Chemistry – study of matter and the changes it undergoes
Dec 26, 2015
• Families (groups) – vertical columns– Elements in a family have similar properties
• Periods – rows, left to right add another proton and electron – filling up outer energy (valence) level
Elements are Made of Atoms• The single smallest unit of an element that
retains all of the chemical and physical properties of its parent element is called an atom.
Atoms are made up of smaller, subatomic pieces called protons, neutrons and electrons
Helium
Atoms are composed of three types of subatomic particles
1.Electrons: have a negative charge and are the smallest part of an atom
2.Protons: have a positive charge and mass of 1amu
3.Neutrons: have no charge 4.1 neutron = 1 amuProtons and neutrons clump to make the nucleus
The electrons surround the nucleus and form the much larger electron cloud.
Atomic Number• Atomic number
defined as the number of protons
• Because atoms are neutral: # electrons = # protons
• Atoms of the same element always have the same atomic number
2 3
11
Chemical Bonds
• Atoms are not stable unless their valence (outermost) energy level is filled.
• By forming bonds with other atoms, valence levels are filled.
Barium
Two types of bonds
• Atoms may fill their valence levels one of two ways: – share electrons with other atoms to form a covalent
bond
or – Atoms can gain or lose electrons to create an ionic
bond
Ionic Bonds (Salts)
• Formed when electrons are transferred between atoms – one loses and the other gains
• Atom that has gained or lost an electron is now charged and called an ion
• Atom that loses electrons becomes + and the one that gains is -
Covalent Bonds
Electrons are shared: single pair shared = single covalent bond, 2 pairs shared = double covalent bond
Chemical Formulas
• Tell kinds and numbers of atoms in one molecule (or smallest unit) of a substance
• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of the element to the upper left (of the subscript).
• Eg. H2O
– Tells us there are 2 atoms of H and 1 of O in one molecule of water (if no subscript, then it is understood to be 1)
Chemical Equations
• Represent chemical reactions, which obey the law of conservation of matter – the kinds and numbers of atoms that enter into the reaction also come out!
• Coefficients tell how many of the molecules they precede are involved.
• Eg. 2Mg + O2 2MgO
– Read as magnesium plus oxygen yields magnesium oxide
Substances to the left of the arrow are reactants, and substances to the right are products
In this reaction, 2 atoms of magnesium react with 2 atoms of oxygen to produce 2 molecules of
magnesium oxide.
• pH refers to the concentration of H+ or OH- ions
• Lower pH – higher concentration of H+ and the greater the acidity
• Higher pH – higher concentration of OH- and the greater the alkalinity (base)
• Organisms – and tissues within organisms have specific pH requirements.
Inorganic Molecules
• Simple Structure• H20, 02, NH3, CO2
Inorganic even though it contains carbon - exception
Biological MacromoleculesOrganic (contain carbon)
Molecule
(polymer)
Building
Blocks
(monomers)
Function Sources
Protein Amino acids Structure, enzymes, hormones
Eggs, fish, chicken, meat, nuts, legumes, dairy
Carbohydrates
polysaccharides (starch – cellulose)
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars
(glucose)
Energy Fruit, veggies, bread, potatoes,
pasta, grains
Lipids (fats and oils)
Fatty acids and
Glycerol (Not monomers)
Energy, structure, hormones
Vegetable oils (olive, safflower), animal fats (butter)
Nucleic acids
DNA & RNA
Nucleotides Carry genetic code and direct protein
synthesis
Cells
CARBOHYDRATES
• Sugars, Starches, Cellulose
• Contain C,H,O in a ratio of 1:2:1– Ratio of H:O is 2:1 just like H2O
– Eg. C6H12O6
• Energy & energy storage
Polymerization
• Smaller units (monomers) are bonded together to make larger units (polymers)
• A disaccharide such as maltose or sucrose is made from the dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction or removal of H2O) of 2 monosaccharides
• If more than 2 monosaccharides are bonded through dehydration, a polysaccharide (starch) is made. Cellulose is an example
PROTEINS
• Composed of monomers called amino acids
• Contain C, H, O, sulfur and nitrogen!
• Structure and chemicals that affect other body processes: enzymes, hormones
LIPIDS
• Fats, oils and waxes• Contain C,H,O with a very high ratio of
carbon and hydrogen to oxygen.• Composed of fatty acids and glycerol• Uses:
– Cell membrane structure– Energy– Some Hormones– Insulation
Lipids Include all of the fats, oils and waxes.They have higher ratios of Carbon & Hydrogen than
oxygen.
Nucleic Acids
DNA & RNA: carry genetic code
Made of repeating units called nucleotides:
Sugar + phosphate + N base
Contain P