Chemistry, Biomolecules and Enzymes

Chemistry, Biomolecules and Enzymes

Chemistry, Biomolecules and Enzymes

Chapters 2-5 and 8.4-8.5Chapters 2-5 and 8.4-8.5

Simple Chemistry Simple Chemistry All organisms are composed of matter- which is anything that takes

up space and has mass Matter is made up of elements and compounds

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other

substances by chemical reactions there are 92 elements A compound is is substance made up of two or more different

elements combined in a fixed ratio. (they have emergent properties- a compound will have different characteristics then its elements )

All organisms are composed of matter- which is anything that takes up space and has mass

Matter is made up of elements and compounds An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other

substances by chemical reactions there are 92 elements A compound is is substance made up of two or more different

elements combined in a fixed ratio. (they have emergent properties- a compound will have different characteristics then its elements )

AtomsAtoms

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

So atoms, are the baisic building blocks of matter. They are the smallest unit

Atoms are composed of even smaller particles called- subatomic particles These are

Protons- positively charged Neutrons- neutrally charged Electrons- (e-) negatively charged

An elements properties depend on the structure of its atoms

So atoms, are the baisic building blocks of matter. They are the smallest unit

Atoms are composed of even smaller particles called- subatomic particles These are

Protons- positively charged Neutrons- neutrally charged Electrons- (e-) negatively charged

Isotopes Isotopes A version of

an element with a different amount of neutrons and mass then a normal atom, are often radioactive

A version of an element with a different amount of neutrons and mass then a normal atom, are often radioactive

IonsIons Ions are atoms

that have missing electrons (cations, or positive ions) or have extra electrons (anions, or negative ions)

Ions are atoms that have missing electrons (cations, or positive ions) or have extra electrons (anions, or negative ions)

MoleculesMolecules

The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms.

Molecules are two or more atoms that are joined together by a bond ( or a pair of bonds) Chemical bonds- atoms combine to form molecules and

ionic compounds. Atoms with incomplete valence shells can interact with certain other atoms in such a way that each partner completes its valence shell. These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together- held by attractions called chemical bonds - the strongest

chemical bonds are covalent and ionic bonds.

The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms.

Molecules are two or more atoms that are joined together by a bond ( or a pair of bonds) Chemical bonds- atoms combine to form molecules and

ionic compounds. Atoms with incomplete valence shells can interact with certain other atoms in such a way that each partner completes its valence shell. These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together- held by attractions called chemical bonds - the strongest

chemical bonds are covalent and ionic bonds.

Ionic and covalentIonic and covalent Ionic- attraction between

oppositely charged ions (they give and take

electrons; if they give- they are positive ions, if they take- they are negative ions)

Covalent- equal sharing of electrons so atoms stay close together- they are very stable.( If they are somewhat unequal- they are called polar covalent bonds. If they are equal they are nonpolar covalent bonds )

Ionic- attraction between oppositely charged ions

(they give and take electrons; if they give- they are positive ions, if they take- they are negative ions)

Covalent- equal sharing of electrons so atoms stay close together- they are very stable.( If they are somewhat unequal- they are called polar covalent bonds. If they are equal they are nonpolar covalent bonds )

HYDROGEN BONDSHYDROGEN BONDS Hydrogen bonds- are weak attractions between the slightly

positive H of one molecule, and the slightly negative O of a different molecule.

They are weak on their own, but there are hundreds of

thousands of H bonds in larger molecules.

Hydrogen bonds- are weak attractions between the slightly positive H of one molecule, and the slightly negative O of a different molecule.

They are weak on their own, but there are hundreds of

thousands of H bonds in larger molecules.

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates CARBOHYDRATES EX: glucose (the most common monosaccharide), sucrose, cellulose, starch,

most things that end in “ose” monosaccharides are single/simple sugars, disaccharides are double sugars

(made up of 2 monosaccharides, polysaccharides are comprised of many monosacharides

CARBOHYDRATES EX: glucose (the most common monosaccharide), sucrose, cellulose, starch,

most things that end in “ose” monosaccharides are single/simple sugars, disaccharides are double sugars

(made up of 2 monosaccharides, polysaccharides are comprised of many monosacharides

Sugars consist of carbon rings that range in size from 3-7 carbons long sugars bind with a dehydration synthesis, called glycosidic linkages Sugars are a more easily accessible energy source than fats because they are

easier to break down, however, they store less energy per kilogram than fats do organisms can build strong materials from sugars, ex. cellulose makes plant cell

walls, chitin is used in exoskeletons

Sugars consist of carbon rings that range in size from 3-7 carbons long sugars bind with a dehydration synthesis, called glycosidic linkages Sugars are a more easily accessible energy source than fats because they are

easier to break down, however, they store less energy per kilogram than fats do organisms can build strong materials from sugars, ex. cellulose makes plant cell

walls, chitin is used in exoskeletons

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS

Ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), ATP

DNA and RNA are designed to store information and instructions of how to build proteins

ATP is a temporary store of energy Made out of nucleotides

Ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), ATP

DNA and RNA are designed to store information and instructions of how to build proteins

ATP is a temporary store of energy Made out of nucleotides

There are two types of nitrogenous bases: purines and pyrimidines pyrimidines have a 6 carbon ring and are cytosine, thymine, and

uracil purines have a 6 carbon ring bound to a 5 carbon ring and are

adenine and guanine Purines only bind to pyrimidines and versa visa, a purine can’t bind

to a purine and a pyrimidine can't bind to a pyrimidine in DNA because of size differences

In DNA Adenine bonds with Thymine and Guanine bonds with Cytosine

in RNA Uracil replaces Thymine In a DNA double helix, the nucleotide pairs are held together by

hydrogen bonds

There are two types of nitrogenous bases: purines and pyrimidines pyrimidines have a 6 carbon ring and are cytosine, thymine, and

uracil purines have a 6 carbon ring bound to a 5 carbon ring and are

adenine and guanine Purines only bind to pyrimidines and versa visa, a purine can’t bind

to a purine and a pyrimidine can't bind to a pyrimidine in DNA because of size differences

In DNA Adenine bonds with Thymine and Guanine bonds with Cytosine

in RNA Uracil replaces Thymine In a DNA double helix, the nucleotide pairs are held together by

hydrogen bonds

nucleotides are made out of: a phosphate group carbon sugar (deoxyribose and ribose) 1 of 5 nitrogen bases: Adenine, Guanine,

Cytosin, Thymine (DNA only), Uracil (RNA only)

nucleotides are made out of: a phosphate group carbon sugar (deoxyribose and ribose) 1 of 5 nitrogen bases: Adenine, Guanine,

Cytosin, Thymine (DNA only), Uracil (RNA only)

PROTEINSPROTEINS simple building blocks of amino acids which consist of:

an amino group carboxyl group and one of 20 different “R” or side groups

amino acids are bound together by peptide bonds between a carboxyl and amino group

there are four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quartenary

simple building blocks of amino acids which consist of: an amino group carboxyl group and one of 20 different “R” or side groups

amino acids are bound together by peptide bonds between a carboxyl and amino group

there are four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quartenary

Primary:Primary:only the strand of amino acidsa change in the sequence of amino acids can greatly affect the structure in the later levels

only the strand of amino acidsa change in the sequence of amino acids can greatly affect the structure in the later levels

Secondary:Secondary:single polypeptide strands formed

into a shapecommon shapes are the helix or pleated

sheetformed by Hydrogen bonds between

R groups

single polypeptide strands formed into a shape

common shapes are the helix or pleated sheet

formed by Hydrogen bonds between R groups

Tertiary:Tertiary:When the polypeptide chain forms a

3D shape by several types of bonds between R groups

When the polypeptide chain forms a 3D shape by several types of bonds between R groups

Quartenary:Quartenary:When two or more polypeptide chains

combine to form a larger, more complex protein

Ex: Hemoglobin

When two or more polypeptide chains combine to form a larger, more complex protein

Ex: Hemoglobin

LIPIDS AND FATSLIPIDS AND FATS made up of two parts: glycerol and fatty acid tails

sometimes they also consist of a phosphate head the glycerol portion is an alcohol with three carbons, each with their

own hydrogen group attached to one of the hydrogen groups can be a fatty acid, these two

groups are linked by a dehydration synthesis They form Ester Bonds because there is an oxygen with a carbon on

opposite sides of it

made up of two parts: glycerol and fatty acid tails sometimes they also consist of a phosphate head

the glycerol portion is an alcohol with three carbons, each with their own hydrogen group

attached to one of the hydrogen groups can be a fatty acid, these two groups are linked by a dehydration synthesis

They form Ester Bonds because there is an oxygen with a carbon on opposite sides of it

the fatty acid tail(s) consists of 16 or 18 carbons bonded with hydrogens

Each fat usually consists of the glycerol and either three fatty acids (called triacylglycerol fats) or two fatty acids and a phosphate head (called phospholipids)

there are two subcategories of saturated and unsaturated saturated fatty acids are “saturated with hydrogen,” because each

carbon on the fatty acid tail is bonded to two hydrogens(excluding the last carbon which is bound to three hydrogens)

If a fatty acid is not saturated with hydrogen then it is called an unsaturated fatty acid and will haveone or more double bonds between carbons, this creates a bend and therefore the fat takes up more space

the fatty acid tail(s) consists of 16 or 18 carbons bonded with hydrogens

Each fat usually consists of the glycerol and either three fatty acids (called triacylglycerol fats) or two fatty acids and a phosphate head (called phospholipids)

there are two subcategories of saturated and unsaturated saturated fatty acids are “saturated with hydrogen,” because each

carbon on the fatty acid tail is bonded to two hydrogens(excluding the last carbon which is bound to three hydrogens)

If a fatty acid is not saturated with hydrogen then it is called an unsaturated fatty acid and will haveone or more double bonds between carbons, this creates a bend and therefore the fat takes up more space

purpose of fats is to store energy, insulate heat, form membranes, and be hormones and vitamins

fats dont mix well with water because of their fatty acid tails which are hydrophobic (meaning that they repel water)

PHOSPHOLIPIDS make up cell membranes the phosphate heads are hydrophilic, contrary to their hydrophobic heads in membranes, there is a phospholipid bilayer with the hydrophilic heads out

and hydrophobic tails in steroids are lipids with four carbon rings steroids are often differentiable because of attached groups onto one of the

rings

purpose of fats is to store energy, insulate heat, form membranes, and be hormones and vitamins

fats dont mix well with water because of their fatty acid tails which are hydrophobic (meaning that they repel water)

PHOSPHOLIPIDS make up cell membranes the phosphate heads are hydrophilic, contrary to their hydrophobic heads in membranes, there is a phospholipid bilayer with the hydrophilic heads out

and hydrophobic tails in steroids are lipids with four carbon rings steroids are often differentiable because of attached groups onto one of the

rings

ENZYMESENZYMES

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=870MWm0peRI&feature=endscreen&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=870MWm0peRI&feature=endscreen&NR=1

EnzymesEnzymes An EMZYME= a protein molecule that is a bilogical catalyst

with three characteristics. 1) the basic function is to increase the rate of reaction 2) most enzymes act specifically with only one reactant

(SUBSTRATE) to produce products 3) enzymes regulate from a state of low activity to high

activity, and vice versa. Proteins usually end in names with “ase” ( lipase-

catalyzes hydrolysis of lipid triglyceride)

An EMZYME= a protein molecule that is a bilogical catalyst with three characteristics. 1) the basic function is to increase the rate of reaction 2) most enzymes act specifically with only one reactant

(SUBSTRATE) to produce products 3) enzymes regulate from a state of low activity to high

activity, and vice versa. Proteins usually end in names with “ase” ( lipase-

catalyzes hydrolysis of lipid triglyceride)

BIBLIOGRAPHYhttp://www.infoplease.com/images/ESCI026PERTAB002.gif ( atom slide http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees123/isofigs.gif (isotope)http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%201%20Review/Ch02%20Properties%20of%20Molecules.htm(bonds) a nd ions page )http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4OPO6JQLOEhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/274px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin&h=274&w=274&sz=87&tbnid=ixB4dcUfMRcGbM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=90&zoom=1&docid=U0CG0zLFkRF3RM&sa=X&ei=RUmeT_SgIKSQiQK9341Q&ved=0CGQQ9QEwAw&dur=9hemoglobin picturehttp://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1267&bih=639&tbm=isch&tbnid=cZVjlqh3jW42GM:&imgrefurl=http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php%3Ftitle%3Dexam-2-review_4&docid=gw-N5PV3ta5PMM&imgurl=http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/upload/a3985729.JPG&w=682&h=1000&ei=70meT9iVCLONigLE_9hs&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=120&vpy=119&dur=3679&hovh=272&hovw=185&tx=113&ty=150&sig=117062121096344934287&page=1&tbnh=151&tbnw=104&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:70protein pictureshttp://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1267&bih=639&tbm=isch&tbnid=8CP_Dkmi3Hub9M:&imgrefurl=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/dna.html&docid=76o0zjZc_HkQQM&imgurl=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/DNA2.gif&w=351&h=543&ei=vEqeT7PiA-7UiAKtl_h2&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=660&vpy=137&dur=1758&hovh=279&hovw=180&tx=88&ty=144&sig=117062121096344934287&page=1&tbnh=122&tbnw=79&start=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:144DNA picturehttp://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1267&bih=639&tbm=isch&tbnid=Ka2ksZlSa_h-tM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA&docid=7b6V5Bt8NKJWhM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/300px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png&w=300&h=350&ei=vEqeT7PiA-7UiAKtl_h2&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=1&sig=117062121096344934287&page=1&tbnh=122&tbnw=105&start=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:138&tx=36&ty=432nd dna picturehttp://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1267&bih=639&tbm=isch&tbnid=S7Ce9xkyJGTpEM:&imgrefurl=http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/N/Nucleotides.html&docid=eVOKH6kTDexWsM&imgurl=http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pentose.gif&w=307&h=245&ei=XUueT5iZLNPZiALJ9Ox7&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=309&vpy=180&dur=5085&hovh=196&hovw=245&tx=123&ty=128&sig=117062121096344934287&page=1&tbnh=126&tbnw=158&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:1383rd dna picturehttp://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1267&bih=639&tbm=isch&tbnid=NYkv3geSYu9-KM:&imgrefurl=http://www.wellnesshammock.com/2011/01/carbohydrates-still-not-the-bodys-preferred-fuel/&docid=4Kv0-oiUvfIgNM&imgurl=http://www.wellnesshammock.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/carbohydrate.jpg&w=340&h=226&ei=q0ueT4WMK-ieiALh18SiCg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=728&vpy=106&dur=763&hovh=180&hovw=272&tx=162&ty=102&sig=117062121096344934287&page=2&tbnh=143&tbnw=195&start=18&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:10,s:18,i:2011st carb pichttp://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1267&bih=639&tbm=isch&tbnid=0O32dq_0C2KDDM:&imgrefurl=http://chsibbio10-12.wikispaces.com/Carbohydrates&docid=s4PZvX2U6br_EM&imgurl=http://chsibbio10-12.wikispaces.com/file/view/asdf.gif/205419072/asdf.gif&w=432&h=294&ei=q0ueT4WMK-ieiALh18SiCg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=297&vpy=240&dur=68&hovh=185&hovw=272&tx=165&ty=120&sig=117062121096344934287&page=3&tbnh=124&tbnw=182&start=42&ndsp=22&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:42,i:2352nd carb pichttp://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1267&bih=683&tbm=isch&tbnid=4PfrNThcCJs6BM:&imgrefurl=http://medicdaily.co/link-between-saturated-fats-and-low-sperm-count-misleading/&docid=VvmRHwfMp-ZmzM&imgurl=http://medicdaily.co/wp-content/uploads/saturated-fat.jpg&w=512&h=503&ei=GE2eT7TYLbHViAKqusWDAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=202&vpy=147&dur=1437&hovh=223&hovw=227&tx=100&ty=108&sig=117062121096344934287&page=1&tbnh=159&tbnw=162&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:702nd fat pichttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/lipos.gif&imgrefurl=http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/phosphb.htm&h=344&w=450&sz=114&tbnid=nmn6l9E8tXgBuM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=134&zoom=1&docid=mC-Y2Z3vuq0mtM&sa=X&ei=mU2eT7SwEKzYiQLO1slc&ved=0CEAQ9QEwAg&dur=29923rd fat pichttp://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1267&bih=683&tbm=isch&tbnid=BCq5nm_BLtD9pM:&imgrefurl=http://www.chemistryland.com/ElementarySchool/BuildingBlocks/BuildingOrganic.htm&docid=3OA5bSzDKmLiLM&imgurl=http://www.chemistryland.com/ElementarySchool/BuildingBlocks/CornOil.jpg&w=420&h=600&ei=5E2eT4eQOaSriQLRyrycAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=357&vpy=299&dur=1045&hovh=268&hovw=188&tx=124&ty=149&sig=117062121096344934287&page=1&tbnh=150&tbnw=127&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0,i:991st fat pic 眮捨敭楳瑲祬耀◰ google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://up