Chemistry i august 2014

August 2014

Ms. Claudia Barahona

Stage 1 Chemistry and its contribution to the advances of

science and technology

Field and applications of chemistry

Relationship with other sciences

Classification and physical properties of matter

Everyday physical and chemical phenomena

Matter and energy interactions

Session 2

Review of propedeutic activities 1.1 and 1.2

Generic competences

4.1) Expresses ideas and concepts through linguistic, mathematical or graphical, representations.

4.3) Identifies key ideas in a text or speech and infers conclusions from them.

4.4) Communicates in a second language in daily life situations.

4.5) Handles information and communication technologies to obtain information and expressing ideas.

Session 2

Review of propedeutic activities 1.1 and 1.2

Disciplinary competences

2. Base opinions on science and technology impact of in our daily life assuming ethical considerations.

Chemistry and technology

What is studied by chemistry?

What is technology?

What is studied by chemistry?

Matter and the changes that matter undergoes.

What is technology?

The practical use of scientific information.

Chemistry and technology

«Plastics and fullerenes»

Uses and Importance

Chemistry and technology

Plastics

Plexiglass

Polyethylene Nylon

Acrylics Silicones

PVC

Poly

styrene

What is Nanotechnology

The creation of useful or functional materials, devices and systems through control of matter on the nanometer lenght scale.

Field and applications of chemistry

Does chemistry happens only or mainly in a laboratory?

Field and applications of chemistry

Does chemistry happens only or mainly in a laboratory?

Field and applications of chemistry

Does chemistry happens only or mainly in a laboratory?

Branches of chemistry

• Substances containing carbon Organic

• Study of all other substances EXCEPT those containing carbon. Inorganic

• Composition, properties, and reactions of matter General

Contribution of chemistry and other sciences to the advances of humanity

Review main ides from the readings:

“Chemistry and other sciences”

“From the stone age to silicon era”

Main uses of:

Copper

Silicon

Petroleum

Examples of relation of chemistry with other sciences

Relationship with other sciences

Chemistry is often combined with other sciences such as :

Geology

Physics

Biology

Medicine

Relation of chemistry w/ other sciences

Science that studies:

Chemical compositions of ores, minerals, soils of the surface of the earth.

Geochemistry

Chemical reactions in biological systems.

Biochemistry

Physical nature of chemical systems including energy changes.

Physical chemistry

Chemistry applications…

Medicine

Nutrition

Forensic investigation

Technological advances

Cosmetology ……………

Classwork #1

Relationship of chemistry with other sciences

Compare/contrast table of the relationship of chemistry with other sciences.

1. Read carefully each of the following paragraphs that describe the process of gasoline combustion in an automobile engine, make a connection between Chemistry and other sciences such as Biology, Math, Social Sciences and physics.

The chemistry of engines

• When gasoline burns in the engine of an automobile a chemical reaction occurs producing water vapor, carbon dioxide but also a huge amount of energy is released, this energy is transformed into mechanical energy that produces the motion of the vehicle, electrical energy is also obtained which is used in the radio, lights and air conditioner.

Chemistry is related with_______

Biology, Math, Social Sciences and physics.

The chemistry of engines

The efficiency of this reaction is never a 100%, this efficiency is variable and it depends on the quality of the gasoline. Petrochemical engineers most perform calculations to predict the reaction yield obtained with each type of gasoline and let the consumer know.

Chemistry is related with____

Biology, Math, Social Sciences and physics.

The chemistry of engines

• In the process polluting substances are released. The main products of the process are CO2, water and soot. The effects of inhaling the products of combustion have been studied in humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death.

Chemistry is related with:________

Biology, Math, Social Sciences and physics.

The chemistry of engines

• The excess of carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels such as gasoline, contributes to environmental pollution, one of the main effects being the global warming. This is why governments of first world countries limit these emissions.

Chemistry is related with:___________

Biology, Math, Social Sciences and physics.

Conclusion What can you conclude about the contributions of

chemistry and other sciences in technology advances?

Session 3

Review of propedeutic activities 1.4, 1.5

Generic competences

4.3) Identifies key ideas in a text or speech and infers conclusions from them.

4.4) Communicates in a second language in daily life situations.

4.5) Handles information and communication technologies to obtain information and expressing ideas.

Session 3

Review of propedeutic activities 1.4, 1.5

Generic competences

5.1) Follows directions and procedures in a reflective way, understanding how each step contributes to achieve an objective.

5.2) Arrange information according to categories, hierarchies, and relationships.

5.3) Identifies the systems and rules or core principles that lead to a series of phenomena.

5.6) Uses information and communication technologies to process and interpret information.

Session 3

Review of propedeutic activities 1.4, 1.5

Disciplinary competences

2. Base opinions on science and technology impact of in our daily life assuming ethical considerations.

10. Relate symbolic expressions of a natural phenomenon and the observable features in plain sight or through instruments and scientific models.

Matter: Anything that has a mass and occupies space.

Pure substance: Matter with fixed/definite composition.

Elements: Composed of only 1 type of material.

Compounds: 2 or more elements chemically combined in the same proportions.*

* An important difference is that compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical processes. Elements cannot.

Activity I.4 Vocabulary terms

Mixture: 2 or more substances are physically but, not chemically combined.

Homogeneous or solution: Uniform composition throughout the sample.

Heterogeneous: Do not have a uniform composition throughout the sample

*Can be separated by physical processes, because there are no chemical interactions b/w components.

Activity I.4 Vocabulary terms

Physical methods to separate mixtures: (at least 3) Boling, sifting, filtration, distillation, chromatography

Physical property: characteristics that can be observed or measured without affecting the identity of a substance. Ex: shape, color, melting point.

Chemical property: characteristics that indicates the ability of a susbtance to form another/new substance.

Physical change: change in which the appearance looks different but the composition remains the same.

Chemical change: when the original substance is converted into one or more new substances.

Activity I.4 Vocabulary terms

Sublimation

Deposition

Boiling point: Tº at which a

substance exists as liquid

and gas.

SOLID (Ice)

LIQUID (Water)

GAS (Water vapor)

E

B

SOLID (Ice)

LIQUID (Water)

GAS (Water vapor)

A) Freezing C) Melting

D) Evaporation F) Condensation

B) Deposition E) Sublimation

Concept map

States of matter: table

Exercises from chapter 2 of your textbook

Mixture

Mixture

Compound

Compound

Element

Homogeneous

Homogeneous

Homogeneous

Heterogeneous

Heterogeneous

Exercises from chapter 2 of your textbook

L

G

G

S

Physical

Physical

Chemical

Chemical

Exercises from chapter 2 of your textbook

Physical

Physical

Physical

Chemical

Chemical

Chemical

Physical

Physical

Physical

Element, compound or mixture?

Compound Mixture Element

Homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture?

Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous

I.5 The melting of the polar ice caps

Arctic effect

Global warming

Greenhouse effect

Possible solutions

Arctic effect

Effects of climate change in the Arctic including rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the polar ice caps.

Potential release of methane.

Leading indicator of climate change.

Global warming

A gradual increase in the earth's average surface temperature.

Main cause: Anthropogenic activities /Human activity.

Greenhouse gases

A gas which traps the sun's heat.

Main greenhouse gases:

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Methane (CH4)

Nitrous oxide (N2O)

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

Possible solutions

Brain storming

HW:

Report, Activity 1.3

Due date:

session 1 week 2

Session 4

Directions for Integrative activity.

Classwork.

HW Print end of chapter

Generic competences

4.1) Expresses ideas and concepts through linguistic, mathematical or graphical, representations.

4.4) Communicates in a second language in daily life situations.

5.6) Uses information and communication technologies to process and interpret information.

Session 4

Directions for Integrative activity

Due: session 1 week 3.

Library visit or classwork.

HW Print End Of Chapter

Disciplinary competences

2. Base opinions on science and technology impact of in our daily life assuming ethical considerations.

Physical Chemical

Property Characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without affecting its identity . Color, Shape, Odor, Luster, Size, Melting point, Density.

Characteristic that describes the abilty of a substance to change into a new one Paper burns, iron rusts, silver tarnishes.

Physical and chemical properties

Physical Chemical

Change Changes in physical properties that retains the identity of the substance.

Change in which the original substance is converted to one or more new substances.

Physical and chemical changes

Matter

Anything that has a mass and occupies space.

According to the temperature matter can exist in different states.

Plasma

Sublimation

Deposition

Boiling point: Tº at which a

substance exists as liquid

and gas.

SOLID (Ice)

LIQUID (Water)

GAS (Water vapor)

States of matter:

Solid Liquid Gas Characteristic

Shape

Volume

Arrangement of particles

Interaction b/w particles

Movement of particles

Solid

Definite

Definite

Fixed, very close

Very Strong

Very slow

Liquid

Undefinite

Definite

Random, close

Strong

Moderate

Gas

Undefinite

Undefinite

Random, far apart

Essentially none

Very fast

The physical state of matter, depends on temperature.

Chemical reaction:

Chemical changes on which the initial substances are transformed into completely new substances; due to a rupture of their chemical bonds and the formation of new bonds of the present atoms.

1. Change in color.

2. Formation of a gas (bubbles)

3. Formation of a solid (Precipitate)

4. Produced or absorbed energy (heat,

flame, light)

Evidences of chemical reactions

Review

Physical property, physical change, chemical property or chemical change?

Instructions: Identify each fact:

1. Alcohol is flammable.

2. Alcohol is volatile, it evaporates easily.

3. A sample of table salt dissolves in water.

4. With time a battery looses its charge.

5. Aluminum is malleable.

States of matter

Identify the state of matter for the following examples at room temperature:

1. Oxygen

2. Water vapor

3. Candle wax

4. Alcohol

States of matter

Describe the difference in arrangement , interaction and movement of particles in:

1. Ice cube

2. Liquid water

3. Water vapor

Classification of matter

Matter

Pure substances

Elements Compounds

Mixtures

Homo

geneous

Hetero

geneous

Mixtures, compounds or elements??

a. Compound

b. Mixture

c. Elements

d. Mixture

a

b

c

d

e

f g h

e. Compound

f. Element

g. Compund

h. Compound

sugar

Element, compound, homogeneous or heterogeneous mixtures

Classify the following:

1. Gasoline

2. Wood

3. Bronze

4. Sandwich

5. Sugar

6. Scramble eggs

7. Silver

8. Ethanol

Law of definite proportions

Law of constant composition

States that a chemical compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass.

For example:

Water is always composed by 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen atom. 11% Hydrogen and 89% oxygen by mass.

Salt: Definite proportion of 39.3% of sodium and 60.7% of chlorine by mass.

Law of conservation of mass

States that during any chemical reaction the mass of the system must remain constant, the mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space.

The total mass of the reactants or starting materials must equal the mass of the products.

Law of conservation of energy

States that during chemical reactions energy is not created nor destroyed. (1st law of thermodinamics).

Potential and kinetic energy

Potential energy: Energy of an object or a system due to the position , or the arrangement of the particles of the system.

Kinetic energy: Energy which it possesses due to its motion.

End of stage one

Stage 2

Classification of elements in: Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids

Classification of compounds by the number of elements and chemical function

Elements present in the human

body and acquisition sources

The effects and uses of chemical

compounds in our daily lives

Stage 3

• Development of atomic theories from Dalton to Quantum Mechanics

• Subatomic particles

• Quantum numbers and atomic orbitals

• Electron configuration

• Organization of elements on the

periodic table

• Periodic properties (trends):

– Atomic size

– Ionization energy

– Electronegativity

Stage 4

Types of chemical bonds: Ionic, Nonpolar covalent and polar covalent

Electronegativity

Polarity

Electron configuration and formation of ions

Properties of ionic and molecular compounds

Chemical bond and electrical conductivity

Modern materials