Chemistry, Part I Human Anatomy and Physiology I Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson.

Chemistry, Part IHuman Anatomy and Physiology IOklahoma City Community College

Dennis Anderson

I. Matter and EnergyI. Matter and Energy

Slide 2.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• A. Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass (weight)

• B. Energy – the ability to do work

• 1. Chemical

• 2. Electrical

• 3.Mechanical

• 4.Radiant

Matter• Anything that takes up space and has mass

Elements

•Carbon (C)•Nitrogen (N)•Oxygen (O)•Hydrogen (H)

One Kind of MatterThe Fundamental units of matter

96% of the body is made from four elements

CompoundTwo or more elements combined together

•Carbon Dioxide•Sodium Chloride•Water

Atom

Minute particles that make up matter

Atomic Model

Proton

Neutron

Electron

Atomic StructureAtomic Structure

Slide 2.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Nucleus

• Protons (p+)

• Neutrons (n0)

• Outside of nucleus

• Electrons (e-)

Figure 2.1

Subatomic Particles

ChargeAtomicMass Unit

Proton Positive One

Neutron Neutral One

Electron Negative Near Zero

Atomic Number

• Hydrogen = 1• Carbon = 6• Oxygen = 8

Number of Protons

Protons = Electrons

Protons Electrons

Hydrogen 1 1

Carbon 6 6

Oxygen 8 8

Atomic Mass Number

Number of Protons and Neutrons

Hydrogen

• Atomic Number = 1• Atomic Mass Number = 1

Hydrogen Atom

First Energy LevelTwo Electrons Maximum

First Energy Level

Second Energy LevelEight Maximum

Second Energy Level

Third Energy LevelStable with Eight Electrons

Third EnergyLevel

Inert ElementsInert Elements

Slide 2.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Have complete valence shells and are stable

• Rule of 8s• Shell 1 has 2

electrons

• Shell 2 has 8 electrons

• 10 = 2 + 8

• Shell 3 has 18 electrons

• 18 = 2 + 8 + 8Figure 2.4a

Reactive ElementsReactive Elements

Slide 2.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Valence shells are not full and are unstable

• Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons

• Allows for bond formation, which produces stable valence

Figure 2.4b

Carbon• Atomic Number = 6• Atomic Mass Number = 12

Carbon Atom

6+ 60

Oxygen• Atomic Number = 8• Atomic Mass Number = 16

Oxygen Atom

8+ 80

Isotope

An atom of an element with a different number of neutrons than other atoms of the same element

Isotopes of Carbon

• Carbon 12 6 Neutrons• Carbon 13 7 Neutrons• Carbon 14 8 Neutrons• Carbon 15 9 Neutrons

Each Carbon has 6 protons

Atomic WeightAverage of the mass numbers of all

the isotopes of an element

Atomic Weight of Carbon = 12.01

Average Mass Numbers of Carbon 12,13,14 and 15

Radioactive Isotopes• Break down at a constant rate

–Half Life

Uses for Isotopes• Carbon 14 for dating the age of

skeletons• PET scan• Iodine isotope for thyroid studies• Cobalt isotope for cancer treatment

Sodium• Atomic Number = 11• Atomic Mass Number = 23

Sodium Atom

11+ 120

Chlorine• Atomic Number = 17• Atomic Mass Number = 35

Chlorine Atom

17+ 180

17+ 180

11+ 120

Sodium Ion Na+

Lost an Electron

11+ 120

Chloride Ion Cl-

17+ 180

Gained an Electron

Ion

An Atom or Molecule With a Charge

Formed by

-Gaining electrons

-Losing electrons

Ionic Bond

Cl-Na+

Chemical bond formed by the attraction of opposite charges

Chemical Bond

Force that holds atoms together in a molecule

Anion: Ion with a - ChargeCation: Ion with a + Charge

• Regulate water balance• Regulate acid-base balance• Form essential minerals

MoleculeTwo or More Atoms (Ions) Joined

Together

Cl-Na+

Sodium Chloride

Hydrogen Atoms

Electrons Shared

Covalent BondFormed by Sharing Electrons

Covalent Bond

H H

Four Covalent Bonds in Carbon

Structural Formula

HC

H

HH

Carbon Chain

C

H

HH C

H

HC

H

HC

H

HC

H

HC

H

HH

Water Molecule

+ +

Some Hydrogens Leave

+ +

Electron Stays with Water

+ +

Electron

+ +

Hydroxide Ion

Hydrogen Ion

Water

HOH

H+ OH-

Water

The number of

Equals the number of

H+

OH-

AcidChemical That Releases Excess Hydrogen Ions

HCl Cl-+H+

Base

OH-+Na+

Chemical That Releases Excess Hydroxide Ions

NaOH

pH Scale

01 2 3

78654

1411109 1312

OH-

H+

01 2 3

78654

1411109 1312

Hydrogen Ions =Hydroxide Ions

01 2 3

78654

1411109 1312

BaseAcid

01 2 3

78654

1411109 1312

Stomach Skin Blood

End of Part I