Chemistry Notes. Atoms The nucleus of an atom includes: protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels.

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Chemistry Notes Slide 2 Atoms The nucleus of an atom includes: protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels. Slide 3 Elements The number of protons never changes this equals the atomic number. (If the number of protons changes, it is a different element.) The number of electrons generally equals the number of protons. (We wont worry about exceptions in this class.) Atomic Number Atomic Mass Slide 4 Slide 5 Chemical Bonds 3 main types of chemical bonds: Covalent - atoms share electrons equally Ionic one atom hogs the electrons from another (Think of it like a 5-year-old taking a 3-year-olds toy and hogging it.) Slide 6 Macromolecules Slide 7 Organic VS Inorganic Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living things Exceptions: hydrogencarbonates (bicarbonate HCO 3 -, carbonates (CO 3 2 )and oxides of carbon (CO or CO 2 ) Slide 8 Monomer Mono = one Mere = part Sub units that are strung together to create larger molecules Slide 9 Polymer Poly =many Large molecule made up of multiple monomers Slide 10 Think Pair Share Create an analogy to explain the relationship between monomers and polymers. Slide 11 Dehydration Synthesis Hydro = water A reaction that links together monomers Removes a H from one monomer and a OH from the other monomer Those come together to form a water molecule H 2 O Requires energy to build molecules Example: Your liver links glucoses together to form a stable storage molecule called glycogen (aka animal starch) Slide 12 Dehydration Synthesis Sucrose Slide 13 Hydrolysis Hydro = water Lysis = break Breaks down polymers Breaks a bond between monomers Uses water to add an H to one monomer and an OH to the other Releases energy Example salivary amylase breaks starch into disaccharide sugar in your mouth while you chew Slide 14 Hydrolysis of Sucrose http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Carbohydrates/Sucrose Slide 15 Think Pair Share Draw a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis. Slide 16 Carbohydrates Elements: C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio Generally in the shape of a hexagon or pentagon Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugars - glucose) Polymers: Disaccharide 2 monosaccharides (complex sugars - sucrose) Polysaccharide many monosaccharides (starch, cellulose) Names end in ose Ose= sugar Sacchar = sugar Slide 17 Monosaccharides Use: quick energy Foods: fruits (Fructose), candy (glucose), milk (Galactose) Produced: process of photosynthesis in the organelle chloroplast Your brain runs on glucose! Slide 18 Simple sugar foods Slide 19 Disaccharides Use: quick energy Foods: Table sugar (sucrose) Malt sugar (maltose - forms from breakdown of starches including grains) Milk sugar (lactose think lactose intolerant) Produced by plants storing products of photosynthesis process carried out in the organelle the chloroplast think maple syrup Slide 20 Complex sugar foods Slide 21 Polysaccharides Uses: quick energy, (but more stable to store than glucose) and structure (cell walls of plants made of cellulose) Foods: Potatoes, bread, pasta (starch), Bran Fiber (cellulose indigestible for humans) Produced by liver from excess blood sugar and made by plants into cell walls from glucose made during photosynthesis by the chloroplast Slide 22 Starchy foods Slide 23 Construct a Carbohydrate With a partner use marshmallows and toothpicks to construct the following molecules: 1. Monosaccharide 2. Disaccharide 3. Polysaccharide (4 glucoses long) You must have me check each molecule before moving on. Slide 24 Lipids (Oils, Fats, Waxes) Elements: C,H,O but NOT in 1:2:1 ratio Generally in the shape of a glycerol with one or 2 tails. Monomers: Glycerol and Fatty Acid Chains Polymers: Triglycerides made from1 glycerol plus 3 fatty acid chains Slide 25 Constructing a Triglyceride Slide 26 Lipids Uses: Long term energy storage, cell membranes (cholesterol and phospholipids), Foods: olive oil, avocados, butter, lard, beeswax Produced by process of dehydration synthesis in the organelle smooth ER Your body uses it for chemical messengers (steroids), insulation and padding your organs Slide 27 Oils VS Fats Oils are liquid and fats are solid at room temperature Oils are stored in seeds of plants Fats are stored under skin or around organs of animals Slide 28 Think Pair Share What types of foods would you eat to avoid a high fat diet? Slide 29 Fatty foods Slide 30 Saturated VS Unsaturated Fats Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between carbons so they do not have all the possible hydrogens Slide 31 Constructing a Lipid With a partner use orange slices, licorice and toothpicks to construct a triglyceride molecule You must show me your molecule before you move on. Slide 32 Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N, S, P Monomer: Amino Acids (20 different) Polymer: Polypeptides that are folded into proteins Slide 33 Amino Acid Structure Slide 34 20 different amino acids Slide 35 Proteins Uses: Structure of body tissues - muscles, bones, blood, hair, skin - most of your body Foods: Egg whites, meat, fish, beans Produced by process of protein synthesis in the organelle ribosome (made from recipe in DNA) Slide 36 Folding a Protein A amino acid sequence -1 st level B/C amino acids are twisted or folded 2 nd level D the twisted chain is folded 3 rd level E multiple chains are arranged together 4 th level (hemoglobin) Slide 37 Think Pair Share What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein? Slide 38 High Protein Foods Slide 39 Construct a Protein With a partner use Fruit Loops and string to construct a polypeptide chain 20 amino acids long. Then fold up your chain to create a protein. Slide 40 Nucleic Acids Elements: C,H,O,N,P Monomers: Nucleotides Nucleotides are made of a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose DNA or ribose RNA) and a Nitrogen Base Nucleotides: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, (uracil) Polymers: DNA, RNA Slide 41 Nucleotide Structure Slide 42 Nucleic Acids Uses: DNA carries genetic information and directions to make proteins RNA makes proteins and is the structure of the ribosome Produced by the process of DNA replication in the nucleus from existing DNA Slide 43 x Slide 44 DNA to Protein