Chemistries and Physics of Water Purification Topics Contaminants in Water Water Purification Technologies.

Reverse Osmosis Water System And Its Technologies

Chemistries and Physics of Water Purification

Topics

Contaminants in Water

Water Purification Technologies

Contaminants In WaterFeed Water

Contaminates

Inorganic Ions (Dissolved Solids)

Organics

Particles

Microorganisms

Water Purification Technologies

Water Purification Technologies

Filtration

Chlorine removal

Scale Control

Reverse Osmosis

Ion Exchange

Ultra filtration

Ultraviolet

Storage Tank

Distribution Loops

Distillation

Filtration

Depth Filters - Entrapment

Screen Filters - Sieving,

Membranes

Depth Filter Media

Cotton Fibers, Glass Fibers Polypropylene, Nylon Filaments, Sand Grains

Pore Rating Nominal (98% Removal)

Range 0.5-1000um or combinations

Thickness 10-30mm

Membrane Micro Filter Media

Nylon, Teflon, Cellulose Esters

Pore Rating Absolute (100% Removal)

Range 0.1 to 10 um

Thickness 150um

Chlorine RemovalActivated Carbon Raw Materials

Coconut Shell, Wood, Lignite Oil / Plastic

Activation Heat, Chemical

Activation generates a highly porous structure with a large surface area for Wood, Lignite.

Surface area1000 m2 /gram

Remove ChlorineRemove Organics

Activated CarbonBead

Sodium Bisulfite Sodium Bisulfite (NaHSO3) is a reducing agent

capable of dechlorinating the feed water to a Reverse Osmosis System.

Dechlorination reactions

NaHSO3+ CL2+ H2O NaHSO4+ 2HCl 1 ppm of chlorine (CL2) requires 1.46 ppm of

NaHSO3

To ensure complete Dechlorination Add 10% excess of sodium bisulphite

Ion Exchange

Ion Exchange Process

Ion Exchange Regeneration

Ion Exchange Regeneration

Reverse osmosis (RO) theory

raw water

High pressure

Feedwater

underpressure

Re

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ate

r

Se

mi-p

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me

mb

ran

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Pe

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ate

wa

ter

drain or recycle

Low pressure

Purified water

Thin Film Composite Membrane

Thin Film Layer

Support Structure

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis Performance

95 - 99% Rejection of Inorganic Ions 99% Rejection of Organics 99% Rejection of Particles and

Microorganisms

Recovery 10 - 65% of Feed Water

Ion Exchange

Mixed Bed Exchange Process

Mixed Bed Exchange Process

Mixed Bed Regeneration

Mixed Bed Regeneration

Electro Deionization

Electro Deionization

Ultra-Filtration

Can be used for WFI or for Water For Final Rinsing for parenteral manufacturing (if permitted)

Removes organic contaminants, such as endotoxins

Operation at 80°C, and sterilization at 121 °C

Ultra-Violet

Oxidation of Organic Compound

Oxidation of Organic Compound

HCHO + 2OH. UV HCOOH + H2O

Formaldehyde Formic Acid + Water

HCOOH+2OH. UV CO2 + 2H2OFORMIC ACID CORBONDIOXIDE+WATER

Storage Tank Design Considerations

Sized with Make-Up system Store water protected from bacterial growth Vent filter Sanitary Overflow Tank UV light or Spray Ball Conical bottom Steam or Ozone sterilization

Rupture Disk should always have monitor

Smaller the better

Typical Water Storage And Distribution Schematic

Water must be

kept circulating

Spray ball

Cartridgefilter 1 µm

Outlets

Hygienic pump

Optionalin-line filter

0,2 µm

UV light

Feed Water

Hydrophobic air filter& burst disc

Distribution LoopsDesign

Considerations

Effective control of bacteria

Most microorganisms are destroyed at 80°C which is a typical hot loop

temperatureWFI systems will incorporate heat exchangers and monitoring in the distribution loop to maintain 80°C

Some purified water systems will use heat at 80°C to perform

periodic sanitizations

Distribution Loops

Water scours deadleg

If D=25mm & distance X isgreater than 50mm, we havea dead leg that is too long.

Deadleg section

<2D

Flow direction arrows on pipes are important

Sanitary Valve

D

X

There should be no dead legs

Stagnant water inside valve

Ball valves are unacceptable

Bacteria can grow when the valve is closedThe water is contaminated as it passes through the valve

Distribution Loops

Distillation

Thank You For Attending

Saima Muzaffar

2nd February, 2012