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JESSICA TRINIDAD GARCIA
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Absorbance
Defined as -log(1-) = log(1/), where isthe absorptance and the transmittance of amedium through which a light beam passes.
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Acid
A substance that yields an H+ ion whenit dissociates in solution, resulting in apH
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Adiabatic process
A thermodynamic process in which noheat enters or leaves the system.
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Alcohols
Compounds in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbonatom.
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Base
A substance that yields an OH ionwhen it dissociates in solution, resultingin a pH>7.
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Buffer
A solution designed to maintain aconstant pH when small amounts of astrong acid or base are added.
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Calorie
A non-SI unit of energy, originallydefined as the heat required to raise thetemperature of 1 g of water by 1C.
Several calories of slightly differentvalues have been used.
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Cation
A positively charged atomic or molecularparticle.
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Catalyst
A substance that participates in a particularchemical reaction and thereby increases itsrate but without a net change in the amount
of that substance in the system.
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Colloid
Molecules or polymolecular particlesdispersed in a medium that have, atleast in one direction, a dimension
roughly between 1 nm and 1 m.
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Diamagnetism
A type of magnetism characterized by anegative magnetic susceptibility, so thatthe material, when placed in an external
magnetic field, becomes weaklymagnetized in the direction opposite tothe field.
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Electronegativity
A parameter originally introduced byPauling which describes, on a relativebasis, the power of an atom or group of
atoms to attract electrons from the samemolecular entity.
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Isomers
In chemistry, compounds that haveidentical molecular formulas but differ inthe nature or sequence of bonding of
their atoms or in the arrangement oftheir atoms in space.
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Isotopes
Two or more nuclides with the sameatomic number Z but different massnumber A.
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Molar mass
The mass of one mole of a substance. Itis normally expressed in units of g/mol,in which case its numerical value is
identical with the molecular weight
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Nucleon
A collective term for the proton andneutron.
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Semiconductor
A material in which the highest occupiedenergy band (valence band) is completelyfilled with electrons at T =0 K, and the
energy gap to the next highest band(conduction band) ranges from 0 to 4 or 5eV.
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Salt
An ionic compound formed by thereaction of an acid and a base.
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Silicones
Polymeric or oligomeric siloxanes,usually considered unbranched.
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Viscosity
The proportionality factor between sheerrate and sheer stress.
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Plant
A group of processing units. Within thiscontext, it is the entire processing facility,typically too large to be the focus of a single
plant-performance analysis.
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Model
Qualitative or quantitative relationshipbetween operating specifications andproducts.
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Equipment boundary
Limit in equipment operation. This could refer todesign limits such as operating pressure andtemperature. More often, the concern of theplant-performance analyst is the upper and
lower operating limits for the equipment. Theseboundaries typically describe an operatingrange beyond which the equipmentperformance deteriorates markedly.
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Accuracy
Proximity of the measurements to actualvalues. Data frequently contain bias, adeviation between the measurement
and the actual value. The smaller thedeviation, the greater the accuracy.
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Fault detection
Process of identifying deteriorating unitoperating performance. Examples areinstrument failure, increased energy
consumption, and increased catalystusage.
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Equipment constraints
Limits beyond which the equipmentcannot be operated, either due to designor operating boundaries.
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Measurements
Plant information. These provide a windowinto the operation. They may consist ofroutinely acquired information such as that
recorded by automatic control systems orrecorded on shift logs, or they may consist ofnonroutine information acquired as part of aplant test.
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Identification
Procedure for developing hypotheses anddetermining critical measurements.Identification requires an understanding of
the intent of the process and intent of theplant-performance analysis to be conducted
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Gross error
Extreme systematic error in a measurement.The bias or systematic error is sufficientlylarge to distort the reconciliation and model
development conclusions. Gross errors arefrequently identified during rectification.Validation steps also are used to identifygross errors in measurements.
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Interpretation
Procedure for using the plant measurementsor adjustments thereof to troubleshoot,detect faults, develop a plant model, or
estimate parameters.