, and ( iv) Sheet joints. The joints are open at the surface and persist to about 20 m below land surface. However, beyond 45 m, these are very tight, thus restricting the storage and movement of ground water. Top portion of the granite is weathered; the depth or which is not uniform. The depth of weathering is as high as 20 m in areas where the granite is coarse grained and well jointed. At places, image swallow holes are also observed over the weathered man lie. Quartz Reefs, Basic Dykes and Pipe Rock
The granite country in the district is traversed by quartz reef and basic dykes. The basic dykes generally occupy topographic depressions where as quartz reefs stand out as wall like structure due to differential weathering. The general trend of the basic dykes in WNW-ESE.
The quartz reefs trend in NE-SW and NW-SE direction. However, the NE-SW trend is
more prominent. surface water tanks / reservoirs along this alignment. These reels also act as ground water barrier.
The only exposure of pipe rock in the area is at Angore (24°44': 79°285'). The pipe rock is greenish grey in colour and traversed by numerous calcite veins, which have left back inter connected openings due to solution action.
Bijawars
Bundelkhand granites are overlain by the rocks or the Bijawars series belonging to Pre Cambrian age. The exposure of Bijawars is triangular in shape and constitutes about 15% of the district area. Bijawars in the area arc represented by all the three divisions as follows-
Division Lithology
Upper Bijawars
Phyllitic shale, highly fragmented red shale with zones of assorted boulders of quartzite. Basic material in siliceous matrix towards top (at places appearing as glacial till material) ferruginous quartzite breccias with concentration of iron are at
Conglomerate, ferruginous quartzite and associated trap flow.
Vindhyans
Bijawars are succeeded by the rocks of the Vindhyan system which are exposed in the form of NE-SW trending strike ridges and alternating valleys in the southern part of the district. These occupy about 20% of the district area. The contact of the Bijawars and underlying Vindhyans is unconformable and is marked by a basal conglomerate at places. Towards eastern part of the district, Vindhyans are directly in contact with the granites.Vindhiyans are represented by conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, shales and limestone ill a sequence which constitutes the Semri, Kaimur and Rewa Series. Rocks belonging to the Bhander series of the Vindhyan System are not exposed in the area.
The general trend or the Vindhyans in the area is N40E - S40W to ENE-WSW with a
dip of 3° to 8° towards south. The hard lithounits stand out as ridges and the softer units form valleys. Pre Trapean
A Gravel zone is present between traps and underlying Vindhiyans in and around Baxwaha .It is about 6 to 10 m thick and has been reported in the tubewells drilled in the area. The zone probably represents paleo drainage channel deposit. Deccan Trap Exposures of Deccan trap flows are seen in the south western extremity of the district. The trap in the area represents the north eastern limit of the main volcanic activity experienced by the peninsular region in the Cretaceous period. Trap consists of characteristic plateau basalts, greenish grey in color, hard, compact and well jointed. At places; columnar jointing is also well developed. Alluvium
Alluvium in Chliatarpur district is restricted mainly to the area along the Ken and the Dhasan. Minor alluvial deposits are also observed along Bharar, Tarpcr, Siamri, Kahtne and Kutni rivers. Other drainage channels have almost no alluvial cover.
The Ken river alluvium has a maximum aerial extent in the north eastern part of the district, where it covers almost km wide belt on the left bank of the river and has a maximum thickness of 30 to 111m. Alluvium consists of sand, silt and clay. Dhasan river alluvium is confined to 2 km distance from for river channel and the maximum thickness is 10 m. The proportion of sand is higher in Dhasan alluvium.
1.11 HYDROLOGY AND DRAINAGE
The District as a whole lies in the Yamuma sub-basin of the Ganga basin. On a localised scale, there is a surface water divide running from South to North past Buxwaha, Rajnagar
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Chhatarpur and Lundi. The area to the East of this divide forming almost 70% of the district, is drained by the Ken and to the West by the Dhasan. The Ken is perennial while the Dhasan has ephemeral tendency in the major part of its course. Most of the stream traversing in the area has their courses in rocky terrain with almost no alluvium or very thin sand cover even in their channels section, except along the Ken and Bharav where the alluvium is comparatively thicker.
The streams in the area exhibit large variation in the drainage pattern. Where as, the
drainage is uncontrolled in the granitic terrain, litho logically and structurally controlled drainage is observed in the Vindhyaus, where the streams have calved out their courses in strike alignment through the soft rock unit. Parallel to sub parallel drainage is seen on the dip slope side of the Vindhyans and is especially well developed on the Rewa sandstones.
Drainage in the Bijawar is mainly lithologically controlled and the streams have their courses through shales and limestone. The Ken
The Ken flows to the north and Northeast along the eastern boundary of Chhatarpur
district.The Northern course of the liver has cut a deep gorge across the panna range of the Vindhyan mountain. The river bed and the ban k expose massive sandstone and shales of the Vindhyans, and later the breccisses and limestone of the Pulkawau allcr which Ken flows 011 the lower plateau composed of Bundelkhaud granites and gneisses.
There are several tributaries of the Ken, Sonar, Burala, Shyamari, Khurar, Kutri, Urrnil,
Lahrak and Koil which join the left bank of the river. The Dhasan
The Dhasan has a northerly course and forms the boundary with Tikamgarh district. It joins the Betwa in Uttar Pradesh. In its early course, the river flows through the Deccan traps and then crosses the Viudhyans, Bijawars and Bundelkhand granites before entering the alluvial plains. The main tributaries of the Dhasan are - Kather, Majrer, Tarper, Sharar which join the river.
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Fig:5. Drainage Map ..
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1.12. LAND USE, IRRIGATION, AND CROPPING PATTERN A perusal of the table above shown that almost 25 percent of the total geographical area
is under forest cover. Nearly 61 % of the total geographical area is fit for cultivation. However only 70 percent of the total cultivable land is actually under cultivation. Net cultivated area is only about 43 percent of the geographical area.
A comparison between the land utilization in 1988 and 1996 is given below ill table 4. It is observed that the increase in net cultivated land over the last eight years is only 2.08 present.
Fig:6. Landuse Map
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The area under various crops in the district is given below in Table Perusal of the table shows that Rabi crops predominate with nearly 57 percent of the gross cropped area being Rabi crops. Wheat is the major Rabi crop Area under pulse cultivation is equally high at 28 percent of gross cultivated area. Oil seed production makes use of nearly 21 percent of the gross cropped area.
Table: no-2 Irrigation Area & Crops
A cornparison of the recent data with those of 2013 table shows an increase of 184792
Ha till gross cultivated area over eight years period.an increase of nearly 5%. However au interesting scenario emerges from the data. A dear negative shift is seen in areas under wheat and rice, 2.65 ( %) respectively. A clear positive shill is seen in area under pulses (2.29 %) and strong positive shill ill oil seed cultivation 10.76%.
DATA COLLECTION AND GENERATION 2.1 Hydrogeology (i) Aquifer System
About 65% of the district is occupied by Bundelkhand granite in northern & north central part with a thin soil cover. The granite is pink in colour, medium to coarse grained porphyiatic in texture. It is very hard & compact with well developed joints. The joints are open at the surface and persist to about 20 m below land surface. However, beyond 45m these are very tight, thus restricting the storage and movement of ground water. The depth of weathering is as high as 20m in areas where the granite in coarse grained & well jointed. The granite country in the district is traversed by quartz reef and basic dykes. The basic dykes generally occupy topographic depression where as quartz reefs stand out as wall like structure. From the ground water important & act as surface water barriers leading to prominent surface water tanks and also act as ground water barriers Bundelkhand granites are overlain by the rocks of Bijawar beries.
The exposure of Bijawars triangular in shape and constitute about 15% of the south
eastern part of the district. The vindhyans are exposed in the form of NE-SW trending strike ridges and alternating valley in the southern part of the district these occupy about 20% of the district areas represented by conglomerates, sandstone, shale and limestone in a sequence. Exposure of Deccan trap flows are seen in the south western extremity of the district. Alluvium is restricted mainly to the area along the ken and Dhasan on the left bank of ken it has maximum thickness of 30 m and along Dhasan, it has maximum thickness of 10m.
Ground water in granites occurs in joints, fractures planes and in weathered zone mostly under water table conditions and its occurrence is controlled by extent, size and interconnection of joints and degree of weathering which varies from place to place and under favourable conditions tube wells having discharge of 0.5 to 7.8 lps. Bijawar limestone, where Karst and well developed solution cavities are available are quite promising from ground water point of view. Vindhyan sandstone and limestone when occurring at lower deviation and having well developed joints, yield moderate amount of ground water generally below 3 lps. The semri limestone at places, has well developed and inter connected solution opening and ground water occurs under confined conditions. The yield recorded in vindhyans and Bijawar formation ranges from 1.8 lps to 9.5 lps( Table-7).
Ground water in the Deccan traps also occurs in the weathered mantle in joints and
fracture under water table conditions and can sustain well having upto 2 lps discharge ground water in the alluvium also occurs under water table conditions. The grain size of Dhasan alluvium is coarser as compared to ken alluvium and thus Dhasan alluvium can sustain tube wells having discharge upto 15-20 lps and tube wells of ken alluvium have discharge in range of 10-15 lps (Fig. – 7).
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Fig:7. Hydrogelogy Map
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2.2. Ground water scenario (ii) Water Levels
Water level data, including historical data are essential for not only to know the present ground water conditions but also for forecasting future trends in response to ground water reservoir operations. Using the water level data of 33 NHS monitoring wells, 425 NQUIM key wells data and 100 State monitoring wells of Chhatarpur districtas shown in Fig:8. Pre and post monsoon depth to water level maps are reproduced. Pre Monsoon (May 2015)
Pre-Monsoon depth to water level in the year 2015 range from 2.1 to 23.63 mbgl. Shallow water level (< 3.00 m) occurs north eastern and south eastern part of the district. The long term water level trend (1997-2015) shows declining trend ranges from 0.0015 to 0.64 m/year (Annual) water level fall is noticed in all block where a large scale withdrawal of ground water for irrigation purpose is observed (Fig-9).
Fig:8. Monitoring Well Location Map
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Fig:9. DW Pre Monsoon Map
Post Monsoon November 2015.
During post monsoon period, water level ranges from 0.89 to 12.8 mbgl shallow water level (< 5 mbgl) occurs in northern central & southern parts while deep water levels (12.8 mgl) observed in North West and past (Fig-10).
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Fig:10. DW Post Monsoon Map
22
Fig:11 Ground Water Level Trend Map :
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Fig 11 (a) :Maharajpur village, Nowgaon Block
Fig 11(b) :Issanagar village, Chhatarpur Block
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2.3. Ground water Exploration:
CGWB has drilled 94 exploration borewells and 9 Piezometers (Fig. 12).On the basis of
samples collected during drilling, lithologs have been prepared. The aquifer parameters are
calculated on the basis of pumping tests. The salient details of the some of the drilled bore wells
and piezometers is given in Table No 4 & 4a
Fig. 12: Exploratory wells location Map, Chhatarpur District
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Table No :4 Salient Features of the Exploratory Wells Constructed Chhatarpur District during NAQUIM, CGWB, NCR, Bhopal
S No
Name Latitude Longitude Block District Total Depth (m)
2.4 Hydrochemical of Chhatarpur District The water samples were collected from National Hydrograph Stations in clean double
stopped poly ethylene bottles from 31 different locations of Chhatarpur district during May 2017. The pH of ground water of Chhatarpur district ranged in between 6.73 to 7.57 shows the ground water of the district is slightly acidic to alkaline in nature; the highest value of pH (7.57) has been observed in Sendpa dugwell.
The electrical conductivity of ground water in Chhatarpur district ranged between 396 to 1870 µS/cm at 25°C and the maximum EC value at Laundi (Lavkush Nagar) (1870 µS/cm at 25°C). The electrical conductivity shows that the ground water in Chhatarpur district is slightly to moderately saline in nature.
The fluoride concentration in Chhatarpur district ranged in between 0.30 to 1.35 mg/l. In
the district, fluoride concentration has not been observed more than BIS recommendation of fluoride concentration in drinking water i.e. 1.5 mg/l and the maximum concentration of fluoride has been recorded in the dug well of Niwari1 i.e. 0.95 mg/l. In the district, nitrate concentration in ground water ranged in between 3 to 175 mg/l. The 71 % ground water samples recorded nitrate concentration within the acceptable limit of 45 mg/l and 29% water samples recorded more than 45 mg/l as per BIS recommendation. The nitrate concentration has been recorded more than 100 mg/l in ground water of Tatampur 9150 mg/l) and Ganj (175 mg/l). Total hardness of ground water in the study area ranged in between 110 to 795 mg/l. The maximum concentration have been observed in the dug well of Tatampur (645 mg/l), Laundi (Lavkush Nagar) (655 mg/l), Gaurihar (715 mg/l) and Chhatarpur (795 mg/l).
As per the piper diagram of district, water samples are Calcium Chloride (permanent
hardness), Calcium Bi-carbonate (temporary hardness), Mixed Type (Calcium Magnesium Chloride) types of water. The US Salinity Diagram of Chhatarpur district shows the ground water is low to high salinity classes i.e. C2S1, and C3S1 classes and water should not be used for irrigation purpose unless proper soil management C3S1 class.
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2.5 Geophysical Survey Geophysical survey have been conducted in AP 2014-15 in parts of Chhatterpur district. In this study, surface geophysical method comprised of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), Gradient Resistivity Profiling (GRP) and Erath Resistivity Imaging (ERI) have been conducted. Electrical resistivity is one of the most sensitive geophysical methods for monitoring changes of electrical properties in the subsurface. It is very effective in determining depth to water saturated zone.
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2.5.1 Resistivity Sounding
Resistivity sounding is a process by which the depth investigation is made. In this, the center of configuration is kept fixed and the measurements are made by successively increasing the electrode spacing. The apparent resistivity values obtained with increasing values of electrode separations are used to estimate the thickness and resistivities of the subsurface formations. In Schlumberger sounding arrangement all the four electrodes are kept in a line symmetrically over a point `0; with inner (Potential) electrodes kept closer. For increasing the depth of investigation the current electrodes A and B are moved apart symmetrically about the center point `0’ keeping the potential electrodes fixed. The separation between the Potential Electrodes is changed only when the potential between them drops to allow value during the course of sounding. The apparent resistivity for each electrode separation is calculated by multiplying the resistance `R’ by Schlumberger configuration factor.
In total Thirty VESs conducted. The locations of VESs are shown in figure ---.
Coordinates of VES locations were obtained by GPS. Location details of VESs are given in table 3 Depending upon site conditions and the space available the maximum current electrode spacing (AB) of 200 to 600 m was kept. SSR MP Resistivity meter have been used for conducting the investigations.
Fig. 2: Location Map of VES conducted around Bhimkund in parts of Chhatterpur district.
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Table-3. Details of VES Conducted in Chhatterpur district, MP.
In gradient profiling, current electrodes are planted well apart, say 500 to 1200 m, and the central one-third space is scanned by a potential dipole of 10 to 20 m in length, at a station spacing of 5 to 10 m. Gradient measurements can also be made along closely spaced (50 m apart) parallel profiles within the central one-third space without changing the positions of the more distant current electrodes. In profiling, apparent resistivity values are plotted against stations on arithmetic graph paper.
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The center of the potential electrode spacing is the point of measurement for the gradient
configurations. For the dipole-dipole configuration, the point of measurement is between the current and potential dipoles.
A gradient profile has been observed near Bhimkund and results are shown below.
Resistivity Imaging:
Traditional resistivity surveys use four equidistant electrodes in a standard configuration. A low frequency current is applied across the outer electrodes and the voltage measured across the inner electrodes. The voltage is converted into a resistivity value representing average ground resistivity between the electrodes. Depth probes provide models of vertical variations in ground resistivity using an expanding electrode array offset from a central reference point.
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Depth penetration increases with wider electrode separation, providing a one dimensional
layered resistivity model. Composite sections are produced by interpolating between depth probes at regular intervals along a survey line. Resistivity Imaging also known as resistivity tomography, is an advanced development of the method. Enhanced data quality and resolution provide continuous two-dimensional resistivity models. Fifty or more electrodes are set-out in a regularly spaced array, connected to a computer-controlled resistivity meter via multicore cables. Unit electrode spacing is determined by parameters that include profile length, desired resolution and targeted depth penetration. A switching unit takes a series of constant separation readings along the length of the electrode array. The separation between sampled electrodes is then widened to increase the effective depth penetration and the procedure is repeated automatically.
Figure below shows an example of the electrodes arrangement and measurements
sequence for 2-D electrical imaging survey.
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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Mankari, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur
The south – north tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 600 m was observed at village Mankari (24035’32.6” 79022’12.2”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. It falls in Survey of India topo sheet number 54 P/6. The profile tentatively lay along the east of Bara Malehra - Bijawer road in west of village. Profile orientation and location is shown in Google map fig. . The observations were made using the Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration. Sixty electrodes were placed along the profile line of 590 m with a unit electrode separation of 10 m. In total 741, 912 and 570 reading of measured apparent resistivity were recorded with minimum of 10 m and maximum of 195 m unit electrode separation with Wenner array. The observed data have been processed with RES2DINV software and the resistivity tomograms have been presented in figure --. The obtained pseudo sections are presenting the measured apparent resistivity values in a pictorial form, and as an initial guide for further quantitative interpretation of prevailing subsurface geological conditions beneath the profile line. It is observed that different arrays used to map the same region are giving rise to different contour shapes in the pseudo section plot for different depths.
The investigated location is occupied by Bundelkhand granite with thin soil cover. The
depth to groundwater level varies from 3.5 to 7.0 mbgl during post and pre monsoon period. The study area comes under semi critical block. The groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) is 658 µS/cm. According to CGWB exploratory borehole 0-3 m top soil, 3-18 m weathered granite and 18 – 200 m hard and compact granite is present.
The correlation of borehole litholog with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of
profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered granite while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.
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Mankari-Dipole-Dipole
Mankari- Schlumberger
Mankari – Wenner
Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Angour, Bijawar Block, Chhatterpur:
The southwest – northeast tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m has been observed at village Angour (24044’45.34” 79025’26”) in Bijawar block of Chhatterpur district. It falls in Survey of India topo sheet number 54 P/6. The profile tentatively lay along the Sagar - Chhatterpur road in northeast of village. Profile orientation and location is shown in google map fig. .The observations were made using the Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration. Sixty electrodes were placed along the profile line with a unit electrode separation of 10 m. In total 741, 912 and 570 reading of measured apparent resistivity were recorded with minimum of 10 m and maximum of 195 m unit electrode separation with Wenner array. The observed data have been processed with RES2DINV software and the resistivity tomograms have been presented in figure --. The obtained pseudo sections are presenting the measured apparent resistivity values in a pictorial form, and as an initial guide for further quantitative interpretation of prevailing subsurface geological conditions beneath the profile line. It is observed that different arrays used to map the same region are giving rise to different contour shapes in the pseudo section plot for different depths.
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The investigated location is occupied by Bundelkhand granite with thin soil cover. The
depth to groundwater level varies from 3.5 to 5.0 mbgl during post and pre monsoon period. The study area comes under semi critical block. The groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) is 700 µS/cm. The exploratory bore has yielded 3 lps discharge from deeper aquifer. According to CGWB exploratory borehole 0-3 m top soil, 3-18 m weathered granite and 18 – 200 m hard and compact granite is present.
The subsurface resistivity tomograms/sections (Figure-) clearly demonstrate the
geoelectrical layer sequence along the profile beneath the ground. The different color contours represent the different lithological unit within a depth range of 105 m bgl. In general the resistivity of the subsurface geological formation along the 2-D image shows gradual increase in resistivity with depth from top to bottom (from 60 -m to >3000 -m). It appears from the subsurface geoelectrical profile that there is a low resistivity layer (20 ohm-m to 400 ohm-m) extending down to the depth of about 12-20 m bgl of profiles. It appears that this continuous geoelectrical layer in upper part of the section representing the top soil covers and weathered rock. The resistivity values of layer is indicative the low groundwater saturation in this layer. It is evident from the section that the deeper part of resistivity section is having higher range of resistivity which are almost continuous except southeastern part is comparatively more resistive. The significant observation of profile is presence of low resistivity zone at the deepest part of profile. Dipole-Dipole array have indicated some anomalous resistive zones in the central and corner part of section.
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The correlation of borehole litholog with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of
profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered granite while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.
Angour Dipole-Dipole
Angour Schlumberger
Angour- Wenner
Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Bakswaha, Bijawer Block, Chhatterpur:
The southwest – northeast tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Bakswaha (24039’47.8” 79024’03.4”) in Bijawer block of Chhatterpur district. It falls in Survey of India topo sheet number 54 P/6. The profile tentatively laid in west of village and observations were made using the Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.
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Sixty electrodes were placed along the profile line with a unit electrode separation of 10 m.
In total 741, 912 and 570 reading of measured apparent resistivity were recorded with minimum of 10 m unit electrode separation with Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger array respectively. The observed data have been processed with RES2DINV software and the resistivity tomograms have been presented in figure --. The obtained pseudo sections are presenting the measured apparent resistivity values in a pictorial form, and as an initial guide for further quantitative interpretation of prevailing subsurface geological conditions beneath the profile line. It is observed that different arrays used to map the same region are giving rise to different contour shapes in the pseudo section plot for different depths.
The investigated location is occupied by Bundelkhand granite with thin soil cover. The
depth to groundwater level varies from 3.5 to 7.0 mbgl during post and pre monsoon period. The study area comes under semi critical block. The groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) is 658 µS/cm. According to CGWB exploratory borehole 0-3 m top soil, 3-18 m weathered granite and 18 – 200 m hard and compact granite is present.
The subsurface resistivity tomograms/sections (Figure-) clearly demonstrate the
geoelectrical layer sequence along the profile beneath the ground along the profile line. The different color contours represent the different lithological unit within a depth range of 105 m bgl. In general the resistivity of the subsurface geological formation along the 2-D image shows gradual increase in resistivity with depth from top to bottom (from 15 -m to >5000 -m). It appears from the subsurface geoelectrical profile that there is a low resistivity layer (15 ohm-m to 200 ohm-m) extending down to the depth of about 20 m bgl all along the profile line. This continuous geoelectrical layer in upper part of the section representing the top soil covers and weathered rock followed by weathered/fractured rock formation. In general, these zones are expected to be part of shallow aquifer/phreatic zones for groundwater in hard rock area. The resistivity values of this layer are indicative the modest water saturation in this layer.
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It is evident from the section that at the southwestern part of the image, in deeper part of
resistivity section is indicating higher range of resistivity in comparison of northeastern part of section. However the variation in resistivity value is not uniform in nature. The southeastern part is having more resistivity (>5000 ohm-m) in comparison to northeastern part of section (<2000 ohm-m). Dipole-Dipole array have indicated some anomalous resistivity zones in the central part of the section within the 60 m depts. However Schlumberger and Wenner array is indicating the contact of two anomalous resistivity zone . The correlation of borehole litholog with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered granite while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence. Bakswaha-Dipole-Dipole
Bakswaha- Schlumberger
Bakswaha- Wenner
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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Bhimkund, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur
Three parallel east - west tending resistivity imaging profiles having the length of 590 m each were observed at Bhimkund (24026’31.4” 79022’31”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. pictorial form, and as an initial guide for further quantitative interpretation of prevailing subsurface geological conditions beneath the profile line. It is observed that different arrays used to map the same region are giving rise to different contour shapes in the pseudo section plot for different depths.
Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and
representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.
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Bhimkund-P1-Dipole-Dipole
Bhimkund-P1- Schlumberger
Bhimkund-P1- Wenner
Bhimkund-P2-Dipole-Dipole
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Bhimkund-P2- Schlumberger
Bhimkund-P2- Wenner
Bhimkund-P3-Dipole-Dipole
Bhimkund-P3- Schlumberger
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Bhimkund-P3- Wenner
Resistivity Imaging Profile at Bara Malehra, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur
The south – north tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at Bara Malehra (24033’05” 79018’29”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively laid along the Sagar - Chhatterpur road about 150 m in east of road and observations were made using the Wenner , dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.
The correlation of borehole litholog with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of
profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered granite/bijawer while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.
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Bara Malehra-Dipole-Dipole
Bara Malehra - Schlumberger
Bara Malehra - Wenner
Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Dhanguwan, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur
The west - east tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Dhanguwan (24028’47.7” 79013’0.4”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile laid in north of school campus and observations were made using the Wenner , dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.
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The low to moderate resistivity layer is comprised of soil cover and cavernous limestone
while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence. Dhanguwan -Dipole-Dipole
Dhanguwan - Schlumberger
Dhanguwan - Wenner
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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Darguwan, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur
The south – north tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Darguwan (24025’45” 79015’56”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively lay along the Sagar - Chhatterpur road in west of road and observations were made using the Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.
However Schlumberger and Wenner array is indicating the compact resistivity zone. The
correlation of borehole litholog with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and limestone formation while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.
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Darguwan -Dipole-Dipole
Darguwan - Schlumberger
Darguwan - Wenner
Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Lakhanwa, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur
The southeast – northwest tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Lakhanwa (24031’15” 79015’43”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively laid in west of village and observations were made using the Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.
This geoelectrical layer in upper part of the section representing the top soil covers and
weathered rock followed by weathered/fractured/cavernous rock formation. In general, these zones are expected to be part of shallow aquifer/phreatic zones for groundwater in hard rock area. The resistivity values of this layer are indicating good water saturation in this layer.
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It is evident from the section that at the northwestern part of the image, in deeper part of
resistivity section is indicating higher range of resistivity in comparison of southeastern part of section. However the variation in resistivity value is not uniform in nature. The correlation of hydrogeological situation with resistivity values of resistivity tomograms indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and cavernous limestone while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence. Lakhanwa-Dipole-Dipole Lakhanwa - Schlumberger
Lakhanwa - Wenner
Resistivity Imaging Profile at Patal Ganga, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur
The southeast – northwest tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at Patal Ganga (24026’23” 79015’15”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively laid very close to Patal Ganga caves and observations were made using the Wenner , dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration. Sixty electrodes were placed along the profile line with a unit electrode separation of 10 m.
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Patal Ganga-Dipole-Dipole
Patal Ganga - Schlumberger Patal Ganga - Wenner
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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Rampura, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur
The southeast – northwest tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Rampura (24026’11” 79020’46”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively laid in north of Bhimkund road in northeast of village and observations were made using the Wenner , dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.
The correlation of borehole litholog with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of
profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered granite while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact limestone/granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.
Rampura-Dipole-Dipole Rampura - Schlumberger
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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Sadwa, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur:
The south – north tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Sadwa (24029’12.3” 79016’05”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively laid in northwest of Sagar – Chhatterpur road in nortwest of village and observations were made using the Wenner , dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.
The correlation of hydrogeological information with resistivity value indicate that the upper
part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered/cavernous limestone while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.
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Sadwa-Dipole-Dipole
Sadwa – Schlumberger
Sadwa - Wenner
Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Ranital, Bijawer Block, Chhatterpur:
The southwest – northeast tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Ranital (24032’40.4” 79024’38.5”) in Bijawer block of Chhatterpur district. The profile tentatively laid along the Bijawer-Bhimkund road in southwest of village and observations were made using the Wenner and Schlumberger configuration.
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Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and
representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.
Rani Tal-Dipole-Dipole Rani Tal – Schlumberger
Rani Tal - Wenner
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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Sobha, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur
The northeast - southwest tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Sobha (24024’27” 79023’06”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhatterpur district. It is observed that different arrays used to map the same region are giving rise to different contour shapes in the pseudo section plot for different depths.
The correlation of hydrogeological information with resistivity value indicate that the upper
part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered hard while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact hard rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence. Sobha-Dipole-Dipole Sobha - Schlumberger
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Sobha – Wenner
Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Suajpura, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur
The southwest – northeast tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Surajpura (24027’25” 79015’47”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively lay in west of Sagar – Chhatterpur road in north of village and observations were made using the Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.
This continuous geoelectrical layer in upper part of the section representing the top soil
covers and weathered rock followed by weathered/fractured rock formation. In general, these zones are expected to be part of shallow aquifer/phreatic zones for groundwater in hard rock area. The resistivity values of this layer are indicative of good water saturation in this layer. However Schlumberger and Wenner array is indicating the anomalous resistivity zones at the corners and low resistivity zone in middle of profile. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.
Surajpura-Dipole-Dipole
Surajpura – Schlumberger
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Surajpura - Wenner
Resistivity Imaging Profile at Arjunkund, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur
Two parallel northwest - southeast tending resistivity imaging profiles having the length of 590 m each were observed at Arjunkund (24027’23” 79012’25”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district.
Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and
representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.
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Arjun kund-P1-Dipole-Dipole
Arjun kund-P1- Schlumberger
Arjun kund-P1- Wenner
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Arjun kund-P2-Dipole-Dipole
Arjun kund-P2-Schlumberger
Arjun kund-P2-Wenner
Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Karri, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur:
The south – north tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Karri (24029’09” 79019’27.7”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhatterpur district.
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This continuous geoelectrical layer in upper part of the section representing the top soil
covers and weathered rock followed by weathered/fractured rock formation. In general, these zones are expected to be part of shallow aquifer/phreatic zones for groundwater in hard rock area. The correlation of hydrogeological conditions with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered/cavernous limestone while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.
Karri-Dipole-Dipole
Karri - Schlumberger
Karri - Wenner
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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Bhujpura, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur:
The southwest – northeast tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Bhujpura (24026’28.5” 79018’36.1”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhatterpur district.
It is evident from the section that at the deeper part of resistivity section is indicating higher
range of resistivity however the variation in resistivity value is not uniform in nature. The correlation of hydrogeological information with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered/cavernous limestone while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence. Bhujpura - Wenner
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Discussions
The pseudo section and inversion models are useful means of presenting the measured apparent resistivity values in a pictorial form, and as an initial guide for further quantitative interpretation. Different arrays used to map the same region have given different contour shapes in the pseudo section plot. It has given an idea of the depth coverage that can be obtained with different arrays. The nearest available borehole litholog data are used to understand the interpretation of the resistivity pseudo sections. It is felt necessary to consider further exploratory geophysical results gathered from the surface with borehole log data. This will reduce the site characterization cost to pinpoint the most suitable locations for borehole drilling. The results obtained based on 2D inversion of field data and borehole information, were interpreted to determine the depth and extent of shallow bedrock, thickness of overburden, aquifer etc. The electrical imaging as shown in figures surprisingly showed that this area is further composed of partly saturated but compacted materials that gave rise to a high resistivity value of 433 Ωm and 2261 Ωm in the top layer. The electrical resistivity inverse model of the same profile showed some areas of high resistivity zones in the overburden probably due to compactness and cavity. However this may have also contributed to high resistivity values in the overburden.
It is fact that dipole-dipole gives high resolution, but has the weakest signal. It is used when
the highest resolution is required. Schlumberger does not have as high resolution as dipole-dipole but has stronger signal. It is used in case of electrically noisy conditions which is often the case under low resistive conditions such as landfills and environmental sites. Wenner has poor lateral resolution, but has the strongest signal. It is used as a last resort, or if you are mapping basically horizontal layers. The general results show that 2D ERT image and borehole litholog show the same anomalies. Thus, the results show good agreement and correlation between the 2D electrical imaging surveys results and borehole drilling. Various anomalies probably reflect cavities distributed in the limestone. Moreover, linear changes in the resistivity distribution that are obvious in profile are probably related to contacts between the hard limestone and the marl as well as other linear structures.
Twenty resistivity imaging profiles were observed with 590 m spread length and 10 m
electrode spacing using 60 electrodes. At most of profile Wenner, Dipole-Dipole and Wenner-Schlumberger configurations have been used. The Geomative resistivity imaging system of Govt. of Madhya Pradesh has been used for acquiring the imaging data. The data have been processed and analyzed with software Res2dinv/ Res3dinv. The processed data demonstrated the lithological changes in terms of resistivity laterally as well as vertically down to the maximum depths of 105 m bgl for profile lengths of 590 m. Available wells data, geological and hydrogeological information were used to help in the interpretation of the resistivity tomograms. Analysis and interpretation of resistivity imaging data and its correlations with borehole lithology conclude that the method is helpful in delineation of cavities in lime stone formation and also useful in pinpointing the exploratory borehole sites in granitic rock formation.
Resistivity tomograms of the profiles indicated remarkably the different geo-stratigraphic
units of Bijawer and the granitic aquifer system. The high potential area was found to be located in the central part of the investigated area. The drilled borewells show logical match between the 2-D resistivity tomograms and lithology of boreholes.
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It is observed that surrounding Bhimkund carbonate rock is mainly composed
of calcite or aragonite and dolostone. It is observed that at places calcite have been either dissolved by groundwater or precipitated by groundwater, depending on several prevailed factors including the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. It is noticed that the Karst topography and caves have been developed in carbonate rocks of the area due to their solubility in dilute acidic groundwater. It may happen that cooling of groundwater or mixing of different groundwater may have also created favorable conditions in forming cavities and caves.
Where ever the carbonate rocks are exposed at land surface in the area, solution activities
have created karst topography, characterized by little surface drainage as well as by sinkholes, blind valleys, sinking streams, etc.
Large numbers of surface and subsurface cavities and caves have been noticed in the
investigated area. It is observed that solution opening in carbonate rocks ranging from small cracks and
widened joints to caverns that may be of few meters wide and hundreds to thousands of meters in length. These many solution cavities are able to store and transmit large quantities of water. Where they are saturated and have well-connected networks of solution openings yield large amounts of water to wells that penetrate the openings. The un dissolved rocks between the large openings are almost impermeable. It may be happening that natural groundwater recharge as well as cavities connections to the surface water bodies or drainages system may be source of water availability in cavities and caves.
It is found that in the area caverns and fractures form the complex paths for groundwater
movement in multi aquifer system. Analysis and interpretation of resistivity imaging data and its correlations with borehole lithology indicate the uneven occurrence existence of saturated as well as dry limestone cavities surrounding the Bhimkund area.
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Chapter-3 DATA INTERPRETATION, INTEGRATION AND AQUIFER MAPPING
The lithological data collected from 94 CGWB Exploratory Borewells were studied,
compiled and integrated as per Rockworks software format to prepare the 3-Dimensional Stratigraphic model and 2-Dimensional Cross section. From the 3-D Model and 2-D Section is presented in the fig 4 & 5 it has been interpreted that the major water bearing zones has been encountered in weathered/fractured basalts and fractured sandstone/shale formations. 3.1 3-D Lithological & 3-D Stratigraphic model A 3-Dimensional Lithological & Stratigraphic model was prepared for the Chhatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh after detailed analysis of the pre-existing and available bore-log data collected from the Basic Data Reports of CGWB. A comprehensive analysis was made as per lithology and stratigraphy of the area. The location details with RL values and their corresponding stratigraphic details as per the Rockworks format is provided in the Annexures- I and II.
The 3-D Model results showed that the region is dominantly occupied by Granite. The sub-surface lithology has been broadly classified into Top soil/Unsaturated zone, underlain by Weathered Granite and Massive Granite which has been considered as shallow aquifer (upto a depth of 30 mts) and Deeper Aquifer (30-200) mts.
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Fig 13: 3-D Lithological Model of Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh
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3.2 Fence Diagram The Fence diagram was also prepared using the Rockworks software. The pattern for the Fence was chosen as such to cover the maximum portion of the region to represent the enhanced picture of the sub-surface as deciphered from the 3-D stratigraphic model. It has also been interpreted from the diagram that the shallow and deeper aquifers are not in connection to each other
3.3 2-D Cross Section section of Chhatarpur District 2-Dimensional cross-section along the section line A-A’(Ramtoria–Bokna) ,B-B’(Kupia-Kurra) and C-C’(Dhaeani-Banianagar) (NE-SE), (E-W), (N-S) direction respectively covering the wells has been prepared using Rockworks. The cross-section shows that the shallow aquifer is not continuing for the whole region and occurs as narrow pinches in the northern portion of Chhatarpur. The deeper aquifers whereas, occurs throughout the section line and can be encountered at depth where fractures are present.
4.1 Dynamic Ground water Recourses: Chhatarpur district is underlain by Bundelkhand Granite, Bijawar Caverner Lime stone, Vindhyan Sandstone and Shale Basaltic lava flows of Deccan trap, and Alluvium. Dynamic ground water resources of the district have been estimated on block-wise basis. Out of 8687.36 sq. km of geographical area, 7904.34 (90.98%) is ground water recharge worthy area and 783.02 sq. km is forest and hilly area ((9.02%). There are eight assessment units (block) in the district out of which 3 blocks fall under safe category namely Bijawar,Gourihar and Loundi. Five blocks comes under semi-critical category with stage of ground water development being Badamalhera 75.57%, Buxwaha 81.9%, Chhatarpur 91.73%, Nowgoan 87.44% and Rajnagar73.31%. The net ground water availability in the district is 795.07 MCM and ground water draft for all uses is 500.22 MCM, making stage of ground water development to 62.92% as a whole for the district. Table 7 shows the Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment estimated by CGWB for the year 2013. 4.2 Static Ground Water recourses:
The Ground Water Resource of Chhatarpur District has also been calculated block-
wise as an outcome of NAQUIM. The In-storage resource for the shallow aquifer below zone of fluctuation (upto 30 mbgl) is computed to be around 240.91MCM. The static resource for the deeper aquifer (30-200 mbgl) is computed as 89.71MCM. 4.3 Ground water Draft:
The draft of dug well and tube well has been calculated separately to assess the ground water draft for irrigation from shallow and deeper aquifers that accounts to 450.96MCM and 17.296MCM respectively. The block-wise ground water resources and draft as an outcome of NAQUIM is presented in the Table no 8.
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Table 7: Dynamic Ground Water Resources (as on March 2013)
The long-term water level trend analysis indicates mixed results. During pre-monsoon season, out of 39 Hydrograph Stations, more than 60 percent of the areas are showing declining trend (Fig. 17).
Similarly, during post-monsoon season, out of 39 stations more than 70 percent of the
areas are showing falling trend in the district and all stations of Chhatarpur and Nowgoan blocks are showing depletion of water levels in the area.
Ground Water Resource Estimation also reveals that out of 8 Blocks of the district 5
Blocks have crossed 70% stage of ground water development. Non-command area of Banda falls in the semi-critical category and Chhatarpur blocks are Safe.
Over all stage of ground water development of the district is computed as 60.59%,
which cautions for further uncontrolled withdrawal of ground water.
5.2 Ground water quality Excessive nitrate content is reported in the district at Maximum concentration at
Satkhedi, Shagarh, Chhatarpur Dalpathpur,Hurra, Kesli, Khurai, Rehli. High nitrate content in ground water of these areas is perhaps from seepage of sewerage into ground water system of the area, causing local pollution and contamination of ground water.
The EC values higher than 1000 µS/cm has also been found at places in Chhatarpur district. Although the district does not faces salinity problems but the higher value of more than 2620 µS/chas been found at Khimlasa.
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Fig 17: Hydrographs showing declining water level trend during Pre-monsoon and Post-Monsoon at sites Rehili and Bina, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh
Maharajpur village, Nowgaon Block
Issanagar village, Chhatarpur Block
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Chapter-6 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Groundwater has been contributing more to agricultural wealth than surface irrigation since ages. Tube wells are now the largest source of irrigation in the country. Since this sector has almost no dependence on the government, it is growing at a rapid rate and it is estimated that one million wells are added every year (Shah and Deb, 2004). Being an individually managed source, ground water irrigation is also a more efficient form of irrigation, with crop yields per cubic meter of water being 1.2 to 3 times higher than surface irrigation. However, since this sector has grown through investment by individual farmers, with little state involvement compared to canal irrigation, government support for understanding this sector and improving its performance is negligible. The major issues for the future growth of groundwater irrigation are declining resource base, demand driven growth, and a lack of policy and regulatory framework. Since groundwater extraction is primarily driven by the needs of the population and the density of farmer population and not the quality of resource, groundwater irrigation is scaling up even in such hard rock areas causing irreversible depletion of the resource base (Shah and Deb, 2004). To warrant the current situation effective groundwater management strategies needs to be evolved. 6.1 District Ground Water Management Plan (Outcome of NAQUIM)
Chhatarpur district has been facing problems of ground water exploitation which in turn are depleting the ground water resources in the area. This has led to evolve sustainable water conservation and management practices through an integrated approach. The ground water management plan for Chhatarpur district has been made keeping in view the area specific details and includes the strategies like enhancing the ground water resources through construction of artificial recharge structures such as percolation tanks, check dams/nala bunds, recharge shafts, etc. and ensuring water use efficiency through maintenance/ renovation of existing water bodies/water conservation structures. Also, adoption of micro-irrigation techniques such as sprinkler irrigation has been proposed, that would not only conserve ground water resources by reducing the draft, but would also increase the net cropping area thereby augmenting the agricultural economy of the district. 6.1.1 Supply Side Management
Artificial recharge to ground water is one of the most efficient, scientifically proven and cost effective technology to mitigate the problems of over exploitation of ground water resources. The artificial recharge techniques simultaneously rejuvenates the depleted ground water storage, reduces the ground water quality problems and also improves the sustainability of wells in the affected areas.
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The supply side management plan for Chhatarpur district has been formulated using the basic concepts of hydrogeology. Sub-surface storage is calculated by multiplying the total area with the respective specific yield (considering the variable lithology) and the unsaturated zone thickness obtained by subtracting 3 mts from the post-monsoon water level. The volume of ground water recharge generated through pre-existing rain water harvesting/water conservation structures is subtracted from the sub-surface storage to assess the available storage potential. Thus, the surface water requirement to completely saturate the sub-surface storage is obtained by multiplying a factor of 1.33 to available storage potential.
A runoff coefficient factor of 0.23 has been considered for Chhatarpur district to
calculate the total surface water runoff, 30% of which accounts to the non-committed runoff which is available to sustain the proposed artificial recharge structures. Further, the number of structures has been calculated by allotting 35%, 20% and 35% of non-committed runoff to Percolation tanks, Recharge shafts/Tube wells and Nala bunds/Check dams/Cement Plugs respectively.
The remaining runoff is considered to restore the pre-existing village tanks, ponds
and water conservation structures. A detailed calculation of the proposed artificial recharge structures is presented in the Table no. 12.
A financial outlay plan has also been chalked out, assuming the cost for the artificial recharge structures to be Rs. 20 lakhs each for percolation tanks, Rs. 10 lakhs each for Nala bunds/Check Dams/Cement Plugs, Rs. 5 lakhs each for Recharge shafts/Tube wells and Rs. 2 lakhs each for renovation of Village tanks/ponds/WCS. This accounts to a total of Rs.390.28 Crores to successfully implement the supply side management strategy. Table no. 13 represents the complete financial outlay plan for the district.
6.1.2 Demand Side Management
Micro irrigation technologies such as drip and sprinkler systems are being increasingly promoted as technological solutions for achieving water conservation. micro-irrigation comprises two technologies—drip and sprinkler irrigation. Both saves conveyance losses and improve water application efficiency by applying water near the root-zone of the plant Some benefits of the micro-irrigation have been listed below:
1. The increase in yield for different crops ranges from 27 per cent to 88 per cent and
water saving ranges from 36 per cent to 68 per cent vis-à-vis conventional flow irrigation systems (Phansalker and Verma, 2005).
2. It enables farmers to grow crops which would not be possible under conventional systems since it can irrigate adequately with lower water quantities.
3. It saves costs of hired labour and other inputs like fertilizer. 4. It reduces the energy needs for pumping, thus reducing energy per ha of irrigation
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because of its reduced water needs. However, overall energy needs of the agriculture sector may not get reduced because most farmers use the increased water efficiency to bring more area under irrigation. Adoption of Sprinkler irrigation techniques would save 20% of gross ground water
draft for irrigation. Also, the 60% of additional recharge created by construction of artificial recharge structures can be utilized to increase the total cropping area, thereby enhancing the productivity and economy of the district. A summarized table for the demand side management is given in the Table no. 14.
The expected outcome of the proposed interventions from both supply side and demand side has been described in Table no 15. It can be envisaged that the Stage of ground water development for the entire Chhatarpur district, would reduce to 53.74% as compared to the present stage of ground water development of 60.69% after implying and successful implementation of proposed interventions. 6.3 Block-wise Ground Water Management Plan (Outcome of NAQUIM)
As per directions of Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India, Aquifer Management Plan for Chhatarpur district has been prepared block-wise. The plan for each block discusses the broad framework of ground water situation in the block, status of water availability (both surface and ground water), feasibility of artificial recharge and other water conservation structures and their numbers and cost estimates.
Table 11: Groundwater Management- Demand Side Management, Chhatarpur District,
Chhatarpur district occupies an area of 8687 sq km out of which the ground water recharge worthy area is 7904 sq. km. and the rest is covered by hilly and forest area.The major rivers flowing through the area includes the river Dhasan, Ken.
The major part of the district is covered by the Deccan trap lava flows and in eastern part by Vindhayan sandstones.
Chhatarpur district comprises of eleven blocks, namely Gourihar, Loundi, Nowgarn,
Chhatarpur, Rajnagar, Bijawar, Badamalhera & Buxwaha. The phreatic aquifer is recharged during monsoon and sustains for 3 to 4 months.
More stress on Groundwater, 85 % of irrigation carried out by Ground water and 15%
of irrigation by surface water. Groundwater decline range is 0.10 to 0.20 m/year. More decline in Nowgaone,
Isolated pockets TDS- ranges from >500 to 3516 mg/l. Isolated pockets Nitrate ranges from >45 to 380 mg/l
On the basis of the 94 Exploratory borewells drilled by CGWB, NCR under its
Exploratory/NAQUIM program, it has been observed that the yield varies from meagre to 4.5 lps in Granite and meagre to 40 lps in Bijawar formation.
As per the Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report (2013), the net
ground water availability in the district is 795 MCM and ground water draft for all uses is 500 MCM, resulting the stage of ground water development to be 62.92 % as a whole for district. The Chhatarpur district falls under safe category.
There are 3 (semi critical) out of 8 Blocks (73,78 & 81 % Stage of Development in
Nowgaon, Chhatarpur and Baxwaha respectively. . After the implemented of project interventions in the report, the stage of
development is expected to improve by 8% i.e. from 62.92% to 54.21% for the Chhatarpur district and additional area for the irrigation will be 63384Ha.
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As per the Management plan prepared under NAQUIM of all the Block of Chhatarpur District , a total number of 423 Percolation Tanks, 1266 Recharge Shafts/Tube wells and 2958 Nala Bunds/Check Dams/Cement Plugs have been proposed and financial expenditure is expected to be Rs 390.28 Crores in Chhatarpur District for sustainable development and management of ground water resources.
The number of artificial recharge structure and financial estimation has been proposed based on the CGWB Master plan 2013. It may be differ from the field condition as well as changes in dynamic Ground water resources.
It is also recommended implementation intervention would be three face fist face
should be in above 70 % stage of Development of the Blocks.
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Activities Carried out by CGWB
Shri U. I. Pitale (GSI) carried out reconnaissance hydrogeological survey of Chhatarpur district during field season 1971-72.
Shri A. Mukkerji (CGWB) carried out systematic hydrogeological survey around
Buxwaha during 1984-85.
Shri. R. N. Sharma (CGWB) Carried out systematic hydrogeological survey in parts of Bijawar & Rajnagar blocks during 1985-86.
Shri Babu Nair, (CGWB) Carried out integrated ground water development &
management studies during AAP 1998-99 in Gourihar, Loundi & Rajnagar blocks.
Shri. A. K. Budhauliya (CGWB) carried out detailed hydrogeological
investigation for hard core source finding villages for Kishangarh block in the year 2001.