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thdtpy; bA+rd; nrd;lh;> mt@h;.
1
Kaw ;r p nra ; Kad;W ghu; ntw ;w p epr ;ra k ;
N t j pa pay ;;
N ky ;epi y , uz ;lhk; M z ;L
x U kj pg;n gz ; kw;Wk;
%d ;W kj pg;n gz ; t pd h – t pi l njhFg;G
tho;j;Jr;nra;jp
t pd h – t pi l n jhFg;G nt spa Pl;bd ; %yk; n ghJj ; N jh;t py ; N fl;fg;gl;l t pd hf ;fi sAk;>
Kf ;f pakhd t pd hf ;fi sAk; x N u n jhFg;ghf khz t h;fs ; n gw Kbf pwJ. , ji d khz t h;fs ; $ h;e;J gbj ;J> n ghJj;N jh;i t ek;gpf ;i fAld ; vjph; n fhs ;s KbAk; vd ek;Gf pN whk;. , t ;n t spa PL khz t h;fS f;F Cf;fj ;i jAk;> cw;rhfj ;i jAk; cz ;lhf ;Ft N jhL m t h;jk; ey ;nt w;w pf ;Fk; t op t Ff ;Fn kd cWjpahf ek;Gf pN whk;. khz t - khz t pfs ; m j pf kjpg;n gz ;fs ; n gw;W> nt w;wp n gw vq;fspd ; kdkhh;e;j ey ;t ho;j ;Jfs;.
Ø Kbt pyhj ; n jhi yt pYs;s X u; vyf ;l;uhd pd ; M w;wy ; N jhuhakhf G+[ ;[ pak; vdf ; fUjyhk;. , e;epi yahdJ G+[ ;[ pa M w;wy ; epi y vdg;gL k;.
Ø vyf;l ;uhd ; efu;e;J> m Z f;fUt pd ; ft u;r ;r pf ;F cl;gL k;N ghJ> m J Fwpg;gpl;l N t i yi a n ra ;t jhy ; M w;wi y , of ;f pwJ.
Ø vd Nt > vyf ;l;uhd pd ; M w;wy ; Fi we;J nfhz ;N l t e;J G+[ ;[ paj ;i j t pl Fi wt hf pwJ. m jht J vj pu;Fwp kj pg;i g ngWfpwJ.
5. ,df;fyg;G vd;why; vd;d?
Vwf ;Fi wa rkkhd M w;wy ; n fhz ;l m Z M h;gpl;lhy ;fs ; x d ;Wld ; x d ;W fye;J rkkhd M w;wy ;> x j ;j t bt Ki la M h;gpl;lhy ;fi s cUt hf ;Ft N j M Fk;.
6. ghypq; mstPL> Kypfd; mstPl;bd; Fiwfis vOJf.
ghy pq; m st Pl;bd ; Fi wfs;: gy j pz ;kq;fspd ; gpi z g;G M w;wy ;fs ; Jy ;y pakhf n jupa hky ; , Ug;gJ.
Ky pfd ; m st Pl ;bd ; Fi wfs;: r py jd pkq;fspd ; vyf ;l;uhd ; ehl;l kjpg;Gfs ; rupa hf , y ;yhky ; , Ug;gJ , k;Ki wa pd ; Fi wahFk;.
7. vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; tiuaW?
t hA epi yi ka pYs;s x U eL epi y m Z t pw;F X u; vyf ;luhi d N ru;j ;J vjpu; kpd ;R i kAi la m ad pi a cUt hf ;Fk; N ghJ nt spt plg;gL k; M w;wNy vyf ;l ;uhd ; ehl;lk; vdg;gL k;
/ g;@ upd pd ; m Z t pd ; cUt sT rpwpajhf , Ug;gjhy ; 2 p , i z f;$ L neUf ;fkhf cs;sJ. vd Nt , i z jpwd ; vyf ;l;uhd ;fs ; t pyf ;fk; m i lf pwJ. NkYk; N ru;f ;fg;gL k; vyf ;l;uhi d t pyf ;Ff pwJ. , e;j t pyf ;F t pi rN a F- m Z vyf ;l;uhi d N ru;f ;Fk; rhj ;j pak; Fi wt jw;F fhuz k; M Fk;.
G@upd pd ; m Z rpwpa cUt m si t g; n gw;w pUg;gjhy ; m Z f;fUi t r; R w;wp m j pf vz ;z pf ;i fa py ; vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs; cs;sd . , e;j vyf ;l ;uhd ;fs; m Z f ;fUi t ki wf ;f pd ;wd . vd Nt > epfu m Z f;fU kpd ;R i k Fi wf pwJ. , jd hy ; N ru;f ;fg;gL k; vyf;l;uhd ; Fi we;j < u;g;G t pi ri af ; n fhz ;L s;sJ. vd Nt vyf ;l;uhd ; ehl;lk; Fi wf pwJ.
ry ;/ gpA +upf ; m kpyk;> i el;upf ; m kpyk; cl;gl gy fd pkr ; N ru;kq;fspy pUe;Jk; fupkr ; N ru;kq;fspy ; , Ue;Jk; ePi u ePf ;f gh] ;gu] ; n gd ;lhf ;i rL gad ;gL f pwJ.
Ø , J x U r pwe;j ePu; ePf ;Fk; fhuz pahfg; gad ;gL f pwJ. H2SO4
Fspu;t pg;ghDld ; $ ba FL i t a py ; r pt g;G gh] ;gui ] Ak; 5 0 % i el;upf ; m kpyj ;i jA k;
vL j ;Jf ; n fhz ;L ePu;j ; n jhl;ba py ; i t j ;J i el;u[ d ; M f;i rL fs; KOt Jk; nt spN aWk; t i u n fhj pf ;f i t f ;fg;gl;L gh] ;ghupf ; m kpyk; jahupf ;fg;gL f pwJ. m Nahbd ; t pi d Nt f khw;w pa hf n ray ;gL f pwJ.
P + 5 HNO3 ---------------à H3PO4 + 5 NO2 + H2O
17. a) PCl5 b) H3PO3 Mfpatw;wpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig tiuf
18. H3PO3 ,Ufhuj;JtKilaJ Vd;?
NaOH N ghd ;w fhuq;fSld ; t pi dGupe;J 2 t i fahd cg;Gfi sj; jUf pwJ.
H3PO3 + NaOH ----------à NaH2PO3 + H2O N rhbak; i l i ` l;u[ d ; gh] ;i gl;
H3PO3 + 2 NaOH---------à Na2HPO3 + 2H2O i l N rhbak; i ` l;u[ d ; gh] ;i gl;
N` y[ d ;fs; m i dj;Jk; r pwe;j M f;] p[ Nd w;wpfshFk;. m t w;wpd ; vyf ;l;uhd ; ehl;lk; m j pfk;. N` y[ d ;fspy ; / g;@ upd ; kpfr ;r pwe;j M f ;] p[ Nd w;w p M Fk;. vd Nt / g;@upd ; kw;w ` hi yL fi s vspj py ; N` y[ d ;fshf fi ury ; kw;Wk; cyu;e;j epi ya pYk;$ l M f ;] p[ Nd w;wk; n ra ;f pwJ.
F2 + 2 X - ---------à 2 F - + X2 ( X = Cl -, Br - , I - )
Ji sa plg;gl;L s ;s ngl;ba pDs; fhy ;r pak; gh] ;i gL kw;Wk; fhy ;r pak; fhu;i gL epug;gp fly py ; vwpag;gL f pwJ. Ji s t opahf ngl;ba pDs; ePu; Ei oe;J t pi d Gupe;J m rpl;by pi dAk; gh] ;gPi dAk; jUf pwJ. gh] ;gPd ; fhw;Wld ; cldbahf vupe;J m rpl;by pi d Ak; vupar ;n ra ;f pwJ. r pt g;Gepwr ; R t hi yAld ; gh] ;gPd ; vupt jhy ; cz ;lhFk; n gUk;Gi fAk; N ru;e;J n fhs ;f pwJ. fly py ; cs;s fg;gy ;fS f ;F t op fhl;L t jw;fhf gad ;gL f pwJ.
t psk;guq;fspy ; gad ;gL k; x spUk; Foy ; t psf ;Ffspy ; epa hd ; gad ;gL f pwJ.
m jpf kpd ;dOj ;jj ;j py pUe;J kpd ;rhjdq;fi s ghJfhf ;f ` Py paj ;Jld ; N ru;j ;J gad ;gL j ;jg;gL f pwJ.
% L gd pa pDs; CL Ut pr ; n ry ;Yk; gz ;i g ngw;wpUg;gjhy ;> M fha t pkhdq;fspy ; n ghUj ;Jf pd ;w t psf ;Ffspy ; , J gad ;gL f pwJ.
jht uq;fs ; t su;t i j J } z ;L t jhYk;> FNshN uhgpy ; cUt hf gad ;gL t jhYk;> jht uj ; N jhl;lq;fspy ; , jd ; t psf ;Ffs; gad ;gL f pwJ.
24. nghl;lh~; gbfhuk; vt;thW ngwg;gLfpwJ?
n ghl;lh~ ; gbfhuk; gbfhuf ; fy ;y py pUe;J ngUkst py ; jahupf ;fg;gL f pwJ
m Yi el;by pUe;J jahupj ;jy ; : m Yi el; m y ;yJ gbfhuf ;fy ;y pi d ed ;F J } shf ;fg;gl;L ePu;j ;j ry ;/ gpA +upf ; m kpyj ;Jld ; N ru;j ;J nfhj pf ;f i t f ;fg;gL f pwJ. m g;n ghOJ m Ykpd pak; i ` l;uhf ;i rL gFjp m Ykpd pak; ry ;N gl;lhf khWf pwJ. , jDld ; fz f;f plg;gl;l m sT nghl;lhrpak; ry ;N gl;i l N ru;j ;J gbfhuk; gbfkhf ;fg;gL f pwJ.
d - n jhFj p jd pkq;fspd ; N eh;kpd ; m ad pfs ;> <d pfs ; vd g;gL k;. , i t r py % yf ;$ Wfs; m y ;yJ m ad pfSld ; m i z T r; N rh;kq;fi s cUt hf ;Fk; jd ;i ki a t y pi kahf ngw;Ws;sd .
fhuzk; : r pw pa cUt sT kw;Wk; m jpf N eu;kpd ; m lu;j ;j p .
nt w;wplkhd (n-1)d M u;gpl;lhy ;fi sg; n gw;Ws ;sjhy ; m i t <d pfspy ; cs;s jd pj ;j kw;Wk; gpi z g;gpy ; < L glhj vyf ;l;uhd ;fi sg; n gw;W gpi z g;i g N jhw;Wt pf ;f pd ;wd . ( v. fh) [Cu(NH3) 4]2+
cUfpa epi ya pYs;s r py ;t uhdJ m jd ; fd m si t g; N ghy ; 2 0 klq;F M f ;] p[ i d cl;n fhs;S k; jd ;i kAi lajhFk;. , ji d Fspu;t pf ;Fk; N ghJ cwpQ ;r pa M f;] p[ d ; nt spN aWf pwJ. , jw;F rpy ;t u; ckpo;jy ; vd ;W ngau;.
, r ;n rai y cUfpa r py ;t upd ; kPJ fupglyj ;i j Vw;gL j ;Jt jd ; %yk; jL f ;fyhk;.
CuSO4 – I nt g;gg;gL j ;Jk; N ghJ> jdJ gbf ePi u Kw;wpYk; , oe;J> gpd ; 720oC nt g;gepi ya py ;> r pi jt i le;J Fg;upf ; M f ;i rlhfT k;> SO3 M fT k; khWf pwJ.
m i dj;J d-njhFjp jd pkq;fSk; khWgL k; M f ;] p[ Nd w;w epi yi a ngw;Ws ;sd .
, e;jj ; jd pkq;fspy ; gy (n-1)d kw;Wk; ns vyf ;l ;uhd ;fi sf ; n fhz ;L s ;sd
(n-1)d kw;Wk; ns M u;gpl;lhYf;Fk; cs;s M w;wy ; Nt WghL kpff ; Fi wt hFk;. 31. Ni2+madpfs; epwKs;sitahf cs;sd. Mdhy; Zn2+ cg;Gfs; kl;Lk; ntz;ikahf cs;sd. Vd;?
Ni2+ - m ad pa pd ; nt spf ;$ l;L vyf ;l ;uhd ; m i kg;G 3d8
Ni2+ m ad pa py ; Fi we;j M w;wy ; kl;lj ;j py pUe;J cau; M w;wy ; kl;lj ;j pw;F d - vyf ;l;uhd ;fs ; cau;j ;jg;gL t jhy ; fl;Gyd hFk; x spi a cwpQ ;R f pwJ. vd Nt > epwKi la cg;Gf ;fi s jUfpd ;wd .
Zn2+ - m ad pa pd ; nt spf ;$ L vyf;l;uhd ; m i kg;G 3d10
M dhy ; Zn2+ m ad pa pd ; d - M u;gpl ;lhy ; KOi kahf epuk;gp , Ug;gjhy ; vyf;l;uhd ;fs ; cau;j ;jg;gL t j py ;i y . , jd hy ; epwKi la x spi a cwpQ ;R t j py ;i y.
vd Nt Zn2+ cg;Gfs ; nt z ;i kahf cs;sd . 32. FNuhk; Kyhk; G+Rjy; vt;thW epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ?
FN uhkpa Kyhk; G+r N t z ;ba nghUi s vjpu;kpd ; t hahfT k;> nyl; jfl;i l N eu;kpd ; t hahfT k; n fhz ;L FN uhkpf ; m kpyk;> ry ;gpA +upf ; m kpyk; fye;j fi uri y kpd ;gFspahff ; n fhs ;sg;gL f pwJ. kpd ;d hw;gFf ;Fk; N ghJ FN uhkpak; n ghUspd ; ( vj pu;kpd ;t ha ;) kPJ r Puhf gbf pwJ.
n ghJt hf FN uhkpa Kyhk; G+R t jw;F Kd ;d u; epf ;fy ; Kyhk; G+rg;gL f pwJ.
n gUk;ghd ;i kahd , i lepi y cNyhfr; N ru;kq;fs ; j pl m y ;yJ fi ury ; epi ya py ; epwKs;si t ahf cs;sd . cNyhf m ad pfspd ; epwj ;j pw ;F fhuz k;. jd pj ;j vyf ;l ;uhd ; m i kg;G kw;Wk; x N u , i z f; $ l;by ; cs;s m L j ;jL j ;j M w;wy ; kl;lq;fS f ;F , i lN aahd r pw pa M w;wy ; N t WghL M Fk;. , e;j Fi we;j M w;wi y vspjhf fl;Gyd hFk; x spa pd hy ; $ l ju , aYk;. vd Nt cwpQ ;rg;gl;l x spf ;F <lhd kw;n whU epwj ;i jf ; n fhL f ;f pwJ.
m jpf Fspui t f ;fg;gl;l r py N ru;kq;fs ; vj ;ji fa kpd ;ji lAkpd ;wp kpd ;rhuj ;i jf ; flj ;Jk; n ray ;Ki w m jpkpd ;flj ;J j pwd ; vd g;gL k;. m j pkpd ;flj ;Jj pwd ; epi ya pYs;s n ghUshdJ G+[ ;[ pa kpd ;ji li ag; n gw;Ws ;sJ. , g;gz ;i gg; n gw;Ws ;s N ru;kq;fs ; m j pkpd ;flj ;j pfs ; vd g;gL f pd ;wd .
, i t Gjpa ji yKi w M w;wy ; N rkpg;G j pwd ; m i kg;Gfspd ; m bg;gi l M Fk;. rhjhuz n[ d N ul;lh;fi s t pl Fi we;j vi lAk;> r pwpa cUt sT k; n gw;Ws ;sjhy ; , jpy ; m j pf M w;wi y N rkpf ;fyhk;.
35. tpl;upa]; epiyik vd;why; vd;d?
gbf t bt kw;w j plg;n ghUshd fz ;z hb t pl ;upa] ; epi yi ka py ; fhz g;gL k;.
fz ;z hb m y ;yJ t pl;upa] ; epi yi k vd ;gJ jpl kw;Wk; ePu;k epi yfS f;F , i la py ; cs;s epi yi k vdg;gL f pwJ.
X u; m yFf ; $ l;bYs;s m yFfspd ; vz ;z pf ;i f = Nc + Nb = 8 + 1 = 2 8 1 8 1
X u; m yFf ; $ l;bYs;s m yFfspd ; vz ;z pf ;i f = 2
37. mjpkpd;flj;J epiykhW ntg;gepiy vd;why; vd;d?
x U n ghUspd ; m jpkpd ;flj ;J epi ykhW nt g;gepi y Tc vd ;gJ x U Fwpg;gpl ;l nt g;gepi ya py ; x U n ghUspd ; kpd ;ji lahdJ jpBn ud G+[ ;[ paj ;i j m i lt jhFk;.
m e;j nt g;gepi ya py ; n ghUshdJ rhjhuz epi ya py ; , Ue;J m jpkpd ; flj ;j pa hf khwpt pL f pwJ.
38. %yf;$W gbfq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
% yf;$ W gbfq;fspy ; cs;s m z pf ;N fhi t Gs;s pfspy ; kpd ;R i kaw;w % yf ;$ Wfs; m i ke;Js;sd . % yf;$ Wfs; gpi z e;Js;s t pi rfs; , Ut i fg;gL k;.
m ) , UKi d - , UKi d ft u;r ;r p t pi r
M ) t hz ;lu;t hy ;] ; ft u;r ;r p t pi rfs ; M Fk;.
39. buTl;ld; tpjpiaf; $Wf.
x U ePh;kj ;j pd ; M t pahjy ; nt g;gj ;i j m jd ; nfhj pepi yahy ; t Ff ;Fk; N ghJ f pi lf ;Fk; kj pg;G khwpy p M Fk;
40. vd;l;Nuhgp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; myFfisf; $Wf.
vd ;l;N uhgp vd ;gJ x Oq;fw;w jd ;i ki a m st pL k; X h; gz ;ghFk;.
vd ;l;N uhgp rhh;G ‘S’ vd ;gJ ckpog;gL k; nt g;gj ;j pw ;Fk; ‘q’ n ray ;Ki wa pd ; nt g;gj ;j pw ;Fk;
‘T’ , i lNaAs ;s t pf pjkhFk;.
SI m yF - JK- 1 (OR) Eu
41. yP rhl;ypah; nfhs;ifiaf; $Wf.
rkepi ya py ; cs;s X h; m i kg;gpd ; kPJ ghj pg;i g Vw;gL j ;j pd hy ; rkepi yahdJ m e;j ghj pg;gpd hy ; cz ;lhFk; t pi si t rkd ; n ra ;A k; j pi ri a N ehf ;f p efUk;.
S =q
T
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thdtpy; bA+rd; nrd;lh;> mt@h;.
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42. rkepiy khwpyp vd;why; vd;d?
khwhj nt g;gepi ya py ; t pi dt pi s nghUs;fspd ; n ray ;gL nghUz ;i kfspd ; n gUf;Fj ; n jhi ff ;Fk;> t pi d gL nghUs;fspd ; n raw;gL nghUz ;i kffspd ; n gUf;Fj ; n jhi ff ;Fk; cs;s t pf pj khwpy p M Fk;
Kf [ C ] c [ D ]d
m jht J rkepi y khwpy p ( Kc ) = Kr = [ A ] a [ B ] b
rkepi yaw;w epi ya py ; t pi dgL nghUs;fspd ; n rwpt pw;Fk; t pi dt pi s nghUs;fspd ; n rwpt pw ;Fk; , i lNaahd t pf pjk; M Fk;.
[ L ] l [ M ] m Q = [ A ] a [ B ] b
44. ng =0 , ng = -Ve ¸ ng = +Ve Mf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ xU thA tpidapy; vd;d epfOk;?
ng = 0 vd ;why ; t pi dgL nghUs;fspd ; nkhj ;j N khy ;fspd ; vz ;z pf ;i fAk;> t pi dt pi s nghUs;fspd ; nkhj;j N khy ;fspd ; vz ;z pf ;i fAk; rkk;.
ng = +Ve vd ;why ; t hA epi ya py ; cs;s nkhj ;j t pi dt pi s nghUs;fspd ; vz ;z pf ;i fahdJ> nkhj ;j t pi dgL nghUs;fspd ; vz ;z pf ;i fi a t pl m jpfkhf , Uf ;Fk;.
ng = -Ve vd ;why ; t hA epi ya py ; cs;s nkhj ;j t pi dt pi s nghUs;fspd ; vz ;z pf ;i fahdJ> n khj;j t pi dgL nghUs;fspd ; vz ;z pf ;i fi a t plf ; Fi wt hf , Uf ;Fk;.
45. fpsh;T nfhs; Mw;wy; - tiuaW.
t pi dgL %yf;$ Wfs; N khjy pd ; fhuz khf neUq;f p t e;J t pi dt pi s %yf ;$ Wfshf khWf pd ;wd . N khjy py ; < L gL k; m i dj;J %yf ;$ WfSk; n gw;wpUf ;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l m sT Fi we;j M w;wyhdJ Fi we;j gl;r M w;wy ; vd g;gL k;.
, j;ji fa Fi we;jgl;r M w;wi y m i lt jw;F r ; N rh;f ;fg;gL k; M w;wyhd J fpsh;T W M w;wy ; vdg;gL k;
46. tpidtif tiuaW.
x U N t jpt pi d a pd ; N rhji d % yk; eph;z a pf ;fg;gl;l t pi d Nt f t pj pa py ; cs;s n rwpT fspd ; gbfspd ; $ L jNy t pi dt i f vdg;gL k;.
t pi d Nt fk; = k [ A ] p [ B ] q
47. miu tho;T fhyk; - tiuaW?
t pi dgL nghUspd ; n jhlf ;fr ; n rwpt pd ; kj pg;ghdJ ghjpahf Fi wt jw;Fj ; N ji t g;gL k; N euk; M Fk;
t pi dfspy ; t pi dgL nghUs; Kjy py ; , i lepi yg; n ghUi sAk;> gpwF , i lepi yg; n ghUshdJ x d ;W m y ;yJ m jw;F N kw;gl;l n jhlh; t pi d fspy ; t pi snghUi s cUt hf ;f pd hy ; m t ;t i f t pi d fs; m L j;jL j ;J epfOk; t pi d fs; m y ;yJ njhlh; t pi d fs; vd m i of ;fg;gL f pd ;wd .
A = tpidgL nghUs; B = ,ilepiyg; nghUs; C = tpisnghUs;
t pi dgL nghUs;fs ; x N u N euj ;j py ; gy t opfspy ; t pi d gl;L , uz ;L m y ;yJ m jw;F N kw;gl;l t pi dt pi s n ghUs;fi sj; jUf pd ;wd . vd Nt , t ;t i f t pi dfs; ,iz tpidfs; my;yJ gf;f tpidfs; vd ;Wk; m i of ;fg;gL f pd ;wd .
X h; , uz ;lhk; t i f t pi d a py ; Vjht njhU t pi dgL nghUspd ; n rwpi t m jpfkhf ( 1 0 Kjy ; 1 0 0 klq;F ) kw;n whd ;i w t pl vL j ;Jf ; n fhs ;Sk; N ghJ> m t ;t pi d Kjy ; t i f t pi d vdg;gL k;.
r py t pi dfspy ; cUt hFk; t pi s nghUs;fspy ; x d ;W t pi d Nt f khw;wpahfr ; n ray ;gL f pwJ. m j ;ji fa t pi d Nt f khw;w p jd ;t pi d Nt f khw;wp vd ;Wk;> , e;j n ray ;Ki wf ;F jd ;t pi d Nt f khw;wk; vd ;Wk; m i of ;fg;gL f pwJ.
( v. fh) : M f ;] hy pf ; m kpyj ;i jg; n ghl;lhrpak; n gh;khq;fNd l; %yk; M f;r p[ Nd w;wk;
n ra ;A k; N ghJ> t pi s nghUs;fspy ; x d ;whd MnSO4 jd ; t pi dNt f khw;w pa hfr ; n ray ;gL f pwJ
54. tpidNtf khw;wp er;R vd;why; vd;d?
t pi d epfe;J n fhz ;bUf;Fk; N ghJ> t pi d Nt f khw;w pa pd ; n ray ;j pwi d , of;fr ; n ra ;A k; N rh;kj ;j pw;F t pi d Nt f khw;w p er ;R vd ;W ngah;.
Fe – t pi d Nt f khw;w p H2S – t pi d Nt f khw;w p er ;R M f n ray ;gL f pwJ.
X h; cg;gpd ; gphpi f t Pjk; n ghJ m ad pi ar ; N rh;g;gjhy ; Fi wt J nghJ m ad p t pi sT vdg;gL k;
NaCl I N rh;f ;Fk; NghJ nghJ m ad p (Cl - ) t pi sT fhuz khf AgCl- d ; fi uj pwd ; Fi wf pwJ.
61. Nfhy;uh\; tpjpia $Wf.
m st py ;yh ePh;j ;j epi ya py ;; kpd ;gFspa pd ; m ad pahf ;fk; epi wT ngWf pwJ. x t ;nt hU m ad pA k; jd ;d pr ;i rahf efUf pwJ. x t ;nt hU m ad pA k; n khj;j flj ;J j pwDf ;F Fwpg;gpl;l kj pg;gpi d nfhL f ;f pd ;wJ.
/ghuNlapd; Kjy; tpjp : kpd ;d hw; gFj ;jy pd ; N ghJ kpd ;t ha py ; nt spg;gL k; n ghUspd ; epi wahdJ
( m) kpd ;gFspa pd ; t opN a n rYj;jg;gL k; kpd ;Nd hl;lj ;j pd ; m st pw;F ( Q) N eu;t pf pjj ;j py pUf ;Fk;.
/ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp : n t t ;N t W kpd ;gFspfspd ; t opN a x N u m sT kpd ;Nd hl;lj ;i j n rYj ;Jk; N ghJ> kpd ;t ha ;fspy ; nt spg;gL k; n ghUs;fspd ; m sT fs; m t w;wpd ; N t j pr ; rkhdq;fS f;F N eu;t pf pjj ;j py pUf ;Fk;.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Fe
Mo
NaCl = Na+ + Cl -l lla a a,
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thdtpy; bA+rd; nrd;lh;> mt@h;.
11
63. M];thy;bd; ePh;j;jy; tpjpia $Wf.
t y pi k Fi we;j kpd ;gFspa pd ; gphpi f khwpy p > gphpi f t Pjk;> kw;Wk; n rwpT ld ; n jhlh;GgL j;Jk; rkd ;ghbw;F M ] ;t hy ;bd ; ePh;j ;jy ; t pj p vd ;W ngah;.
64. jhq;fy; fiury; vd;why; vd;d?
r pw pjsT m kpyk; m y ;yJ fhuk; N ru;f ;Fk; N ghJ fi ury pd ; PH kj pg;G khwhky ; , Ug;gJ jhq;fy ;
fi ury ; M Fk;. ( v. fh) m kpy jhq;fy ; fi ury ; (CH3COOH + CH3COONa)
65. Ropkha; fyit vd;why; vd;d?
d kw;Wk; l khw;wpaq;fi s rkm st py ; fye;jhy ; f pi lg;gJ R opkha ; fyi t vdg;gL k;.
( cjhuz k; ) yhf ;bf ; m kpyk; > lhh;lhupf ; m kpyk; 66. kPNrh mikg;ig Ropkha;f; fyitapypUe;J NtWgLj;Jf.
Ropkha;f; fyit
kPNrh mikg;G
, J x U fyi t . , j pYs;s khw;w paq;fi s gphpj ;jy ; , aYk;
, J x U N rh;kk;. , jpYs;s khw;w paq;fi s gphpj ;jy ; , ayhJ
Gwkhu;e;j < L n ra ;jyhy ; , J x sp R ow;Wk; jd ;i k , of ;f pwJ.
, J cs;shu;e;j <L n ra ;jyhy ; x sp R ow;Wk; jd ;i k m w;wjhf pwJ.
kPN rh khw;w paj ;j py ; , uz ;L r Pu;i kj ;jd ;i kaw;w fhh;gd ; m Z f ;fs; , Ug;gpDk;> x d ;W kw;n whd ;wpd ; M b gpk;gkhf , Uf;f pwJ. t pi sT > , k;% yf ;$ i w KOi kahf N ehf ;Fk;N ghJ rPu;i kj ; jd ;i kAs;sjhf , Uf ;f pwJ. r Pu;i kj ;jsk; , k;% yf;$ i w , U rk ghj pahf gpupf ;f pwJ. m jd hy ; , k;%yf ;$ wpy ; Gwnt sp m i kg;G> M b gpk;gj ;j pd ; Nkw;n ghUe;Jt jhf cs;sJ. kPN rhlhu;lhupf ; m kpyj ;j pd ; x sp R ow;whj ; jd ;i k %yf ;$ wpd ; cs;shu;e;j gz ;ghf pwJ
68. fPo;f;fz;l %yf;$W mikg;gpw;fhd E , Z FwpaPl;il vOJf. 1 ) 2 )
69. gpdhy;/g;jyPd; vt;thW jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ?
gPd hYld ; jhy pf ; m kpy ePupy pi a N ru;j ;J m lu; H2SO4 Kd ;d pi ya py ; t pi d g;gL j;j pd hy ;>
gpd hy ;/ g;jy Pd ; cz ;lhf pwJ.
H
COOH
COOH
OH
OH
H
C C
CH2OH
CH3HOH2C
H
C C
Cl
HF
Br
C
C
O
O
O
+
H
H OH
OH
con. H2SO4C
CO
O
OH
OH
kPN rhlhu;lhupf ; m kpyk;
jPu;T : E - m i kg;G Z - m i kg;G
gpd hy ;/ g;jy Pd ;gPd hy ;
j hy pf ; e Ph py p
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thdtpy; bA+rd; nrd;lh;> mt@h;.
12
70. My;f`hy; cl;nfhz;l kdpjid vt;thW fz;lwpayhk;? ( m y ;yJ)
Ì Rthr gFg;gha;T Nrhjidia vOJf.
x Ut d ; M y ;f` hy ; cl;n fhz ;bUg;gi jf ; fz ;L gpbf ;f R t hrg; gFg;gha ;T elj;jg;gL f pwJ. vj ;jd hi y m kpyq;fye;j n ghl;lhr pak; i lFN uhN kl;bd hy ; M f ;] p[ Nd w;wk; n ra ;J
ft d pj ;jwpag;gL f pwJ. kQ ;rs ; epw FN uhkpak; m ad p (CrVI), (CrIII) vDk; gr ;i r epw m ad pfshf
khwpd hy ; M y ;f` hy ; cl;n fhz ;lJ cWjp n ra ;ag;gL f pwJ. 71. il Mf;Nrd; vt;thW jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ?
vj ;j py Pd ; f pi sf ;fhYld ; m lu; fe;jf m kpyj ;i j t pi dGupar ; n ra ;jhy ;> , U ePu; % yf ;$ Wfs; , oe;J i l M f ;N rd ; f pi lf ;f pwJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpi a kuj ;Jg;N ghfr ; n ra ;A k; euk;gpy ; N ghL k; Crp kUe;jhfT k;
Gi uNahL t i jj; jL f ;Fk; fspk;gpYk;
M ] ;Jkh> ff ;Ft hd ; N ghd ;wt w;i wf ; Fz g;gL j ;Jk; n gd ;i ry ; n gd ;N rhN al;lhf
n raw;i f gpr pd ;fs ; n gUkst py ; jahupf ;f gad ;gL f pwJ. 74. Nfhy;gpd; tpidia vOJf
N rhbak; gPd hf ;i ri l fhu;gd ;- i l- M f;i rL cld ; N rh;j ;J nt g;gg;gL j ;Jk; N ghJ N rhbak; rhy pr pN yl; cz ;lhf pwJ. , i j ePu;j ;j i ` l;N uhFNshupf ; m kpyk; n fhz ;L r pi jf ;Fk; N ghJ rhy pr py pf ; m kpyk; cz ;lhf pwJ.
N rhbak; gPd hf ;i rL rhy pr py pf ; m kpyk; 75. lt; Kiw gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
FNshN uh n gd ;r Pi d fhuj ;Jld ;; nt g;gg;gL j ;Jk; N ghJ gPd hy ; jahupf ;fg;gL f pd ;wd . , J lt ; t pi d vd m i of ;fg;gL f pwJ.
m jpf fhuj;jd ;i k cs;s nghUs;fshd fupk cNyhfr ; N ru;kk; ( RMgX ) M y ;f` hyhy ; r pi jt i lf pd ;wd . vd Nt M y ;f` hy ;fi s f pupf ;d hu;L fuz pf ;F fi ug;ghd hf gad ;gL j;j , ayhJ.
v];luhf;Fjy; tpid: m rpbf ; m kpyk; fd pk m kpyj ;j pd ; Kd ;d pi ya py ; M y ;f` hYld ; t pi d g;gl;L v] ;lh;fi s cUt hf ;Ff pd ;wd .
khw;W v];luhf;Fjy; tpid: v] ;li u fd pk m kpyj ;j pd ; Kd ;d pi ya py ; M y ;f` hYld ; t pi dg;gl;L khw;W v] ;lh;fi sAk; cUt hf ;Ff pd ;wd .
87. M];gphpd; vt;thW jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rhy pr py pf ; m kpyk; m rpbf ; ePhpy pA ld ; N rh;j ;J nt g;gg;gL j ;Jk; N ghJ M ] ;gphpd ; f pi lf ;f pwJ.
gad ;: [ _uk; ePf ;f pahfT k;> t y p ePf ;f pa hfT k; gad ;gL f pwJ. 88. Nfg;upay; /jhypikL njhFj;jy; gw;wp vOJf.
jhy pi kL KOH cld ; t pi d Ghpe;J n ghl;lhr pak; / jhy pi ki lj ; jUf pwJ. , i j
M y ;i fy ; ` hi yL ld ; t pi dg;gL j;j N – M y ;i fy ; / jhy pi kL f pi lf ;f pwJ. m ji d KOH cld ; t pi d g;gL j ;j n ghl;lhr pak; / jhNyl;i lAk;> X hpi z a m kpi dAk; jUf pwJ.
+ C lCOCH3A lC l3
COCH3
+ HC l
C6H5 CHO + H2C ( COOH )2gpupbd;
C6H5 CH C ( COOH )2CO2
C6H5 CH CH COOH
kNyhdpf; mkpyk; rpd ;dkpf; mkpyk;
C
H 3C
H 3C
OZ n / H g
H C lC H 2
H 3C
H 3C
+ 4 H
CH3COOH + CH3OHH+
CH3COOCH3 + H2O
CH3COOCH3 + C2H5OHH+
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
COOH
OH( CH3CO )2O
COOH
OCOCH3
m rpl;N lh gPNd hd ;n gd ;r Pd ;
Gug;N gd ;m rpl;N lhd ;
v] ;lh;M y ;f` hy ;m rpbf ; m kpyk;
M y ;f` hy ;khw ;W v] ;lh;v] ;lh;
rhy pr py pf ; m kpyk; M ] ;gphpd ;
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thdtpy; bA+rd; nrd;lh;> mt@h;.
15
89. laNrh Mf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
Fsph;epi ya py ; cs;s N rhbak; i el;i ul;> HCl y ; fi uf ;fg;gl;L s ;s m d py PDld ;
t pi d Ghpe;J njspt hd fi ury ; n gwg;gL f pwJ. , e;;j j put k; n gd ;r Pd ; i laN rhd pak; FNshi uL M Fk;. , e;j t pi d laN rh M f ;fk; M Fk;.
90. kaf;f%l;bfs; ahit? Xu; cjhuzk; jUf.
cz hi t , of ;fr ; n ra ;A k; kUe;Jfs; kaf ;f % l;bfs ; vd g;gL k; kaf ;f%l;bfs ; ( v. fh) < jh;> FNshN uhghu;k;
, i t vy ;yh t i fahd cz h;i t Ak; , of ;fr ; n ra ;gi t . Fwpg;ghf t y p cz h;i t kPs; jd ;i kAld ; , of ;fr ; n ra ;f pwJ.
, i t nghJ cz h;i t ghj pf ;fhky ; t y pAs ;s , lj ;j py ; kl;L k; t y p cz h;i t ePf ;Ff pd ;wd .
M a ;t fj ;j py ; n jhFf ;fg;gL k; r py fupkr ; N rh;kq;fs ; fUk;Gr ; ru;f ;fi ui a t pl gd ;klq;F , d pg;Gr ;R i t ci lajhf , Uf;Fk;. m i t n raw;i f , d pg;G R i t a +l;bfs ; vd m i of ;fg;gL f pd ;wd .
v. fh rhf ;upd ;> ly ;r pd ;
CO
CONH
CO
CONKKOH
-H2O
RX-KX
CO
CONR
KOH
COOK
COOK + RNH2
C6H5 NH2 + HNO2HCl C6H5N2Cl + 2H2O
NO
O
jhy pi kLnghl;lhr pak; / jhy pi kL N- M y ;i fy ; / jhy pi kL
X hpi z a m kpd ;
n gd ;r Pd ; i laN rhd pak; F Nshi uL
n ghJ kaf ;f% l;bfs ;Fwpg;gpl ;l , lj ;i j
cz h;t pof ;fr ; n ra ;A k; fhuz pfs ;
i el;N uh n jhFj p
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thdtpy; bA+rd; nrd;lh;> mt@h;.
16
94. gPdhiy fz;lwpAk; Ma;Tfis $Wf.
gPd hy ; eL epi y n ghpf ;FNshi uL cld ; Cjh epwj ;i j n fhL f ;Fk;
gPd hy ; GN uhkpd ; ePh; cld ; nt z ;i k epw t Po ;gbT f pi lf ;Fk;
gPd hy ; laN rhd pak; cg;Gld ; M uQ ;R r pt g;G rhak; f pi lf ;f pwJ. 95. ghu;kpf; mkpyk; kw;w mkpyq;fspypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ? (or) ghu;kpf; mkpyj;jpd; xLf;Fk; gz;gpid tpsf;Ff
M y;bi fL kw;Wk; m kpyk; vd , uz ;L n jhFj pi aA k; n gw;Ws ;sJ.
/ ngy pq;f ; fi uri yAk;> lhyd ;] ; fuz pA k; x L f ;Ff pwJ.
KMnO4 fi ury pd ; , sQ ;r pt g;G epwj ;i j epwkpof ;fr ; n ra ;f pwJ. 96. rhaq;fspd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; ahit?
jFe;j epwq;fi s ngw;wpUf ;f Nt z ;L k;
ePh;> ePh;j ;j m kpyk; & fhuk; M fpat w;w py ; ghj pf ;fg;glhj jd ;i ki a ngw;w pUf ;f Nt z ;L k;.
rhaq;fs ; Jz pfspd ; Nky ; epue;jukhf gpi z f;fg;gL k; jd ;i kAi lajhf , Uf ;f Nt z ;L k; 97. fpspruhy; ePh; ePf;f tpidia vOJf ( or) mf;Nuhypd; jahupj;jy; tpidia vOJf
f ps pruhy ; KHSO4 Kd ;d pi ya py ; ePh; % yf ;$ Wfi s , oe;J m f ;N uhy pd ; f pi lf ;f pwJ.
98. gpuhf; tpjpia $Wf.
X – fjph;fs pd ; m i yePsk;> gbfj;j py ; cs;s jsq;fS f ;F , i lNaahd njhi yT kw;Wk; vj pn uhspg;Gf ; N fhz k; M fpat w;wpf ;F , i lNaahd njhlh;i g t psf ;Fk; vspa rkd ;ghL gpuhf ; rkd ;ghL M Fk;
v fhh;ghf ;r py pf ; m kpyk; + NaHCO3 Ei uj ;J nghq;f p –CO2 nt spN aWfpwJ
v fhh;ghf ;r py pf ; m kpyk; + M y;f` hy ; v] ;lh; cUt hf pwJ
104. Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;jpd; gad;fs; %d;iw vOJf.
v , Uk;G kw;Wk; , q;f ; fi wfi s ePf ;f gad ;gL f pwJ
v rhaj ; n jhopy ;> fhy pN fh m r ;r pL jy py ; epw% d ;wpahfT k;
v M f;] p[ Ndw;w x L f ;f juk; ghh;j ;jy pYk; gad ;gL f pwJ
105. Ez;Zaph; vjphpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
Ez ;Z a phpfs py ; fhz g;gL k; r py Nt jpg; nghUs;fs ; kw;w Ez ;Z a ph;fs pd ; t sh;r ;r pi aAk;> t sh;r pi j khw;wj ;i jAk;> jL f ;Fk; jd ;i k ngw;wi t . , j ;ji fa Nt jpg; n ghUs;fs ; Ez ;Z a ph; vj phpfs ; vdg;gL k;. ( v. fh) n gd pr py pd ;
106. fLF vz;nza; tpidia vOJf.
m kPd ; CS2 cld ; t pi d gl;L rai d L cUt hf pwJ.
107. Y} dhh; fh];bf; vd;why; vd;d? tpidia vOJf.
nt s;s pi a ePh;j ;j i el;hpf ; m kpyj ;j py ; fi uj ;jhy ; nt s;s p i el;N ul; f pi lf ;f pwJ. , J Y} dhh; fh] ;bf ; vd m i of ;fg;gL f pwJ.
gphpi f epi yi k gphpi f Clfj;Jld ; kpff ; Fi we;j ft h;r ;r p t pi ri a ngw;w pUe;jhy ; m e;j $ o;k fi ury ; fi ug;ghd ; vj ph; $ o;kk; vdg;gL k;. ( v. fh) ePhpy ; cs;s ry ;gh;
gphpi f epi yi k gphpi f Clfj;Jld ; m jpf ft h;r ;r p t pi ri a ngw;wpUe;jhy ; m e;j $ o;k fi ury ; fi ug;ghd ; ft h; $ o;kk; vdg;gL k;. ( v. fh) ePhpy ; cs;s ] ;lhu;r ;
114. vhpf;fg;gl;l gbfhuk; vd;why; vd;d?
n ghl;lh\ ; gbfhuj ;i j 3 6 5 K nt g;gepi yf ;F # L gL j ;Jk; N ghJ cUFfpwJ. N kYk;>
nt g;gg;gL j ;j pd hy ; m i dj;J ePh; % yf ;$ Wfi sAk; , oe;J cUt j;j py ; n ghpajhf pwJ. , jw;F
vhpf ;fg;gl;l gbfhuk; vd ;W ngah;.
115. gpshrgh; cy; vd;why; vd;d? tpidia vOJf.
[ pq;f ; fhw;w pd ; Kd ;d pi ya py ; ed ;F vhpe;J nt z ;i kahd gQ ;R N ghd ;w [ pq;f ; M f ;i ] L
cUt hf p gpd ;d h; , i o N ghd ;W khWf pwJ. , jw;F gpshrgh; cy ; vd ;W ngah;.
i ` l;u[ d ; cl;fUf ;fs ; , i z e;J ` _y pak; cl;fU cUt hFk; N ghJ kpFe;j M w;wy ; nt spt Uf pwJ. N kw;fhZ k; t pi d a py ; gq;F ngWk; 1H
2 kw;Wk; 3Li6 cl;fU gpsg;G t pi d epfo;e;J> cl;fU gpi z g;G t pi d f ;Fj ; N ji t ahd nt g;gepi yi a cUt hf ;Ff pwJ. 117. buTl;ld; tpjpapypUe;J tpyfy; mile;Js;s Nrh;kq;fs; ahit?
r p] ; m i kg;gpy ; x j ;j n jhFj pfs ; x N u j pi ra py ; , Ug;gjhy ; n fhs ;s pl ji l kw;Wk; t pyf ;F t pi r Vw;gL t jhy ; epi yg;Gj ; jd ;i k Fi wt hf cs;sJ.
buhd ;] ; m i kg;gpy ; x j ;j n jhFjpfs ; vj pn uj pu; j pi ra py ; , Ug;gjhy ; n fhs;s pl ji l kw;Wk; t pyf ;F t pi r , y ;i y vd ;gjhy ; epi yg;Gj ; jd ;i k m jpfkhf cs;sJ.
119. cl;fU tpidfspy; Q kjpg;G vd;why; vd;d?
cl;fU t pi d epfOk; N ghJ cwpQ ;rg;gL k; m y ;yJ nt spa plg;gL k; M w;wNy cl;fU t pi da pd ; Q kjpg;G vd g;gL k;.
OCORH2C
HC
H2C OCOR
OCOR
OHH2C
HC
H2C OH
OH+ 3NaOH 3RCOONa+
2Zn + O2 2ZnO
H2, He, H2O, My;f` hy; kw;Wk; CH3COOH
Q = ( mp - mr ) 931 MeV
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thdtpy; bA+rd; nrd;lh;> mt@h;.
19
120. gpf;hpf; mkpyk; jahupj;jy; tpidia vOJf?
gPd hy ; i el;N uh Vw;wf ; fyi t Ald ; t pi dGhpe;J gpf ;upf ; m kpyj;i j nfhL f ;f pwJ.
121. mkpy ePf;fpfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.
vz ;nz ahy ; ri kj ;j ( m ) n ghupj ;j cz T fi s m jpf m st py ; cz ;l gpd ;G t a pW gFjpa py ; vhpr ;ry ; Vw;gL t i j cz h;f pN whk;. t a pw;w pDy ; N ghJkhd m sT f;F N ky ; m kpyk; R ug;gN j , jw;F fhuz khFk;.
t a pW vupr ;ry ;fspy ; , Ue;J t pL ji y m spf ;f pd ;w n ghUs;fS f ;F m kpy ePf ;f pfs; vd ;W ngah;
m) √n (n-1) M) √n (n+1) ,) √n(n+2) <) √n(n+1)(n+2)
11. d - njhFjp jdpkq;;fisg; nghWj;;J rhpahd $w;Wiu m) mit midj;Jk; cNyhfq;fs; M) mit NtWgl;l ,izjpwd;;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,) mit epwKs;;s madpfisAk;> mizTr;;Nrh;;kq;fisAk; cUthf;;Ffpd;;wd <) Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; rhpahdit.
12. fPo;;fhz;gdtw;Ws; vJ mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd jdpj;;j vyf;l;;uhd;fisf; nfhz;L;s;sJ. m) Mn2+ M) Ti3+ ,) V3+ <) Fe2+
13. Nfrpa]; Cjh vd;gJ m) nkf;dPrpa $o;kk; M) jq;f $o;kk; ,) nts;sp $o;kk; <) midj;Jk;
14. fPo;;fz;;l vr;Nrh;kk; FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjidf;F cl;;glhJ? m) CuCl2 M) C6H5Cl ,) ZnCl2 <) HgCl2
15. rpy;th; ckpo;jiy jLf;;f cUfpa rpy;;thpd; kPJ vg;glyj;ij Vw;gLj;;jyhk;?; m) Nghuhf;];; M) fhp ,) kzy; <) rpy;th; GNuhikL
16. ve;j ,ilepiyj; jdpkk; mjpf gl;r Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyiaf; fhl;LfpwJ? m) Sc M) Ti ,) Os <) Zn
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thdtpy; bA+rd; nrd;lh;> mt@h;.
25
17. fhg;giu cUf;fpg; gphpj;njLj;jypd; NghJ cUthFk; frbd; tha;ghL m) Cu2O + FeS M) FeSiO3 ,) CuFeS2 <) Cu2S+FeO
18. ief;Nuhk; cNyhf fyitapy; cs;s cNyhfq;fs; m) Cr, C, Fe, Ni M) Cr, Co, Ni, C ,) Fe, Cr <) Cr, Ni, Fe
19. ,Uk;Gj; jfLfis fhy;tid]; nra;ag; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; m) FNuhkpak; M) [pq;f; ,) fhg;;gh; <) rpy;;th;
20. Nghh;Nlhf; fyit vd;;gJ m) AgNO3 + HNO3 M) ZnSO4 + H2SO4 ,) CuSO4 + Ca(OH)2 <) KMnO4 + HCl
m) rfg;g;gpizg;;G jd;ikia mjpfhpf;Fk; M) rfg;;gpizg;;G jd;ikia Fiwf;Fk; ,) fhuj ;jd;ikia mj pfhpf ;;F k; <) madpg; gpizg;gpid mjpfhpf;Fk;
21. yhe;jidL FWf;;fk; cUthtJ .............
m) 3d vyf;l;;uhdpd; rPuhd kiwg;;gpdhy; M) 3d vyf;l;;uhdpd; rPPuw;w kiwg;;gpdhy; ,) 4f vyf;l;;uhdpd; rPuhd kiwg;;gpdhy; <) 4f vyf;l;;uhdpd; rPuw;w kiwg;;gpdhy;
22. mZf;;fU gpsg;;G tpidapy; ve;;j jdpkj;;jpd; INrhNlhg;G gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? m) Nghpak; M) nyl; ,) ANudpak; <) rPrpak;
23. rPhpah fPo;;fz;;ltw;;Ws; vjpy; gad;;gLfpwJ? m) nghk;ikfs; M) topawp Fz;Lfs; ,) thA tpsf;Fg; nghUs;fs; <),tw;Ws; vJTkpy;iy
24. mZkpd; ciyfspy; vhpnghUshf gad;gLtJ m) fhg;;gh; M) nyl; ,) ANudpak; <) Nubak;
13. Ntjpr;rkepiyapd; jd;;ik ............ m) ,aq;F rkepiy M) epiyahdJ ,) (m) kw;;Wk; (M) <) ,tw;;Ws; VJkpy;iy
14. H2(g)+ I2(g) 2HI(g) ,r;;rkepiy tpidapy; Kc kjpg;G 16 vdpy; Kp-d; kjpg;;G m) 1/12 M) 4 ,) 64 <) 16
15. njhL Kiwapd;gb SO3 cUthjypd; NghJgad;gLj;;jg;;gLk; xU rkd;nra;ag;;gl;;l ntg;gepiyapd; vy;iy m) 4000C ypUe;;J 4500C tiu M) 18000C ypUe;;J 27000C tiu ,) 5000C ypUe;J 5500C tiu <) 3500C ypUe;J 4500C tiu
m) G+[;[pa tif tpid M) Kjy; tif tpid ,) Nghyp Kjy; tif tpid <) ,uz;lhk; tif tpid 2. xU tpidapy; Ea = 0 kw;;Wk; 300K y; K= 4.2. x 10 Sec -1 vdpy; 310Ky; k-d; kjpg;;G ...............
m) 4.2 X 105 Sec -1 M) 8.4 x 105 Sec -1 ,) 8.4 x 10 -5 Sec -1 <) 4.2 x 10 -5 Sec -1
3. xU Kjy;;tif tpidapd; miutho;T Neuk; 10 epkplq;;fs; vdpy; mjd;tpidNtf khwpyp m) 6.93 x 102 min-1 M) 0.693 x 10-2 min-1 ,) 6.932 x 10-2 min -1 <) 69.3 x 10-1 min-1
16. gphpif tPjk; kw;Wk; C nrwpT cs;;s xU ,ul;;il kpd;gFspf;;F M];;thy;l;ePh;j;jy; tpjp m) K = (1-α)C / α M) K = α2 C / (1-α) ,) K = (1- α) C / α2 <) K= α2C / (1- α) C
17. kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;Jtjhy; Ntjpkhw;;wk; epfOk; nray; m) eLepiyahf;fy; M) ePPuhw;g;gFj;jy; ,) kpd;;dhw; gFj;jy; <) madpahf;fy;
18. NH4OH xU typik Fiw fhuzk; Vnddpy; m) Fiwe;;j mOj;;jj;ij cilaJ M) gFjpahf madpahfpwJ ,) KOtJkhf madpahfpwJ <) Fiwe;;j mlh;j;;jpAilaJ
19. mk;;Nkhdpak; i`l;uhf;;irLfs; HCl - cld; juk;ghh;f;Fk; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;;gLk; epwq;fhl;;b m) KMnO4 M) nkj;jpy; MuQ;;R ,) gPPdhy;g;jyPd; <) ypl;k];
12. Y}ap mkpy – fhu nfhs;;ifapd; gb <jh;;fs; ........... m) eLepiyj;;jd;ikAilait M) mkpyj;jd;ikAilait ,) fhuj;jd;ikAilait <) <hpay;Gj;jd;ikAilait
13. mdpNrhiy GNuhkpNdw;;wj;jpw;F cl;gLj;Jk; NghJ fpilg;;gJ m) m - GNuhNkh mdpNrhy; M) o - GNuhNkh mdpNrhy; ,) o - kw;Wk; p - GNuhNkh mdpNrhy; <) ngd;N;rhapf; mkpyk;
14. ilvj;jpy; <jiu rpijg;gjw;Ffe;j fuzp ....................... m) HI M) KMnO4 ,) NaOH <) -OH
1 . N2 kw;Wk; O2 % yf;$ W cUt ht i j %yf ;$ W M h;gpl;lhy ; n fhs;i fa pd ; %yk; t psf ;Ff
2 . % yf;$ W M h;gpl;lhy ; n fhs ;i fi a t psf ;Ff
3. vyf ;l;uhd ; ft h; jd ;i k kj pg;Gfs; x U gpi z g;gpd ; jd ;i ki a m wpa vt ;t hW gad ;gL f pd ;wd vd ;gji d t psf ;Ff.
4. vyf ;luhd ; ehl;lj ;i j ghj pf ;Fk; fhuz pfi s t pt hpf ;fT k;? 5 . cahpa t hA f ;fi s gphpj ;n jL j ;n jL f ;Fk; VNjDk; X h; Ki wa pi d glj;Jld ; t pt hp .
6 . [ pq;f ; m jd ; jhJt py pUe;J vt ;t hW gphpj ;n jL f ;fg;gL f pwJ.
(ii) rhy pr py pf ; m kpyk; - - à kPj ;i jy ; rhy pr pNyl;
(iii) yhf ;bf ; m kpyk; - - à yhf ;i lL
3 7 . uhf ;n fl; ce;j pfs ; gw;wp Fwpg;G t i uf.
3 8 . v] ;luhf ;fy ; t pi da pd ; t opKi wi a vOJf.
3 9 . 1 o,2 o,3o m kPd ;fi s Nt WgL j;Jf
4 0 . FSf;N fh] pd ; m i kg;i g vOJf.
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thdtpy; bA+rd; nrd;lh;> mt@h;.
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fl ;l ha t pdhf;fs;
v C6H6O vd ;w %yf ;$ W t ha ;ghL i la (A) vd ;w N rh;kk; eL epi y FeCl3 cld ; Cjh epwj ;i jf ;
n fhL f ;f pwJ. CHCl3 ; M dJ fhuk; fye;j fi ury ; cld ; t pi d Ghpt jd ; % yk; (A) vd ;w N rh;kk; (B) kw;Wk; (C) vd ;w , U khw;w pai kg;Gfi sj; jUf pwJ. NkYk; (A) M dJ i laN rhd pak; cg;Gld ;
t pi d Ghpe;J vd ;w r pt g;G M uQ ;R rha N rh;kj ;i j jUf pwJ. (A), (B), (C) & (D) - i af ; fz ;lwpe;J jFe;j t pi dfi s t psf ;Ff .
v C2H4O vd ;w %yf;$ W t ha ;ghL i la (A) vd ;w N rh;kk; lhyd ;] ; fhuz pi a x L f ;Fk;. N rh;kk; (A) HCN cld ; t pi d Ghpe;J ePuhw ; gFg;gi le;J C3H6O3 vd ;w N rh;kk; ( B) I jUf pwJ. N rh;kk; ( B) x sp
R oYk; jd ;i kAs;s N rh;kk; M Fk;. N rh;kk; ( B) n gd ;lhd ; t pi d g; n ghUSld ; t pi dGhpe;J
C3H4O3 vd ;w N rh;kk; ( C) I jUf pwJ. N rh;kk; ( C) m NahN lhghh;k; t pi d f ;F cl;gL f pwJ> vd py ;
( A), (B) & (C) - i af ; fz ;lwpe;J jFe;j t pi d fi s t psf ;Ff. .
v C6H6O vd ;w %yf ;$ W t ha ;ghL i la (A) vd ;w N rh;kk; eL epi y FeCl3 cld ; Cjh epwj ;i jf ;
n fhL f ;f pwJ. CCl4 M dJ fhuk; fye;j fi ury ; cld ; t pi dGhpt jd ; %yk; (A) vd ;w N rh;kk; (B) kw;Wk; (C) vd ;w , U khw;wpai kg;Gfi sj; jUf pwJ. N kYk; (A) M dJ [ pq;f ; JfSld ;
t pi d Ghpe;J (D) vd ;w N rh;kj ;i j jUf pwJ. (A), (B), (C) & (D) - i af ; fz ;lwpe;J jFe;j
t pi d fi s t psf ;Ff.
v C6H6O vd ;w %yf ;$ W t ha ;ghL i la (A) vd ;w N rh;kk; eL epi y FeCl3 cld ; Cjh epwj ;i jf ;
n fhL f ;f pwJ. N rh;kk; (A) M dJ fhuj ;j pd ; Kd ;d pi ya py ; (B) vd ;w N ru;kj ;i j n fhL f ;f pwJ.
N ru;kk; (B) M dJ 4 0 0 K nt g;gepi ya py ; CO2 cld ; t pi dGhpe;J (C) vd ;w N rh;kj ;i j
n fhL f ;f pwJ. N kYk; (D) M dJ m kpyj ;j pd ; Kd ;d pi ya py ; ePuhw;gFf ;Fk; N ghJ (D) vd ;w
N rh;kj ;i j jUf pwJ. (A), (B), (C) & (D) - i af ; fz ;lwpe;J jFe;j t pi dfi s t psf ;Ff .
v gPd hy ; m Nkhd pahT ld ; GhpA k; t pi d
v gPd hy ; epf ;fy ; Kd ;d pi ya py ; i ` l;u[ Ndw;w t pi d
M rphpah;fs ; kw ;Wk;khz t - khz t pfspd ; ft d j ;j pw ;F , e;jnt spa Pl;by ; VNjDk;gpi ofs ; m y ;yJjt Wfs; , Ug;gpd ;f Po;fhZ k; kpd ;dQ ;ry ;Kft hp % yk; m y ;yJnjhi yNgrp % yk;n jhpag;gL j ;jT k;. - t hdt py ;