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Chest pain
Andika Agus S.
Cik Kahadi
Natanael U.
Ratih Paramita S.
Arghya
Richi A.
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salah satu keluhan yang palingbanyak ditemukan di klinik.
5% o all !" #isits or 5 million#isits per year
yang paling sering ditemukanadalah angina pektoris yangmerupakan ge$ala penyakit
$antung koroner dan dapat bersiatprogresi serta menyebabkan
kematian
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LIFE THREATENING
CAUSESAcute myocardial inarction
Unstable angina
Aortic dissection
Pulmonary embolism
ension pneumothora&
'esophageal rupture
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N'N ()*!+,R!A!N)N-CAUS!S
Cause
Cardiac Stable anginaPrinmetal anginaPericarditis/myocarditis
Respiratory Simple pneumothora&Pneumonia 0ith pleurisy
-astrointestinal Re1u& oesophagitis'esophageal spasm
Reerred pain -astritis/PU"2iliary diseaseSubphrenicabscess/in1ammation
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Nyeridada
pleuritik
Nyeridada nonpleuritik
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Nyeri dada pleuritik
lokasinya posterior atau lateral.Siatnya ta$am dan seperti ditusuk.
2ertambah nyeri bila batuk ataubernaas dalam dan berkurang bilamenahan naas atau sisi dada yang
sakit digerakan.
Nyeri berasal dari dinding dada3otot3 iga3 pleura perietalis3 saluran
naas besar3 diaragma3mediastinum dan sara interkostalis.
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lokasinya sentral3menetap atau
dapat menyebarke tempat lain.
sering disebabkan
oleh kelainan diluar paru.
Nyeri "ada Non Pleuritik
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Nyeri "ada Non Pleuritik
Kardial
Perikardial
Aorta
4uskuloskleletal
*ungsional
Pulmonal
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Angina stabilAngina klasik3
Angina o !6ort7
Angina tak stabilAngina preinark3
)nsu8siensi koronerakut7
)nark miokard
•Serangan nyeri dada khas timbul 0aktubeker$a.
•2erlangsung hanya beberapa menit danmenghilang dengan nitrogliserin atauistirahat.
•Nyeri dada dapat timbul setelah makan3pada udara yang dingin3 reaksi simatisyang berlebihan atau gangguan emosi.
• 9enis Angina ini dicurigai bila penderitatelah sering berulang kali mengeluhrasa nyeri di dada yang timbul 0aktuistirahat atau saat ker$a ringan danberlangsung lebih lama.
•2erlangsung lebih dari :;+<; menitdapat menyebabkan inark miokard.
•Nyeri dada berlangsung lebih lama3men$alar ke bahu kiri3 lengan danrahang.
•penderita mengeluh dispea3 palpitasidan berkeringat.
)skemik miokard3 rasa tertekan atau nyeri substernal yang men$alarke aksila dan turun ke ba0ah ke bagian dalam lengan terutamalebih sering ke lengan kiri.Rasa nyeri $uga dapat men$alar ke epigasterium3 leher3 rahang3
lidah3 gigi3 mastoid dengan atau tanpa nyeri dada substernal.
Kardial
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Perikard
ialSara sensoris untuk nyeriterdapat pada perikardiumparietalis diatas diaragma.
Nyeri perikardila lokasinya didaerah sternal dan area
preokordinal3 tetapi dapatmenyebar ke epigastrium3leher3 bahu dan punggung.
Nyeri bisanya seperti ditusukdan timbul pada aktumenarik naas dalam3menelan3 miring atau
bergerak.
Aorta
Penderita hipertensi3
koartasio aorta3 traumadinding dada merupakanresiko tinggi untukpendesakan aorta.
"iagnosa dicurigai bila rasanyeri dada depan yang
hebat timbul tiba+ tiba ataunyeri interskapuler
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• rauma lokal atau radang dari rongga dadaotot3 tulang kartilago sering menyebabkan
nyeri dada setempat.• Nyeri biasanya timbul setelah akti#itas 8sik.
4uskuloskele
tal
• Kecemasan dapat menyebabkan nyeri
substernal atau prekordinal3 rasa tidak enak didada3 palpilasi3 dispnea3 using dan rasa takutmati.
*ungsional
• 'bstruksi saluran naas atas seperti padapenderita ineksi laring kronis dapat
menyebakan nyeri dada3 terutama ter$adipada 0aktu menelan.• Pada emboli paru akut nyeri dada menyerupai
inark miokard akut dan substernal.• Nyeri dada merupakan keluhan utama pada
kanker paru yang menyebar ke pleura3 organmedianal atau dinding dada.
Pulmonal
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Acute 4yocardial )narction
4anagement=
• ':
• Aspirin <;;+<:; mg stat
•
CP- <;; mg stat• S/( -N > tab stat3 repeat !C- ater 5 minutes to
e&clude !C- changes dt coronary spasm7
• 4orphine i# :+5 mg slo0 bolus i necessary7
•
)? -N :;+:;; microgram/min3 increase by 5+>;microgram/min at 5+>; min inter#als i necessary7
• Consider myocardial sal#age therapy
• Consider thrombolytic therapy
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• Candidate o thrombolytic therapy=
>. ypical chest pain o A4)
:. S ele#ation o at least > mm in at least
: inerior !C- leads or ele#ation o atleast : mm in at least : contiguousanterior leads
<. @ >: h rom chest pain onset. @ B5 y.o o age
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Cardiac 2iomarkers
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A'R)C ")SS!C)'N
• Aortic dissection is an acute e#ent0here blood enters the aortic 0allthrough a tear o the intima ollo0ed
by e&tra#asation o blood into themedia.
• Currently belie#ed the process
begins 0ith an intramural hematoma
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etiology
• "egenerati#e
• ,ypertension
• Pregnancy
•
Skeletal scoliosis7• Connecti#e tissue 4arans7
• 4ycotic aneurysm
• akayasu giant cell7 arteritis
• Aortic laceration/coarctation
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Aortic "issection
• Stanord Classi8cation – ype A +in#ol#es ascending aorta
– ype 2 Din#ol#es descending aorta
• "e2akey Classi8cation – ype ) Dascending3 arch E descending
aorta
– ype )) Dascending only – ype ))) Ddescending only
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Schematic
A/2
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Aortic "issection
• Clinical *eatures – FG5% abrupt3 se#ere pain in chest or
b/0 scapula
– 5;% ripping or tearing
– Pain in anterior chest Dascending aortaB;%7
–
2ack pain less common7 Ddescendingaorta H<%7
– ) dissection into carotid classic neurosymptoms
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Aortic "issection
• Physical !&am – Usually normal heart and lung e&am
– 4ay ha#e aortic insuIciency
– @:;% 0ith decreased radial3 emoral orcarotid pulse
– ,N
– achycardia
– ,ypotension
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Aortic "issection
– reat hypertension• β+blocker
– !smolol 5;;µg/kg )? bolus o#er > minute then 5;+>5; µg/kgminute
–
4etoprolol 5mg J:min &< )? then :+5mg/hr – Propranolol :;mg )? then ;mg3 G+mg J>;min to <;;mg
total
• Calcium channel blocker i β+blocker contraindicated
– ?asodilator
• Nitroprusside ;.< µg/kg/min )? – Surgery
• 'R or ascending aortic dissection
• "escending aortic dissection 0orse surgical risks D
contro#ersial or repair
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RAU4A)C C,!S PA)N
• (ook or= – 'pen pneumothora&
– *lail chest
– ension pneumothora&
– 4assi#e hemothora&
– Cardiac tamponade
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'P!N PN!U4','RALsucking chest 0oundM
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Plester < sisi
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. *lail Chest – Segmen dada menjadi bebas bergerak
dengan adanya perubahan tekanan saat
respirasi
– Tiga atau lebih fraktur kosta yang
berdekatan di dua tempat atau lebih. – Injuri dinding dada menyebabkan injuri
pulmoner
• Penurunan volume respirasi
• Peningkatan mortalitas
– Pergerakan Paradoxical flail segment
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*(A)( C,!S
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29
*lail Chest
• 4anagement – 4aintain air0ay
– (ook or spinal in$ury
– ,elp #entilation 0ith 2?4 and o&ygen
– Stabilie chest 0all
– Reer
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!NS)'N PN!U4','RA
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Needle decompression
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,A!4','RA
• Collecting bloods in pleural ca#ity3may be associated 0ithpneumothora&
haemopneumothora&73 or 0ithouthaemothora&7
• (arge amount o bleeding that may
cause hypo#olemic shock massi#ehaemothora&
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Chest tube
• Chest tube sie is selected depending on the problemO
• >GD:; *rench7 catheter or pneumothora&
• <:D:H * catheter or hemothora&
• trauma patients usually reJuire a <GD; * catheter sie
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CAR")AC A4P'NA"!
Pulsus paradoksus= Pulsasi Radial men$adi lemah sampaimenghilang pada saat penderita inspirasi
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37
2ecks riad
>. ,ypotensi yang tidak berespondengan pengobatan
:. Peningkatan ekanan ?ena Sentral
distensi #ena lengan /leher disertaipenurunan tekanan darah7
<. Suara $antung men$auh