CHAPTER 2: CARBON COMPOUNDS B. 2.0 CARBON COMPOUND Carbon compound Alkane Alkenes Isomeris m Alcoh ol Carboxylic acid Este r 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Fat Natur al 2.8 2.9 1. Define the carbon compound. 2. What is an organic compound? 3. List 3 examples of 1. Write the formula of alkane. 2. Explain why boiling point of alkanes increase descending the 1. Write the general formula of alkenes. 2. Explain why boiling point of alkenes increase descending the 1. Define isomerism 2. Draw structural formula of pentane isomers 3. Draw 1. Define the homologous series of alcohol 2. Write the chemical equation of combustion of 1. Define carboxylic acid. 2. Write the equation involved in the production of carboxylic acid from propanol. 3. Explain why 1. Define an ester. 2. Write the general formula of ester. 3. Describe an experiment 1. Define saturated fat and unsaturated fat. 2. Stated the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated 1. Define polymer. 2. Explain the coagulation process of latex when it is added with formic acid.
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CHAPTER 2: CARBON COMPOUNDS B. 2.0
10
CARBON COMPOUND
Carbon compound
AlkaneAlkenes
Isomerism
Alcohol
Carboxylic acidEster
2.1
2.22.3
2.4
2.5
2.62.7
Fat
Natural rubber
2.8
2.9
1. Define the carbon compound.2. What is an organic compound?3. List 3 examples of organic compound and 3 examples of non-organic compound.
1. Write the formula of alkane.2. Explain why boiling point of alkanes increase descending the homologous series 3. Write the equation of combustion of pentane
1. Write the general formula of alkenes.2. Explain why boiling point of alkenes increase descending the homologous series 3. Write the equation of combustion of pentene
1. Define isomerism 2. Draw structural formula of pentane isomers 3. Draw structural formula of pentene isomers
1. Define the homologous series of alcohol 2. Write the chemical equation of combustion of propanol.3. Describe a laboratory experiment to produce alcohol
1. Define carboxylic acid. 2. Write the equation involved in the production of carboxylic acid from propanol. 3. Explain why methanoic acid cannot conduct an electric
1. Define an ester.2. Write the general formula of ester.3. Describe an experiment to produce etil methanoic.
1. Define saturated fat and unsaturated fat.2. Stated the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat. 3. What is the type of reaction that changes unsaturated fat to saturated fat?
1. Define polymer.2. Explain the coagulation process of latex when it is added with formic acid. 2. Explain why vulcanized rubber is stronger than natural rubber.
B. 2.1
11
ORGANIC CARBON COMPOUND
Definition of carbon compound
Examples:Glucose,Protein,Fat, etc
Type of compound
Organic carbon compound
Inorganic carbon compound
Compound consists of carbon element.
Compounds contain carbon and come from
organism (living thing). Animal or plants
Compound consists of carbon and did not come
from the organism (animal or plant)
Examples:Carbonate of metal,Bicarbonate of metal, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, etc
Combustion of organic compounds
sebatian organik
Examples
Inorganic compound
Hydrocarbon
Examples;.
Saturated hydrocarbon
s
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
s
ALKANE
B. 2.2
12
General formula and group members
Physical properties and the changes
Chemical properties
General formula
CnH2n +2 n = 1,2,3,…
n Molecular formula
Name Structural formula
1
2
3
4
5
10
CH4
C2H6
……..
C4H10
………
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
……..
……….
………
Members Size of molecule
Melting point
Density State
Methane EthanePropaneButanePentaneHexane
Small
Increase
Low
Increase
Low
Increase
GasGasGasGasLiquidLiquid
Explanation to the physical properties change.
Combustion
Substitution reactions
Non complete combustion
CH4 + O2 C + 2H2O
C2H6 + O2 …. + …..
…… + ….. …. + …
Complete combustion.
CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C2H6 + O2 …… + ……
C4H10 + O2 …….. + …….
Sun lightCH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 …….. + ……
…….. + ……. ……… + …….
1. Non soluble in water2. Non conductor of electricity
Dissolve in waterDissolve in organic solvent, Neutral,Non-conductor of electricity
1. Combustion C2H5OH + O2 CO2 + H2O2. Oxidation
2[O] C2H5OH CH3COOH + H2O
3. Dehydration Alumina
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
Heat
Cotton + Ethanol
Alumina
Ethene
Water
Isomerism in the alcoholChemical properties of alcohol
Misuse of the alcohol and the effect
Diagram
B. 2.6
16
Dehydration of ethanol
CARBOXYLIC ACID
Definition
Homologous Series
General formula
Naming
Preparation of ethanoic acid
Physical properties of the carboxylic acid
karboksilik
Chemical properties of ethanoic acid
HCOOH methanoic acid OCH3COOH ethanoic acid C2H5 COOH propanoic acid R -C - OHC3H7COOH butanoic acid where RC4H9COOH pentanoic acid is an alkyl group …………..
Acid that contain the functional group carboxyl, -COOH
CnH2n+1COOHn = 0,1,2,…
Oxidation of ethanolAcidic KMnO4
C2H5OH CH3COOH + H2OConc. H2SO4
1. Ethanoic acid + base salt + waterCH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
2. Ethanoic acid + carbonate salt + water + carbon dioxide 2CH3COOH + K2CO3 2CH3COOK + H2O + CO2
3. Ethanoic acid + metal salt + hydrogen 2CH3COOH + Mg (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
4. Ethanoic acid + alcohol esther + water Ethanoic + ethanol ethyl ethanoat + water
Ethanoic acid + ethanol + concentrated sulphuric acid( after boiling)
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
The usage of carboxylic acid
Ketertiban dalam siri homolog
n m Molecular formula Name of ester
0
1
2
2
1
3
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ESTER
General formula of ester
Homologous series of ester
Molecular formula and the name of ester
Preparation
To predict the formation of the ester
Natural source of the ester
The ester daily life usage
DefinitionA group of
homologous series with functional
group of carboxyl, -COO-
CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1
n = 0,1,2,…m = 1,2,3,…
Diagram?
Ethyl ethanoate etanoat
Physical properties
B. 5.3
18
FAT AND OIL
? fat and oil.
Type of fat
The effect of fat on health
Conversion of the unsaturated fat to the
saturated fat.
Saturated fat
Unsaturated fat
DefinitiondefinitionExamples:
Chicken’s fat,Cow’s fat,Etc. Contoh:
The fat molecules that built of multiple bond between carbon atom in molecules.
The fat molecule that built of only singular covalent bond between carbon atom in the molecules.
…is an ester formed from glycerol (alcohol) and carboxylic acid.
Definition
Comparison
Fat OilHigher melting point (more than 20oC)
Lower melting point (less than 20oC)
Solid at room temperature
Liquid at room temperature
Found in animals & human
Found in plants & fish
Taken too much saturated fat may cause:1. Obesity2. Hardness of an artery3. High blood pressure4. Heart disease5. Stroke
Production of margerine:Hydrogenation process of unsaturated fat (palm oil)
Ni - C = C - + H2 -C – C –
H H Double bond single bond
Palm oil
Extraction process of palm oil in industry
The needed to use palm oil
B. 5.4
19
NATURAL RUBBERDefinition of
natural polymer
Several polymer and it’s monomer
Protein
Carbohydrate
Natural rubber
Coagulating of the latex
Vulcanization of rubber.
Usage of natural rubber
Giant molecule with long chain (macromolecule) consist of repeated sequence small molecules (micro molecule) called monomer found in an animal & plant
R O R O R O R O
n H2N - CH - C - OH + H - N - CH – C - OH N - CH – C - N - CH – C - + nH2O
Latex is a colloid. It is a mixture of rubber particles and water. A rubber particle is made up of negatively charged protein membrane surrounds many rubber molecules. The negative charges are preventing the collision between molecules. When an acid is added to the latex, H+ from an acid is neutralized the negative charge at protein membrane to allow the collision between the rubber particles. The protein membrane breaks, and then the rubber molecules are free to clump together. Latex has coagulated
Preventing coagulation of
latex
Comparing the properties of the natural and vulcanized rubber-- Explain
Experiment:1. Vulcanization of natural
rubber.2. Comparison of properties
between natural and vulcanized rubber
Definition
A. Analysing Alkanes
1. The general formula of alkanes are : ______________________________
2.. Complete the table by writing the name , molecular formula and structural formula of alkanes.
Number of Carbon atom per
molecule
Molecular formula Name Structural formula
1
2
3
4
5
3. All alkanes _______________________ in water because they are _____________________ compounds.
4. As the number of carbon atoms increases,
a) the size of the molecule _____________________________
b) the boiling and melting point ___________________ because _____________________
5. Complete combustion of alkanes produces carbon dioxide and water only.
a) C2H6 + O2
b) C5H12 + O2
6. Alkanes undergo substitution reaction with halogrns in the presence of ultra violet light.
CH4 + Cl2
B. Analysing Alkenes
1. The general formula for alkenes is __________________________________________
2 Complete the table below by writing the names, molecular formula and structural formula .
Number of
Carbon atom per molecule
Molecular formula Name Structural formula
2
3
4
3. Alkenes undergo addition reaction due to the presence of the double bonds.
a) Hydrogenation : C3H6 + H2
Condition of reaction : _________________________________
b) Halogenation : C3H6 + Br2 - C – C = C - + Br-Br
21
d) Hydration :
Condition of reaction : ____________________________________
e) Oxidation :
4 . Polimerization : The process whereby small molecules are joined together to form large molecules.
5. Compare and contrast between alkanes and alkenes.
Alkanes Alkenes
General Formula
Bonding
Combustion
Physical properties
Chemical properties
22
Flowchart for the reaction of ethene
Write the balanced equation for the processes labeled above.
I VI
II VII
III VIII
IV IX
V X
Poliethene
Carbon dioxide and water
Ethane-1,2-diolC2H4(OH)2
EthaneaC2H6
C2H5Cl
1,2 dibromoethaneC2H4Br2
EtheneC2H4
EthanolC2H5OH
Ethanoic acidCH3COOH
Ethyl ethanoateCH3COOC2H5
III
III
IV
V
VI
VIIVIII
IX
X
10
Flowchart for the reaction of ethene
Write the balanced equation for the processes labeled above.
I VI
II VII
III VIII
IV IX
V X
Polibutene
Carbon dioxide and water
Butane-1,2-diolC4H8(OH)2
ButaneC4H10
C4H9Cl
1,2 dibromobutaneC4H8Br2
ButeneC4H8
ButanolC4H9OH
Butanoic AcidC3H7COOH
Butyl butanoateC3H7COOC4H9
III
III
IV
V
VI
VIIVIII
IX
X
11
Flowchart for the reaction of propene
Write the balanced equation for the processes labeled above.
I VI
II VII
III VIII
IV IX
V X
Polipropene
Carbon dioxide and water
propane-1,2-diolC3H6(OH)2
PropaneC3H8
C3H7Cl
1,2 dibromopropaneC3H6Br2
PropenaC3H6
PropanolC3H7OH
Propanoic acidC2H5COOH
Propyl propanoateC2H5COOC3H7
III
III
IV
V
VI
VIIVIII
IX
X
12
13
10
Objective Questions
1. What is the functional group for alcohol?A. Carboxylate B. DiolC. Hydroxide D. Hydroxyl
2. Which process is involved in changing propene into propanol ?A. Oxidation B. HydrationC. Fermentation D. Combustion
3. The equation below representsthe reaction in the industrial preparation of ethanol.X + H2O CH3CH2OH
What is X ?
A. Ethene B. EthaneC. Glucose D. Maltose
4. What are the products of the reaction between propanoic acid and sodium hydroxide ?A. water and carbon dioxideB. Ethyl ethanoate and sodium ethanoateC. Water and ethyl ethanoateD. Sodium ethanoate and water.
5. Which of the following is not true about the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats
Characteristic Saturated Fats Unsaturated fatsA Melting Point Low HighB Source Animals PlantsC Cholesterol content High LowD Physical state at room temperature Solid Liquid
6. Coagulation of latex takes place by adding ….I formic acidII nitric acidIII aqueous ammoniaIV hydrochloric acid
A. I and II only B. II and III onlyC. I , II and III only D. I , II , III and IV.
7. Vulcanised rubber is harder because…..A. the polymers of rubber are arranged orderlyB. the polymers of rubber combine to form longer chainsC. the polymers are held by sulphur linkageD. the polymers became neutral.
Structural Questions
1. The figure below shows the set up of apparatus for the preparation of ethyl ethanoate from the reaction of etanol with ethanoic acid.
10
a) On the Liebig condenser above, mark ‘X’ to indicate where water flows in and ‘Y’ where water flows out. [ 1 mark]
Figure 2.1 shows changes of a carbon compound involving a series of reactions.
Figure 2.1
(a) Draw the structural formulae of two propanol isomers.Name both isomers. [ 4 marks ]
(b) The information below is regarding alkene Y:
Based on the information of the alkene Y:
(i) Determine the molecular formula(ii) Draw the structural formula(iii) Name the alkene(iv) Write the general formula for its homologous series [ 8 marks ]
(c ) (i) Table 2.2 shows the results of a test to differentiate between alkene Y and propane.
Procedure Observations
Propane Alkene Propanol
Propanoic acid
+ H 2
HeatHeat
Alumina
Potassium dichromate(IV) in acid
Carbon 85.7% Hydrogen 14.3% Relative molecular mass = 42 Relative atomic mass of H = 1 and C = 12
14
Bromine water is added to alkene Y Brown colour is decolourizedBromine water is added to propane Brown colour remains
Table 2.2
Explain why there is difference in these observations. [ 4 marks ]
(ii) Table 2.3 shows results of latex coagulation.
Procedure ObservationsPropanoic acid is added to latex Latex coagulates immediatelyLatex is left under natural conditions
Latex coagulates slowly
Table 2.3
Explain why there is a difference in these observations. [ 4 marks ]