Chemistry

Chemistry

Chemistry Matter and Change

What is Chemistry All About? How does this photo illustrate what chemistry is all about?? Chemical reactions of rusting/weathering/maybe a fire in the fireplacePhysical states of water Different types of materials: glass, wood, living material, brick, snow

The Study of Matter and Change

What is Matter? Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)Not MatterLight EnergyEmotions or FeelingsThoughtsElectricity Sound

Pure Science Vs Applied Science Pure Science: For the sake of the knowledge Studying butterflies just to know moreResearcher lives on a remote island to daily study the jungle treesStudying ape behaviorApplied Science: Using science to solve a particular problemScientist studying corn in fields to increase the yield for farmersScientist searching for a cancer cureWhy is Pure Research Important? A Base of knowledge when neededKeeps us current General not specific and possible commercial Accidental Discoveries

Technology Application of Science for human benefitGood and Bad Nuclear TechnologyGood: EnergyBad: WasteComputer Technology Good: CommunicationBad: Wasted Time

Organic chemistryInorganic chemistryPhysical chemistryAnalytical chemistryBiochemistryEnvironmental chemistryIndustrial chemistryPolymer chemistryTheoretical chemistryThermochemistry

Chemistry is traditionally broken into branches that focus on specific areas such as:

This ClassHS General Chemistry is Inorganic Inorganic: the study of non-carbon based compounds

Organic Chemistry: Study of matter that contains carbon

The Scientific Method The scientific method is a systematic approach used in scientific study, whether it is chemistry, physics, biology, or another science.To solve problemsNot a set of rigid stepsIt is an organized process used by scientists to do research, and provides methods for scientists to verify the work of others.

Observations Gathering Information (Data) using the five sensesNo trivial or unimportant observationsDont make inferences or assumptions when you observe Qualitative data is obtained through observations that describe color, smell, shape, or some other physical characteristic that is related to the five senses.Quantitative data is obtained from numerical observations that describe how much, how little, how big or how fast.

Controlled Experiment A test of a hypothesis Making observations under controlled conditions Where only one variable at a time is changed Systematic approach to test a hypothesis Parts of An Experiment Variables: A condition changed in an experimentIndependentDependentConstants: any factor not changed in an experiment Control: Group/set up that has no changes made to itConclusion: A judgment based on the observations made in a controlled experiment

Independent Variable Changed by the experimenterAllowed to change The Cause in Cause and Effect Manipulated Variable Happens First The waters temperature increased as more heat was applied. The temperature of the solid caused the density of the solid to change An increase in phosphorous helped the plants to grow taller.

Dependent Variable Changes in response to the change in the independent variableResponding Variable Happens secondThe boiling point increased as salt was added to the waterThe hamster grew two inches with an increase in the hormone.

Control A point of comparison in an experiment The group that does NOT receive the treatment

ConstantsSpecifics that remain the same between the control group and the experimental groupOnly the independent variable should be changed by the experimenterExamples of Constants: ConclusionA conclusion is a judgment based on the information obtained from the experiment

Hypothesis and ExperimentHypothesis: A tentative explanation of observationsA tentative answer A statement to be tested by an experiment Example: If I give the fish more hormone then they will grow longer. Experiment: The test of a hypothesis A controlled set of steps to test a hypothesis

Theory Vs Hypothesis A theory is a hypothesis that has stood the test of repeated experimentsAn explanation of results Never provenCan be disprovenAll theories are hypotheses . (True) All hypotheses can become theories. (True) All hypotheses are theories. (False)

ExperimentKate noticed that she could dissolve more sugar in the tea when it was warm than when it was ice cold. She wondered if this was true for all solids. She decided to design an experiment to see if water temperature effects how much salt can be dissolved. She chose table salt as her solid to test. She used water as her solvent.

Hypothesis: An increase in the temperature of the water will allow more salt to dissolve,

She placed 100 mL of water in each of 10 250 mL beakers. She cooled the water in beaker # 1 to 10 degrees C. The water in beaker #2 was 25 degrees C.Beaker # 3 water was heated to 35 degrees C. Beaker # 4 water was heated to 45 degrees C. Beaker # 5 was heated to 55 degrees C.

19Beaker # 6 65 degrees C Beaker # 7 75 degrees C Beaker # 8 85 degrees C Beaker # 9 95 degrees C Beaker # 10 100 degrees C

She added salt to each beaker while using a magnetic stirrer which provided constant and uniform stirring until no more salt would dissolve. She measured and recorded the amount of salt that dissolved in each beaker. Her data is shown below.

Data Amount of water 100 mLTemp of Water (degrees C) Grams of salt dissolved110 3722537335384453855538665387753988540995401010040Identify the followingIndependent Variable Dependent VariableControlConstants Possible conclusionAnother hypothesis

Scientific Law Vs Theory Observable Fact True: Always observed No known exceptionsNo explanation

ExplanationTentativeCan be disproven

Development of a TheoryStart with an observation that evokes a question: Broth spoils when I leave it out for a couple of days. Why? Using logic and previous knowledge, state a possible answer, called a Hypothesis: Tiny organisms floating in the air must fall into the broth and start reproducing. Perform an experiment or Test: After boiling some broth, I divide it into two containers, one covered and one not covered. I place them on the table for two days and see if one spoils. Only the uncovered broth spoiled. Then publish your findings in a peer-reviewed journal. Publication: "Only broth that is exposed to the air after two days tended to spoil. The covered specimen did not." Other scientists read about your experiment and try to duplicate it. Verification: Every scientist who tries your experiment comes up with the same results. So they try other methods to make sure your experiment was measuring what it was supposed to. Again, they get the same results every time. In time, and if experiments continue to support your hypothesis, it becomes a Theory: Microorganisms from the air cause broth to spoil. Useful Prediction: If I leave food items open to the air, they will spoil. If I want to keep them from spoiling, I will keep them covered.

Chemistry is Central to our Lives Chemistry is about composition, structure, function, and interaction of matterEverything has composition, structure, function, and interaction.All other sciences (biology, physics, geology, etc) have their basis in chemistry

Mass Vs Weight MassWeight Not influenced by gravity Changes only when amount of matter changesKilograms or grams

Affected by gravity W = mg g= 9.8 m/s2

Your Mass Earth MoonM ass = 60 kg

Gravity = 1/6th the gravity on Earth Mass = 60 kg Not affected by gravity Weight Earth Moon m = 60 kg W = mg W = (6o kg)(9.8m/s2)W = 588 Newtons m = 60 kg W = mg g = 9.8m/s2/6 = 1.63 m/s2W = (60 kg)(1.63m/s2)W = 98 Newtons

Environment with No Gravity Weight only would change You would weigh lessAmount of Matter is not affected Mass stays the same

Submicroscopic and Macroscopic Submicroscopic Macroscopic Atomic Level What happens here determines the macroscopic What we observeDetermined by the submicroscopic (atomic)Chemist are interested in how the atomic level determines the macroscopic

Substance is matter that has a definite composition. Also known as a chemical Element Compound One type of atom Oxygen (O2)Ozone (O3)Copper

Two or more types of atoms Sodium chloride (table salt) NaCl Ethyl alcoholH2O

Chance Discoveries Discoveries made by accidentNot trying to find an answer ExamplesVelcroPenicillinTeflonChocolate Chip CookiesThe Microwave OvenArtificial SweetenersCuriosity Drives Discovery