Chemical Safety Guide - Augusta University files...2011/04/16 · Chemical Safety Guide Environmental Health & Safety Division 1405 Goss Lane, CI 1001 Augusta, Georgia 30912 Revised:

Chemical Safety Guide

Environmental Health & Safety Division 1405 Goss Lane, CI 1001 Augusta, Georgia 30912

Revised: April 13, 2011

James S. Davis, PhD. Kenneth U. Erondu Associate Vice President, Environmental Health & Safety Chemical Safety Officer

Georgia Health Sciences University Chemical Safety Guide

Table of Contents

Statement of Authority ...............................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction and Purpose ..........................................................................................................................................................2 Chapter I: AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY............................................................................................................................3

A. The Institutional Chemical Committee..........................................................................................................................3 B. The Principal Investigator ..............................................................................................................................................3 C. The Laboratory Worker..................................................................................................................................................3 D. Environmental Health & Safety Division......................................................................................................................3 E. Chemical Safety Officer.................................................................................................................................................4

Chapter II: RIGHT TO KNOW ...............................................................................................................................................5

A. Purpose ...........................................................................................................................................................................5 B. Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................................5 C. Policy ..............................................................................................................................................................................5 D. Right to Know Coordinator............................................................................................................................................5 E. Procurement of Hazardous Chemicals...........................................................................................................................6 F. Material Safety Data Sheets ...........................................................................................................................................6 G. Container Labeling.........................................................................................................................................................6 1. Labeling Standards....................................................................................................................................................7 2. Container Specific Requirements .............................................................................................................................7

2a. Primary Containers.............................................................................................................................................7 2b. Secondary Containers.........................................................................................................................................7 2c. Unique Containers ..............................................................................................................................................7

3. Additional Information for Container Labeling .......................................................................................................7 H. Training and Hazardous Information.............................................................................................................................8 1. New Employees.........................................................................................................................................................8 2. Employees Handling Hazardous Chemicals ............................................................................................................8 3. Hazard Information .................................................................................................................................................10 4. Material Safety Data Sheets ....................................................................................................................................10 5. Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries ................................................................................................................10 6. Documentation of Training.....................................................................................................................................10 7. Training for Increased Hazard ................................................................................................................................10 I. Supervisory Responsibilities........................................................................................................................................11 J. Responsibility of Contractors.......................................................................................................................................11 1. Contractors doing work at GHSU...........................................................................................................................11 2. Notification of the Building Coordinator................................................................................................................11 3. Building Coordinator’s Responsibilities.................................................................................................................11 K. Hazardous Chemical Lists............................................................................................................................................11

Chapter III: GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY GUIDELINES ................................................................................13

A. Signs and Labels...........................................................................................................................................................13 1. Hazard Warnings.....................................................................................................................................................13 2. Labeling & Postings ................................................................................................................................................13 a. Labels ...............................................................................................................................................................13 b. Posting Area Entrances....................................................................................................................................14 B. Safety Equipment & Emergency Procedures ..............................................................................................................14 1. PI Responsibilities...................................................................................................................................................14 2. Safety Signs .............................................................................................................................................................15 3. Safety Equipment ....................................................................................................................................................15 3a. Fire Extinguishers.............................................................................................................................................15 3b. Safety Showers & Eyewashes..........................................................................................................................15 4. First Aid Kits: Contents Per Kit.............................................................................................................................16

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5. Emergency Procedures...........................................................................................................................................16 6. First Aid..................................................................................................................................................................16 7. Accident Reports ....................................................................................................................................................17 8. Personal Protective Equipment & Clothing...........................................................................................................17 8a. Description of PPE.........................................................................................................................................17 8b. PPE Standards................................................................................................................................................17 C. Health & Hygiene ..........................................................................................................................................................17 1. Food Handling.........................................................................................................................................................19 2. Hand Washing .........................................................................................................................................................19 3. Pipetting...................................................................................................................................................................19 D. Housekeeping.................................................................................................................................................................19 E. Working Alone & Unattended .......................................................................................................................................20 F. Refrigerators ...................................................................................................................................................................21 G. Heating Equipment ........................................................................................................................................................21 H. Glassware .......................................................................................................................................................................22

Chapter IV: CHEMICAL SAFETY.......................................................................................................................................24

A. Transporting Chemicals.................................................................................................................................................24 B. Laboratory Fume Hoods ................................................................................................................................................24 C. Flammable Liquids ........................................................................................................................................................25 1. General Information ................................................................................................................................................25 2. Handling ..................................................................................................................................................................26 2a. Table 1: Flammable Liquids – Maximum Size of Container ......................................................................26 3. Storage of Chemicals ..............................................................................................................................................27 D. Highly Reactive Chemicals & Explosives ....................................................................................................................27 1. General.....................................................................................................................................................................27 2. Specific Chemicals ..................................................................................................................................................28 2a. Peroxides-Organic Peroxides.........................................................................................................................28 2a. Table 2 – Examples of Peroxidizable Compounds .......................................................................................28 2b. Guidelines for Storage of Ether and other Peroxide Forming Materials......................................................28 2c. Incompatibles .................................................................................................................................................29 2c. Table 3: Examples of Incompatible Chemicals............................................................................................29 2d. Other chemical hazards that may result in explosions or fires .....................................................................31 E. Toxic Substances............................................................................................................................................................34 1. Toxicity....................................................................................................................................................................34 2. Toxicity Effects .......................................................................................................................................................35 3. Routes of Exposure .................................................................................................................................................35 4. Alkaline materials, Phenols, and Strong Acids ......................................................................................................36 5. Toxicity Classes ......................................................................................................................................................36 5b. Table 4: Combined Tabulation of Toxicity Classes ....................................................................................36 F. Corrosives .......................................................................................................................................................................36 1. Corrosives................................................................................................................................................................36 2. Acids & Alkalis .......................................................................................................................................................36 3. Four Acids that deserve special attention ...............................................................................................................37 3a. Nitric Acid ........................................................................................................................................................37 3b. Perchloric Acid.................................................................................................................................................37 3c. Picric Acid ........................................................................................................................................................37 3d. Hydrofluoric Acid ............................................................................................................................................37 4. Oxidizing Agents.....................................................................................................................................................38 G. Metals .............................................................................................................................................................................38 1. Alkali Metals ...........................................................................................................................................................38 2. Non-Alkali Metal Powders .....................................................................................................................................39 H. Chemical Spills ..............................................................................................................................................................39 1. General.....................................................................................................................................................................39 2. Spill Kits ..................................................................................................................................................................39 3. Emergency Procedures............................................................................................................................................39 3a. Small Spills (<1 Liter) ...................................................................................................................................39

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3b. Large Spills (>1 Liter) ...................................................................................................................................40 3c. Mercury Spills................................................................................................................................................40 I. Cryogenics .......................................................................................................................................................................40 J. Compressed Gas Cylinders .............................................................................................................................................41

Chapter V: HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT......................................................................................................43

A. General ...........................................................................................................................................................................43 B. Waste Minimization.......................................................................................................................................................43 C. Accumulation of Waste..................................................................................................................................................44 D. Segregation of Waste .....................................................................................................................................................44 E. Containers.......................................................................................................................................................................44 F. Chemical Waste Disposal...............................................................................................................................................44

APPENDICES: Under Construction.....................................................................................................................................46

Appendix A: Fume Hood Requirement ..............................................................................................................................47 Appendix B: Instructions for Completing Chemical Inventory Spreadsheet.....................................................................49 Appendix C: Controlled Substances Policy ........................................................................................................................50 Appendix D: Laboratory Audit Checklist ..........................................................................................................................51

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STATEMENT OF AUTHORITY Upon publication of the Georgia Health Sciences University Chemical Safety Guide the Institution Chemical Safety Committee (ICC) of the Georgia Health Sciences University is hereby authorized to act as agent for the Georgia Health Sciences University in matters of review, control, and mediation arising from the use or proposed use of chemicals at the Georgia Health Sciences University. Furthermore, it is hereby declared that the ICC derives its authority directly from the Office of the President of the Georgia Health Sciences University in all matters involving chemical safety and/or violations of accepted practice described herein. The Chairman, or Acting Chairman, of the ICC and the Chemical Safety Officer are hereby granted the authority to immediately suspend a Principal Investigator’s Authorization to use chemicals in GHSU Laboratories, as well as temporarily suspend any project or protocol which is found to be a threat to health, safety, property or is not in full compliance with GHSU policies until such time that the issue may be resolved by appropriate management personnel. _____________________________________________ President, Georgia Health Sciences University _____________________________________________ Date


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INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE

The mission of the Georgia Health Sciences University Environmental Health and Safety Division (EH&S) is to provide environmental safety services to staff, patients, students and visitors. To this end the EH&S has developed a program that it believes will achieve this goal.

Before they perform any experiments, demonstrations, or any activity requiring the use of chemicals, Principle Investigators (PIs), technicians, and students will be expected to:

KNOW the associated hazards,

KNOW the worst things that could happen,

KNOW what to do and how to do it if they should happen, and

KNOW and use the prudent practices, and protective equipment needed to minimize the risks,

KNOW the resources available to them from the Chemical Safety department of Environmental Health & Safety (EH&S).

This manual has been developed by GHSU’s EH&S to assist faculty, staff, and students to recognize, evaluate and control the hazards associated with GHSU laboratory operations. It is intended to establish basic safe operating practices so that faculty, students, and staff may carry out effective teaching and research programs and work in a safe and healthful environment. This manual is not intended, however, to be either a complete or final listing of potential hazards or safe practices. Because of the diverse nature of work being conducted in Institute laboratories, additional procedures or information may be necessary. Individuals who need assistance should call EH&S at 721-2663 for assistance.


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CHAPTER I

AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY A. The Institutional Chemical Safety Committee (ICC)

1. The ICC is responsible for developing policies and guidelines as well as insuring that these polices and guidelines produce protocols in research and education that conform to the proper guidelines and regulations associated with the handling of toxic/hazardous chemicals and carcinogens, and provides assurance that activities at GHSU do not present unacceptable risks to the health or safety of faculty, staff, students, patients or visitors.

B. The Principal Investigator (PI)

1. The PI is responsible for funding, planning, prioritizing and scheduling work, as well as for the physical space, equipment, storage area, structure, and location where chemical hazards exist.

2. A PI is responsible for controlling hazards in his/her laboratory by:

a. Instructing laboratory personnel on potential hazards b. Ensuring that MSDS are readily available to the workers c. Updating chemical and hazardous material inventory d. Training employees in safe practices e. Correcting work errors and dangerous conditions f. Encouraging a positive attitude towards safety g. Investigating the circumstances surrounding any accident(s) and taking steps to

avoid recurrence h. Informing the ICC of changes to protocols and obtaining approval for the use of

hazardous chemicals i. Ensuring that chemical inventories are up to date.

C. The Laboratory Worker

1. The laboratory worker is responsible for complying with oral and written safety rules, regulations, and procedures required for the assigned task as well as assisting the PI in controlling hazards and complying with this plan by:

a. Working safely, following the provisions of this manual using good judgment

based on your training and experience b. Reporting all accidents, injuries and any unsafe conditions to laboratory

supervisors immediately c. Stopping work that may pose imminent danger to self or those around you. d. Being familiar with and following emergency procedures.


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D. Environmental Health & Safety (EH&S)

1. The EH&S is responsible for assisting individuals and providing technical advice as needed. EH&S shall assist investigators in determining and following safe practices, coordinating safety activities, and providing education in laboratory safety. EH&S shall have enforcement authority in dealing with unsafe practices. The Director of EH&S has the authority to immediately suspend activities which are conducted in such a manner as to pose an immediate threat to the health and safety of GHSU staff, the environment, or that are in violation of the law.

E. Chemical Safety Officer (CSO)

1. The CSO is responsible for providing guidance to the ICC, PIs, and other laboratory personnel in implementing this plan. The CSO, among other responsibilities, is responsible for auditing laboratories and other locations where chemicals are used or stored to assist the PIs and the ICC in assuring that this plan is being implemented.


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CHAPTER II

RIGHT-TO-KNOW A. PURPOSE

In order to comply with the Georgia Public Employees Hazardous Chemical Protection and Right-To-Know (RTK) Act of 1988 as amended, Georgia Department of Labor, Chapter 300-3-19 Public Employee Hazardous Chemical Protection and Right-To-Know Rules, and the University System of Georgia Hazardous Chemical Protection Communication (Right-To-Know) Plan, this written Hazardous Chemical Protection Communication Plan is established for the Georgia Health Sciences University.

B. DEFINITIONS

Member unit means any of the 34 colleges and universities governed by the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia.

Member unit Right-to-Know Coordinator (RTK) means the individual within the member institution who is assigned the responsibility of maintaining and overseeing the institution’s RTK plan.

University System Right-To-Know Coordinator means the individual who is assigned the responsibility of maintaining and overseeing the RTK plan in all the member colleges and universities.

Work area means a room inside a building or structure, an outside area, or other defined space in a work place where hazardous chemicals are produced, stored, or used and where employees are present in the course of their employment.

Work place means an establishment or business of an employer at one geographic location at which a state employee performs work and which contains one or more work areas. In the case of an independent contractor or sub-contractor, the work place shall be defined as all work areas wholly owned or controlled by such independent contractor or sub-contractor.

C. POLICY

All work units of the Georgia Health Sciences University are included within this program. The written program is available for review at the office of the Right-To-Know Coordinator, located in Building CI at 1405 Goss Lane, Augusta, Ga. Phone 721-2663.

D. RIGHT-TO-KNOW COORDINATOR

1. The Georgia Health Sciences University Right-To-Know Coordinator who may be reached at 721-2591, shall:

a. Act as liaison between the University System Right-To-Know Coordinator and

GHSU on hazardous chemicals issues,


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b. Resolve questions regarding applicability of RTK requirements for work places and work areas,

c. Assure that RTK training is provided to all GHSU employees, d. Ensure that a written RTK/hazard communication program is developed for

GHSU. This program will include a list of hazardous chemicals used, stored, or manufactured in the particular work place, and will be available to all employees in the work place, and

e. Ensure employees have access to current Material Safety Data Sheets for those

hazardous chemicals used in their work area. E. PROCUREMENT OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

1. The GHSU Chemical Safety Office will monitor chemical purchases as they are made available to the office and will oversee update of the GHSU chemical database as new chemicals are purchased. The Chemical Safety Office will also verify that laboratories have proper facilities to work with ordered chemicals and personnel that are properly trained and equipped.

2. Personnel who are responsible for ordering chemicals for their laboratories should limit

chemical purchases to the minimum amount needed to conduct required activity.

3. It is up to you and your supervisor to ensure that the facilities in which the chemical will be handled are adequate and that anyone who handles the chemical has received training in order to handle them properly.

4. As indicated previously, information on hazards of chemicals can be found in Material

Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

5. Each laboratory is required to keep its chemical inventory updated in the chemical database. The Chemical Safety Office is required to submit to the State Board of Regents an updated chemical inventory semi-annually. IF YOU ORDER A NEW CHEMICAL IT SHOULD BE ADDED TO YOUR CHEMICAL INVENTORY AS SOON AS POSSIBLE!

F. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS

A Central file of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) is maintained by the Chemical Safety Office (1-2663). Quick reference information is provided electronically through the Chemical Tracking Database in EH&S. Access to the Chemical Tracking Database is available via the GHSU Intranet. Additional access to MSDS information is also available through internet links on the EH&S web page at:

http://www.georgiahealth.edu/services/ehs/chemsafe/chemsafe.htm. msdssearch.com

http://www.georgiahealth.edu/services/ehs/chemsafe/chemsafe.htm.

http://www.msdssearch.com/


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G. CONTAINER LABELING

1. Labeling Standards

a. Labels are required for all primary and secondary containers of hazardous materials. Primary containers are the original containers received from the manufacturer; secondary containers are cans, squeeze bottles and other vessels to which hazardous materials are transferred by a laboratory worker, supervisor or a PI.

b. The person receiving a chemical or product containing a hazardous chemical

should verify that all containers received for use are clearly labeled with the chemical name(s), hazard warnings; and the name and address of the manufacturer.

2. Container Specific Requirements

a. Primary container labels must:

• Show the name of the material (must be the same name as listed on the MSDS);

• Provide hazard warning information appropriate for employee protection;

• List the name and address of the manufacturer, • List the name of the PI and date received, • Be legible and prominently displayed without abbreviations, and • Labels MUST be in English.

b. Secondary containers must:

• Be labeled with the name of the chemical(s), the technician who prepared it, date prepared, expiration date and hazard warnings.

c. Unique containers:

• Such as vials and test tubes may have container labels affixed to the rack or container in which they are held, rather than on each vial or test tube, so long as every vial or test tube in the rack or container has the same material, and presents the same hazard.

• Containing peroxide forming chemicals and other unstable/reactive

compounds will also be marked with the date received and date opened.

3. Additional Information for container labeling:

a. Some labels will provide additional safety information to provide protection while working with the chemical.


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b. This includes protective measures to be used when handling the material, personal protective equipment that should be worn, first aid instructions, storage information and procedures to follow in the event of a fire, leak or spill.

c. If you find a container with no label, and you are unsure as to its contents report it to

your supervisor. You should also report labels that are torn or illegible so that the label can be replaced immediately. If the supervisor is unable to identify the container, the supervisor should call the Chemical Safety Office for assistance at 1-2663.

d. Existing labels on new containers of hazardous chemicals should never be removed or

defaced, except when empty! If you use secondary working containers that will be used by more than one work shift, or if there is a chance that someone else will handle the container before it is depleted, you must label it. This is part of your responsibility to help protect co-workers.

e. Read the label (and MSDS) each time you use a newly purchased chemical. It is

possible the manufacturer may have added new hazard information or reformulated the product since your last purchase, and thus altered the potential hazards you face while working with the product.

f. All employees involved in unpacking chemicals are responsible for inspecting each

incoming container to ensure that it is labeled with the information outlined above. The laboratory manager or supervisor should be notified immediately if containers do not have proper labels.

g. Some laboratories may synthesize or develop new chemical substances on occasion. If

the composition of the substance/intermediate is known, the laboratory worker should label the substance/intermediate and determine, to the best of his/her abilities, the hazardous properties (e.g. corrosive, flammable, reactive, toxic, etc.) of the substance. This can often be done by comparing the structure of the new substance with the structure of similar materials with known hazardous properties. If the chemical synthesized is of unknown composition, it must be assumed to be hazardous and appropriate precautions taken. Contact the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663 for assistance if the hazards of a chemical or material is unknown.

H. TRAINING AND HAZARD INFORMATION

1. New Employees

RTK Basic Training. Prior to starting work, each new GHSU employee will have attended RTK Basic training. RTK Basic training is normally scheduled during New Employee Orientation, and includes an overview of hazardous chemical protection laws, regulations, and policies of the University System, and a summary of employee rights in hazardous chemical protection. Any additional RTK policies established by GHSU will be presented at this time. Employees who will not be routinely exposed to hazardous chemicals are required to take the RTK Basic training.


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2. Employees Handling Chemicals

RTK Chemical Specific Training. Employees who are routinely or potentially exposed to chemicals are required to attend/take RTK Chemical Specific training in addition to the RTK Basic training. The training covers:

• physical and health effects of chemicals, • methods and observation techniques used to determine the presence or release of

the chemical in the work area, • how to reduce or prevent exposure to these chemicals by employing proper work

practices and personal protective equipment, • emergency procedures to be followed in the event of an accident, • procedures for safe disposal of chemicals and wastes, and • appropriate and required record keeping practices.

RTK Chemical specific training can be taken on line via the internet from the Georgia Board of Regents at: See Below RTK Hazardous Waste Awareness Training. Employees who are routinely or potentially exposed to chemicals, hazardous materials or hazardous waste are required to attend/take RTK Hazardous Waste Awareness training in addition to the RTK Basic and RTK Chemical Specific trainings. The training covers:

• definition and review of applicable RCRA and EPD regulations, • proper management and disposal of all hazardous wastes generated within the

USG during research, teaching and facilities maintenance operations, • methods of identification of hazardous waste, • characteristics of hazardous waste, • determining hazardous waste generator status, • processes that generate hazardous waste on campus, • hazardous waste accumulation and disposal requirements, • universal wastes and used oil, • biomedical waste, • chemical and biological spill response and • hazardous waste and emergency response.

RTK Hazardous Waste Awareness training can be taken on line via the internet from the Georgia Board of Regents at: See Below Annual RTK refresher training. All employees are required to take RTK Basic annual refresher training. RTK Chemical Specific and/or Hazardous Waste Awareness refresher trainings are also required if your job function requires working with or being in an area where chemicals, hazardous materials and/or hazardous wastes are stored.

i. Basic RTK Annual Refresher Training. Employees who are required to take Basic RTK training only can take annual update training on line via the internet from the Georgia Board of Regents at:


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Right-to-Know Basic training.

ii. Chemical Specific Refresher Training. Employees who are required to take Chemical Specific training can take annual update training on line via the internet from the Georgia Board of Regents at:

Right-to-Know Chemical Specific training

iii. Hazardous Waste Awareness Refresher Training. Employees who are

required to take Chemical Specific training can take annual update training on line via the internet from the Georgia Board of Regents at:

Right-to-Know Hazardous Waste Awareness training

3. Hazard Information

Information regarding the hazards of chemicals is conveyed in four primary ways: Material Safety Data Sheets, Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries, Labels/Placards and when necessary via inquiries to the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663.

4. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)

Several links to MSDSs may be accessed through the Chemical Safety Office website through EH&S from the GHSU homepage.

i. An MSDS provides safety and health related information such as known hazards of the material, its physical and chemical properties, exposure limits, precautionary measures, and emergency and first aid procedures.

ii. Availability of MSDSs is required for all hazardous materials and must be readily accessible to GHSU employees. Note: MSDSs are not required for consumer products (e.g., Formula 409 all- purpose cleaner) provided it is used in the manner intended by the manufacturer.

iii. MSDSs may be accessed from the EH&S MSDS Link. If necessary, laboratory managers or PIs are required to contact the manufacturer of a product to obtain an MSDS or contact the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663 for assistance.

5. Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries (LCSSs)

i. The Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries which are reprinted from Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and disposal of Chemicals, Prudent Practices provide concise critical discussions of the toxicity, flammability, reactivity, and explosibility of chemicals commonly used in scientific research laboratories.

ii. LCSSs provide directions for handling, storage, and disposal and special instructions for first aid and emergency response are given.

iii. LCSSs can also be used as guides to handling many other compounds with related chemical structures.

iv. LCSSs are designed especially for laboratory workers.

http://www.usg.edu/ehs/training/rtkbasic/

http://www.usg.edu/ehs/training/chemical

http://www.usg.edu/ehs/training/hazwaste/

http://www.mcg.edu/services/ehs/chemsafe/MSDSLinks.htm

http://www.hhmi.org/about/labsafe/lcss.html

http://books.nap.edu/openbook/0309052297/html/index.html

http://books.nap.edu/openbook/0309052297/html/index.html


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6. Documentation of Training

After successful completion in either Basic or Chemical Specific RTK training the employee’s automated training record will be documented to reflect the training.

7. Training for Increased Hazard

Prior to the introduction of any new chemical hazard or significant increase of an existing hazard in a work area, the immediate supervisor of the employees who will be handling this hazard must ensure that additional necessary work place specific training is provided and documented.

I. SUPERVISORY RESPONSIBILITIES

1. Principle Investigators are responsible for advising their employees of any operations occurring in their work areas where hazardous materials are present.

2. Department managers are responsible for having laboratories properly cleared by the

Chemical, Biological and Radiation Safety offices prior to closing.

3. The CSO is responsible for the proper management of all hazardous chemicals remaining at GHSU as a result of the departure of a faculty or staff member, or the vacating or reassignment of an assigned space. Chemical transfers to other departments as a result of the departure of a PI should be coordinated through the Chemical Safety Office and the department receiving additional chemicals should update the chemical inventory by adding the new chemicals.

J. RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONTRACTORS

1. Contractor doing work at GHSU might:

• Expose GHSU employees to hazardous chemicals used by the Contractor, • Expose employees and sub-contractors of the Contractor to hazardous chemicals

used by the contractor, and • Expose employees and sub-contractors of the Contractor to hazardous chemicals

used by GHSU.

2. Therefore, any contract with GHSU, which may involve hazardous chemical exposure, requires the contractor to:

Notify the Building Coordinator and the Chemical Safety Office at the work site at least 30-days prior to the commencement of work of any hazardous chemicals that will be used or stored at the work site by the contractor or its sub-contractor. (This 30-day requirement may be waived in the event of an emergency).

3. The Building Coordinator will then:


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• Consult with the Chemical Safety Office to disseminate this information to employees who will work at the work site,

• The Contractor will provide MSDSs for those hazardous chemicals and make them readily available to GHSU employees during the contractor’s presence at the work site,

• Notify laboratory staff prior to commencing work in laboratories, and • Provide documentation to the work place manager that its employees and its sub-

contractors have been provided with information and training on hazardous chemicals being used by the contractor or its sub-contractors at the work site.

K. HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL LISTS

The GHSU RTK Coordinator shall supply to the University System RTK Coordinator in June and December of each year, a list, by name and manufacturer, of all hazardous chemicals or products present at GHSU. This list shall include, but may not be limited to, all chemicals labeled as flammable, explosive, combustible, corrosive, reactive, oxidizer, toxic, poison, water reactive, pyrophoric, or organic peroxide.


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CHAPTER III

GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY GUIDELINES A. SIGNS AND LABELS

1. Hazard Warning Signs

A National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) hazard warning placard will be placed at the entrance of every laboratory and chemical storage area. The sign will list the names and phone numbers of those individuals to be contacted in the event of an emergency. Signs will indicate the nature of any hazard (e.g., biohazards, carcinogens, flammable solvents, radioactive materials, and lasers) contained in the laboratory or storage area.

2. Labeling and Posting

a. Labels

1) Labels are required for all primary and secondary containers of hazardous materials. Primary containers are the original containers received from the manufacturer; secondary containers are cans, squeeze bottles and other vessels to which hazardous materials are transferred by an employee.

2) Labels on primary containers must:

• PI name, • Show the name of the material (must be the same name as listed on the MSDS); • Provide hazard warning information appropriate for employee protection; • List the name and address of the manufacturer, and • Be legible and prominently displayed.

3) Secondary containers must be labeled with the name of the chemical(s), the technician who prepared it, date prepared, expiration date and hazard warnings.

4) Note: Peroxide forming chemicals and other unstable/reactive compounds need to be marked with the date received and date opened.

5) Chemicals or reagents that are suspected carcinogen or reproductive hazards will be labeled as such upon receipt in the laboratory.

6) Some laboratories may synthesize or develop new chemical substances on occasion. If the composition of the substance/intermediate is known, the laboratory worker must label the substance/intermediate and determine, to the best of his/her abilities, the hazardous properties (e.g. corrosive, flammable, reactive, toxic, etc.) of the substance. This can often be done by comparing the structure of the new substance with the structure of similar materials with known hazardous properties. If the chemical produced is of unknown composition, it must be assumed to be hazardous, with appropriate precautions taken. Contact the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663 for assistance if the hazards of a chemical or material is unknown.


b. Posting Area Entrances

1) Entrances to Laboratory and shop areas where hazardous materials are present or where hazardous operations are conducted must be identified with a Caution Placard which indicates the hazard types in the work area (such as corrosives and carcinogens) and emergency contact information.

2) Entrances to Laboratory areas should be posted with: the telephone numbers of emergency personnel/facilities, supervisors, and laboratory workers; signs identifying locations for safety showers, eyewash stations, other safety and first aid equipment, and exits; and, warnings at areas or equipment where special or unusual hazards exist. With updated chemical inventory on file, the Chemical Safety Office is responsible for producing these placards.

3) An emergency response flipchart should be posted in laboratories and work areas where chemicals are used. These flipcharts instruct personnel on the actions to take during off-normal events (chemical, radiological and biological spills, fires, and flooding). Please contact the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663 to obtain a flipchart for your area.

4) Laboratory managers and PIs are responsible for ensuring that work areas and entrances are appropriately posted.

5) Maintenance personnel may enter rooms on campus periodically during the course of

their duties. Some investigators conduct experiments that must not be disturbed or use techniques that may be harmful to individuals who are not apprised of the danger. When such experiments are being conducted, appropriate warning signs such as DO NOT ENTER - EXPERIMENT IN PROGRESS or DO NOT ENTER - LASER IN USE, etc., should be clearly displayed on all entrances. Whenever possible, lab personnel should also apprise maintenance workers of any risks that they should be aware of.

6) This is a GHSU Placard Sign. It is normally placed by the doorways or entrances to

rooms/areas where hazardous chemicals are used or stored. This sign serves as an alert to the risks associated with the room/area, so that appropriate PPE can be selected and personal precautions may be taken when entering as an employee, visitor, or emergency responder.

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B. SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

1. PI Responsibilities: a. PI’s will ensure that laboratory workers under their supervision are familiar with emergency

procedures and provide information to them on where and how to receive instructions on how to use emergency equipment.

2. Safety Signs:

a. Safety Signs shall be posted to identify the locations of safety showers, eyewash stations, exits, and fire extinguishers. Signs are available from the EH&S at 1-2663.

3. Safety Equipment

a. Fire Extinguishers

All chemical laboratories shall have an appropriate type and size fire extinguisher. (If you have questions about fire extinguishers, call EH&S Fire Safety at 1-2663.)

b. Safety Showers and Eyewashes

1) Every laboratory is required to have a properly installed and functional eyewash and safety shower. The safety shower and an eyewash station must be located within 25-feet of the work area. The maximum travel time to an eye-wash should be 10 seconds. Portable eye/face units and eyewash bottles are not permitted.

2) PIs will ensure that all laboratory workers under their supervision know the location of,

and how to use the safety shower and eyewash station in order to be able to locate it with eyes closed, if necessary.


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4. First-Aid Kit

a. A first-aid kit should be located in a clearly visible place in each laboratory. This kit should

include, at a minimum, the following:

CONTENTS PER KIT 1 pk Merthiolate swabs 1 pk Wound cleansing scrubbers 1 pk Scissors and forceps 3 ea Ammonia inhalants 1 rl Dermicel first-aid tape 5 ea 4” x 4” gauze pads 10 ea 2” x 2” gauze pads 1 ea Triangular bandage 4 ea 5” x 9” Surgipad combine dressing 10 ea Band-aids 2 ea Compression bandages 2 ea 2” x 5 yds. gauze rolls

Information on purchase of first-aid kits may be obtained from EH&S.

5. Emergency Procedures

a. Emergency Reporting Procedures • For medical emergency and/or police, dial 1-2911. • For fire and/or explosion, pull nearest alarm and call the campus police at 1-2911.

b. Include the following information when reporting an emergency:

• your name • telephone number • building • floor • room number • condition of any injured individuals (e.g., unconscious, burned, or trapped) • type of fire, if any

c. Notify others in the area. d. Meet ambulance, fire crew, or campus police. e. Do not move seriously injured personnel unless they are in danger of further injury.

6. First Aid.

a. If the condition appears serious, summon medical help, if you have not already done so.


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b. If there is a fire, assess the condition to determine if the fire is one that you can safely put out with a fire extinguisher. If it is, use proper extinguishers - cut off electrical circuits and/or gas lines and close all doors.

c. Do not move any injured personnel unless absolutely necessary. d. Keep the injured personnel warm. e. If clothing is on fire, help the individual to the floor and roll him/her around to smolder the

flames, or if a safety shower is immediately available, douse the person with water. (Running to a not immediately accessible safety shower or other source of water will only serve to fan the flames and intensify the clothing fire.) Fire blankets are intended, primarily as a first-aid measure for prevention of shock rather than against smoldering or burning clothes. By wrapping a person who is on fire, heat is retained and the clothing may continue to smolder, resulting in serious burns. In addition, if the person who is wrapped in the safety blanket is standing, a chimney effect may occur - smoke from the smoldering clothing would continue to rise past the person’s face.

f. If chemicals have been spilled over a large area of the body, quickly remove all

contaminated clothing while using the safety shower. Immediately flood the exposed areas with cold water for at least 15 minutes; resume if pain returns. Wash off chemicals by using a mild detergent or soap (preferred) and water; do not use neutralizing chemicals or salves. Seek medical attention and report the incident to your supervisor and the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663.

g. If chemicals have been spilled on a confined area of the skin, immediately flush with cold

water and wash by using a mild detergent or soap (preferred) and water. Remove any jewelry in the affected area. Seek medical attention and report the incident to your supervisor and the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663.

h. If a chemical has been splashed into the eyes, immediately wash the eye and inner surface

of the eyelid with copious amounts of water for 15 minutes. After insuring that there are no chemicals or harmful materials on your fingers (wash first) check for and remove any contact lenses at once. An eyewash fountain should be used. Forcibly hold the eye open to wash thoroughly behind the eyelids. Seek medical attention and report the incident to your supervisor and the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663.

i. In case of ingestion of a toxin, dilute the poison by having the victim drink large amounts of

water (do not give liquids to an unconscious or convulsing victim). Attempt to learn what the ingested substances were. Save the label or container for transportation with the victim to the medical facility. Seek medical attention and report the incident to your supervisor and the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663.

7. Accident Reports

a. Employees (including student employees) - In the event of a laboratory accident, a

Supervisor’s Accident Investigation Report and an Employer’s First Report of Injury shall be completed by the laboratory supervisor with the assistance of the injured employee.


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Once completed, these forms should be forwarded to the Office of Human Resources, and a copy sent to the Chemical Safety Office.

b. Students (not employed) and visitors - In the event of a laboratory accident, a Supervisor’s

Accident Investigation Report should be completed by the laboratory supervisor with the assistance of the injured party. Once completed, a copy of this form should be forwarded to the Fire Safety Office at 1-2663.

8. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Clothing

a. Description of PPE:

PPE refers to equipment for protection of the eyes, face, head, and extremities against chemical, radiological and mechanical hazards. This includes garments and devices such as protective clothing (coveralls, sleeves hoods and booties), chemically resistant gloves, respirators and protective shields and barriers. PPE MUST be worn in required areas and should not be worn in CLEAN areas. A clean area is defined as any place outside of the laboratory where chemicals are not normally used such as hallways, conference rooms, lunch areas, elevators and bath rooms. Gloves MUST not be worn outside of the laboratory. If a chemical, specimen or material must be transported to another location, EH&S recommends that you use sealable secondary containment or a cart as appropriate and wear one glove on the hand holding the material or pushing the cart. Use the un-gloved hand to open doors, push elevator buttons, etc. Alternatively, if both hands have to be gloved, have an escort accompany the gloved individual to open doors, push elevator buttons, etc.

b. PPE Standards:

1) Eye protection that meets American National Standards Institute standard number Z-

87.1 shall be worn when conducting procedures that present eye hazard. Ordinary prescription glasses will not provide adequate impact or splash protection for the eyes.

2) Safety goggles or face shields shall be utilized where there is a possibility of splashing

chemicals, violent reactions or flying particles. Specified goggles shall be worn for protection against laser hazards, and ultraviolet or other intense light sources.

3) Contact lenses should not be worn in the lab without proper eye protection when

chemicals are in use (e.g., safety goggles, face shields, etc.). Contact lenses can trap chemicals under the lens and prevent flushing of the eyes.

4) Chemical Protective Gloves shall be worn. Skin contact is a potential route of

exposure to toxic materials. Dermatitis, erythema, burns, and absorption of toxic and/or carcinogenic chemicals are some of the consequences of exposing skin to hazardous liquids. Therefore, proper protective gloves shall be worn when working with toxic or corrosive chemicals or with materials of unknown toxicity. Gloves shall be selected on the basis of the material being handled and their suitability for the particular laboratory operation. Contact the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663 for guidance on selecting appropriate protective gloves.


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5) Laboratory Coats shall be worn. Laboratory personnel shall not wear loose (e.g., saris, dangling neckties, and oversize or ragged laboratory coats), skimpy (e.g., shorts and/or halter tops), or torn clothing. This type of clothing does not provide adequate protection for skin in the event of a chemical spill and may become entangled in laboratory equipment, and present a fire or tripping hazard. Contaminated clothing will not be worn outside the laboratory.

6) Shoes shall be appropriate to provide foot protection. Solid toed shoes will be worn at

all times when working in GHSU laboratories. Open-toe shoes or sandals offer little protection against chemical spills or broken glass.

C. HEALTH AND HYGIENE

1. Food Handling

Do not eat, drink, chew gum, use smokeless tobacco or apply cosmetics in work areas where chemicals are being used. Storage of food, drink or tobacco products is prohibited in laboratories except in designated break areas away from potential contamination. Glassware or utensils that have been used for laboratory operations should never be used to prepare or consume food. Smoking in buildings is against GA law and is prohibited.

2. Hand Washing

Hands should be washed often, even when gloves are being utilized. Avoid the use of solvents for washing. They remove the natural protective oils from the skin and can cause irritation and inflammation. In some cases, the solvents might even aid skin absorption of a toxic chemical. Hands should be washed before eating, going to the bathroom, or leaving the lab to attend a meeting, seminar or other conference type events.

3. Pipetting.

No solutions should be pipetted by mouth. D. HOUSEKEEPING

1. Work areas shall be kept clean and free from obstructions. Cleanups should follow the completion of any operation or be done at the end of the day. Aisles, hallways, and stairways should be clutter free and not be used for storage areas.

2. Chemicals stored in the laboratory should be inventoried periodically and unneeded items

submitted to the Chemical Safety Office for disposal or surplus as necessary. Containers should also be examined for deteriorating labels. The quantity of chemicals stored in the laboratory shall be kept as low as possible.


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3. Old or outdated chemicals should be disposed of following proper disposal procedures (see Section V-F). The PI should arrange for the removal or property transfer of all hazardous materials which personnel have on hand when they are about to terminate, graduate or transfer.

All spills and broken glassware shall be cleaned up immediately (see Section IV). Never store chemicals on shelves over laboratory benches unless there are restraining lips on the shelves. Storage of bottles on benches is undesirable because of their propensity to be knocked over. Storage in hoods is also inadvisable because this practice interferes with the airflow in the hood (see Section IV), clutters up the working space, and increases the amount of material that could become involved in a fire. Never store chemicals on the floor.

4. Wastes shall be placed in appropriate receptacles and properly labeled. Broken glassware, pipettes and syringes shall be placed in puncture-proof containers (see Section V).

E. WORKING ALONE AND UNATTENDED

2. Persons working after hours or alone shall make arrangements with other persons in the

building to check with each other periodically. Experiments that are hazardous shall not be performed by a worker who is alone in a laboratory.

3. Operations should be designed to be safe, and plans should be made to avoid hazards in the

event of a failure in power, water, gas or some other service. Room lights should be left on and an appropriate warning sign should be placed on the door.

4. Unattended operations, which may continue for several hours or overnight, should be approved

by the laboratory supervisor. Many of these operations utilize water as the coolant in condensers. Either a decrease or increase in water pressure can have serious consequences. Lower pressure, typical in the early morning as water usage increases, can result in a slower flow and inadequate cooling. Higher pressures can cause leaks, separation of connections and flooding.

5. When setting up unattended operations, regulate the water pressure automatically via the

installation of a water pressure regulator. The regulator should be protected by an appropriate filter to prevent clogging. Monitor the water flow so that in the event of interruption, electricity and water supply can be turned off. The latter is necessary because a break in a connection can result in flooding. Position the monitor at some point after the water has passed through the apparatus and is on its way to the drain.

6. Persons under the age of 18 are prohibited from entering laboratory areas or other areas where

hazardous materials or conditions may be present except for the following:

a. Such entry is escorted or during a scheduled open house tour. b. Such entry is part of the normal duties of a student, student worker or intern who has been

deemed competent to handle those risks by his or her supervisor.


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F. REFRIGERATORS

1. Three types of refrigerators are available for use:

a. The ordinary household refrigerator is not equipped with explosion-safe controls or door switches and should not be used to cool flammable liquids because sparks from controls or door switches may ignite the vapor-air mixture.

b. The explosion-safe refrigerator is constructed with its controls mounted outside the

storage compartment. This type refrigerator is suitable for storing flammable liquids.

c. The explosion-proof refrigerator also has its controls mounted on the outside, but in addition, the controls are of an explosion-proof design. This type is needed only where both the internal and external environment present a fire or explosion hazard.

2. Refrigerators will also be labeled if used for storage of radioactive materials, biohazardous

materials or chemicals. Flammable liquids stored in rated refrigerators shall be in closed containers.

3. Laboratory refrigerators shall not be used for storage of food or beverages intended for human

consumption. Any refrigerators used to store food will be located in break areas only. G. HEATING EQUIPMENT

Steam heated devices rather than electrically heated devices or bunsen burners shall be used whenever possible. (Steam heated devices do not present shock or spark hazards and can be left unattended with assurance that their temperature will not rise beyond 100 degrees C.)

Electrically heated devices (only hot plates) that have their heating elements enclosed in a glass, ceramic, or insulated metal case should be used in laboratories. Laboratory workers should be aware of the possible spark hazard from the on-off switch of older hot plates.

Heating mantles should be checked for breakage in the fiberglass cloth coating and to assure that no water or other chemicals are spilled into the mantle. Laboratory workers should be careful not to turn a variable transformer so high as to exceed the input voltage recommended for the mantle by the manufacturer.

Oil baths should always be monitored via a thermometer or other devices to ensure that their temperature does not exceed the flash point of the oil being used. Smoking, caused by the decomposition of the oil or of organic materials in the oil, presents another hazard. A laboratory worker using an oil bath heated above 100 degrees C should be careful to guard against the possibility that water (or some other volatile substance) could fall into the hot bath. Such an accident can splatter hot oil over a wide area. The oil bath should never be supported on an iron ring because of the possibility of accidental tipping.

When using burners, distribute the heat with a wire gauze pad. As with all heating equipment, burners should not be left on when not in use. Workers should understand the hazards of burners before proceeding with an experiment.


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H. GLASSWARE

1. Careful handling and storage procedures should be used to avoid damaging glassware. Damaged items should be discarded or repaired.

2. Hand protection should be utilized when inserting glass tubing into stoppers or when placing rubber tubing on glass hose connections. To insert glass tubing:

a. Fire polish the ends of the glass tubing, b. Wet the glass and stopper hole with glycerin or water, c. Wrap a cloth around the glass, d. Hold hands close together and rotate the glass back and forth, and e. Never attempt to push the glass into the stopper or tubing using excessive force. If done

properly (using water or glycerin) this should not require excessive force.

3. On occasion it will be necessary to enlarge or bore a hole in a stopper. When utilizing a cork borer:

a. Select the appropriate size rubber or cork stopper; b. Select a borer of slightly smaller size than the hole to be bored; c. Sharpen the borer; d. Supporting the stopper with a cloth pad for palm protection, begin boring at the narrow end; e. Twist the borer while applying steady pressure; f. Check the alignment of the borer after each twist; g. Remove the borer when halfway through the stopper; h. Remove any plug in the borer; and i. Begin boring from the other end of the stopper, carefully checking the alignment.

4. Removing glass tubing and/or thermometers from stoppers:

• Lubricate the tubing with water or glycerin, • Wrap the tubing with a towel, • Gently twist the tubing, pulling lightly, • If the tubing is stuck to the stopper, gently insert the end of a rat-tailed file between the

tubing and stopper, and rotate gently, while lubricating with glycerin, • If this method fails, cut the stopper away, • When loosening stopcocks, stoppers or any other glass-to-glass connections which are

frozen, it is important to remember that glass is fragile. Utilize one of the following: o Gentle tapping: with a wooden handle of a spatula, gently tap the frozen

stopcock or stopper in the direction that it will come out. Work over a desktop covered with cushioning material.

o Heating: immerse the frozen connection in hot water. Then use ‘gentle tapping’ technique. This method should be performed carefully and in combination with technique #2.


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CHAPTER IV

CHEMICAL SAFETY A. TRANSPORTING CHEMICALS

1. Transporting chemicals may not only be dangerous to the individual undertaking the transport,

but to innocent bystanders unaware of the potential hazard. 2. When chemicals are carried, they should be placed in secondary container, acid-carrying

bucket, or other appropriate container to protect against breakage and spillage. When they are transported on a wheeled cart, the cart should have wheels large enough to negotiate uneven surfaces without tipping or stopping suddenly.

3. Hazardous chemicals should be transported on freight elevators, wherever possible, so as to

avoid exposure to persons on passenger elevators. When a passenger elevator must be used:

The chemicals should be labeled and carried in safety containers. Avoid transporting chemicals during busy times, such as change of classes.

B. LABORATORY FUME HOODS

1. OSHA has a requirement in 29 CFR1910.1450 titled, "Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories”. The purpose of the standard is to provide an environment to protect lab workers from exposure to hazardous chemicals. Laboratory ventilation and fume hoods are important considerations in achieving this goal. If the lab uses hazardous substances, particularly hazardous substances or chemicals with a high degree of acute toxicity then special provisions are required which may include a fume hood.

2. The Board of Regents (BOR) concurs with this OSHA requirement with the following

statement, "Fume hoods shall be located per the requirements of ANSI/AIHA Z9.5 (most recent version) and shall be located in a manner which prevents excessive air changes and/or cross-drafts in the laboratory in accordance with sound engineering principles".

3. Section 2.1.1 of ANSI/AIHA Z9.5 states, "Adequate laboratory chemical hoods, special

purpose hoods or other engineering controls shall be used when there is a possibility of employee overexposure to air contaminants generated by a laboratory activity".

4. Basically, the OSHA requirement, as well as BOR concurrence, is that workers not be exposed

above the allowable exposure limit for the individual chemical. At GHSU, a chemical fume hood system shall be required in a laboratory wherever or whenever one of the following conditions exists:

a. A flammable vapor, gas, fume, mist or dust is present either in reagents or may become

present as a result of reactions at room temperature,

b. A vapor, gas, fume, mist or dust with a health-hazard rating of 4 is present in any concentration,


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c. A vapor, gas, fume, mist or dust with a health-hazard rating of 1, 2 or 3 is present either

in reagents or may become present as a result of reactions at room temperature, or

d. A chemical with Personnel Exposure Limit (PEL) or Threshold Limit Value (TLV) < 50 PPM.

5. Laboratory chemical hoods are intended to remove vapors, gases, and dusts of toxic,

flammable, corrosive or otherwise dangerous materials. With the sash lowered, laboratory fume hoods can also afford workers protection from such hazards as chemical splashes or sprays and fires. However, they are not designed to withstand explosions.

6. Laboratory chemical hoods are inspected and certified annually. A hood certification sticker is

placed on all hoods. If the date of inspection is over a year and the hood is in use contact EHOS at 1-2663.

7. The following factors and guidelines should be observed in the daily operation of fume hoods:

a. Before performing hazardous operations, make simple checks to determine that the hood is working (e.g., a small piece of paper held at the face of the hood will be sucked inward).

b. When work is being conducted in the hood, position the sash so that protection from splashes, flying debris, etc., is provided. Normally, this is a 10-14” work opening.

c. Procedures should be conducted well inside the hood. Moving an apparatus 6” back from the front edge into the hood can reduce the vapor concentration at the face by 90%.

d. Hoods are not intended for the storage of chemicals. Materials stored in them should be kept to a minimum and in a manner that will not interfere with airflow.

e. Hoods should be considered as backup safety devices that can contain and exhaust toxic, offensive, or flammable materials. They should not be regarded as a means of disposing of chemicals.

8. The use of perchloric acid requires specially designed Perchloric Acid Fume Hoods. For the

specifications of a Perchloric Acid Fume Hood, as well as the requirements and procedures for installation, repair, removal, and relocation, consult EHOS at 1-2663.

C. FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

1. General Information

a. Flammable substances are the most common hazardous materials found in the laboratory. The propensity to vaporize, ignite, burn or explode varies with the specific type or class of substance. An indicator of the flammability of a solvent is its flash point, the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air. This information is usually available on the label affixed to the chemical container or in tables of chemical data. Flammable liquids are defined as those liquids that have flash points below 100 degrees F (37.7 degrees C). Combustible liquids have flash points between 100 degrees F (37.7 degrees C) and 210 degrees F (93.3 degrees C).


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b. Among the most hazardous liquids are those that have flash points at room temperature or

lower, particularly if their range of flammability is broad (flash points and flammability limits of some common chemicals appear in Table 1).

c. When flammable materials are being used in a laboratory, close attention should be given to

all potential sources of ignition. The vapors of all flammable liquids are heavier than air and capable of traveling considerable distances. This possibility should be recognized, and special note should be taken of ignition sources at a lower level than that at which the substance is used.

2. Handling

a. The following guidelines should be observed when handling flammable materials:

TABLE 1

Flammable Liquids - Maximum Size of Containers

Container Type Class 1A1 Liquids Class 1B2 Liquids Class 1C3 Liquids

Glass4 1 pt 1 qt 1 gal

Approved Metal or Plastic 1 gal 5 gal 5 gal

Safety Cans 2 gal 5 gal 5 gal

Metal Drums (ICC Spec) 60 gal 60 gal 60 gal 1Class 1A - Flash Point below 73oF. Boiling Point below 100oF 2Class 1B - Flash Point below 73oF. Boiling Point at or below 100oF 3Class 1C - Flash Point at or above 73oF. Boiling Point below 100oF 4Exceptions may be made to this regulation, upon application to EH&S Fire Safety for storage of Class 1A and 1B liquids in glass containers not to exceed 1 gallon.

b. Flammable materials should be handled only in areas free of ignition sources. c. Flammables should not be heated with an open flame. Some other type of heat source, such

as a steam bath, water bath, or heating mantle should be used. d. Transfer flammable liquids with caution. The friction of flowing liquids may be sufficient

to generate static electricity which in turn may cause a spark and ignition. Therefore, ground or bond all such large containers before pouring from them. (You may contact Fire Safety Office at 1-2663 for the details of this procedure.)

e. Flammable liquids should be dispensed and used in a laboratory hood or well-ventilated

area so that flammable vapors will not accumulate. 3. Storage of Chemicals.

a. The following guidelines should be observed when storing flammable materials:


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• Substitute nonflammable liquids whenever possible. • Storage of flammable materials should comply with GHSU requirements and

regulations. • Keep only small quantities of flammable materials available for immediate use. • An approved safety can with a self-closing cover, vent, and flame arrester is the

proper container for storing flammable liquids or waste solvents in small quantities. An ordinary five-gallon container does not provide adequate protection in cases of fire.

• Refrigerators and cooling equipment used for storing flammable liquids should be explosion-safe (see Section -). These are externally wired, thereby removing possible internal sources of ignition.

• Flammable and combustible chemicals will only be stored in flammable chemical storage cabinets that comply with National Fire Protection Standards (NFPA 30) for flammable and combustible storage.

• Biodegradable Scintillation fluid should be used as much as possible. D. HIGHLY REACTIVE CHEMICALS AND EXPLOSIVES

1. General

a. When chemical reactions are considered safe it is generally because the reaction rate is relatively slow or can be easily controlled. Certain reactions proceed, however, at such a fast rate and generate so much heat that they may result in explosion. Care should be taken to ensure there is sufficient cooling and surface area for heat exchange.

b. Many chemical reactions may involve hazards like those mentioned above, but can be

handled safely if some preliminary planning has been done. Planning an experiment should include knowledge of the reactivity, flammability, and toxicity of the chemicals used in and produced by the experiment. This information may be obtained from such sources as the “Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials” (NFPA) or by calling the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663.

c. Researchers should consult the laboratory supervisor or principal investigator when

planning an experiment in which hazardous materials are used or hazardous conditions may occur or anytime they are unsure as to the risks in an experiment. Such planning shall include selection of the proper safety procedures, clothing and equipment, as well as consideration of the possibility of a power failure, equipment breakdown, or fire, and the precautions that can be taken to minimize the consequences.

d. Laboratory workers (females) of child bearing age will notify their supervisors of their

intent to become pregnant so that necessary precautions in terms of exposure to chemicals may be considered during work assignments and minimized.

2. Specific Chemicals

a. Peroxides-Organic peroxides are a class of compounds that have unusual stability

problems that make them among the most hazardous substances handled in laboratories. As


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a class, organic peroxides are considered to be powerful explosives. They are sensitive to heat, friction, impact, and light, as well as to strong oxidizing and reducing agents. All organic peroxides are flammable. Specific chemicals that can form dangerous concentrations of peroxides are listed in Table 2.

TABLE 2

Examples of Peroxidizable Compounds Common Compounds That Form Peroxides During Storage

Ethyl ether Isopropyl ether Tetrahydrofuran Divinyl acetylene Dioxane Vinylidene chloride Acetal Potassium metal Methyl i-butyl ketone Sodium amide Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme) Styrene Vinyl ethers Tetrafluoroethylene Dicyclopentadiene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Diacetylene Vinyl acetylene Methyl acetylene Vinyl acetate Cumene Vinyl chloride Tetrahydronaphthalene Vinyl pyridine Cyclohexane Chlorobutadine Methylcyclopentane Chloroprene

b. Guidelines for the safe use and storage of ether and other peroxide forming materials:

1) All peroxide forming materials should be stored in a cool place, away from light. Metal cans are preferable; do not store ethers in ground glass-stoppered bottles.

2) Ethers and peroxide forming materials should be ordered only in small quantities and

should be dated upon receipt and when opened. They should not be used within a year after receipt if unopened, or within six months if opened.

3) Ethers should always be handled in a hood to assure proper ventilation. This will

protect individuals from inhaling the vapors and prevent accumulation of explosive concentrations of the vapor. For methods of peroxide detection and removal, consult Chemical Safety Office. Do not use a hood to dispose of ether or any other solvent by evaporation. Arrange for Chemical Safety Office pick up for proper disposal. This service is free of charge to the PI.

Incompatibles - Certain combinations of chemicals are particularly dangerous when physically

mixed. Unintentional or accidental mixing should be avoided, and these chemicals should be stored in a way that prevents unintentional or accidental mixing. Table 3 summarizes the incompatibility of various chemicals.


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TABLE 3

Examples of Incompatible Chemicals

Acetic Acid Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates

Acetylene Chlorine, bromine, copper, fluorine, silver, mercury Acetone Concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid Alkali and Alkaline earth metals (such as aluminum or magnesium, calcium, lithium, sodium, potassium)

Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, halogens

Ammonia (anhydrous) Mercury (in manometers, for example), chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous)

Ammonium nitrate Acids, powered metals, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrates, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials

Aniline Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide Arsenical materials any reducing agent Azides Acids Bromine See Chlorine Calcium oxide Water Carbon (activated) Calcium hypochlorite all oxidizing agents Carbon tetrachloride Sodium

Chlorates Ammonium salts, acids, powered metals, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials

Chromic acid and chromium trioxide Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, alcohol, flammable liquids in general

Chlorine Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (or other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide, benzene, finely divided metals, turpentine

Chlorine dioxide Ammonia, methane, phosphene, hydrogen sulfide Copper Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide Cumene hydroperoxide Acids (organic or inorganic) Cyanides Acids

Flammable liquids Ammonium nitrate, chronic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium peroxide, halogens

Fluorine Everything Hydrocarbons - Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine Chromic acid, sodium, propane, benzene, peroxide

Hydrocyanic acid Nitric acid, alkali


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Hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous) Ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous)

Hydrogen peroxide Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane, combustible materials

Hydrogen sulfide fuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases Hypochlorites Acids, activated carbon Iodine Acetylene, ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous), hydrogen Mercury Acetylene, fulminic acid, ammonia Nitrates Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid (concentrated) Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids, flammable gases, copper, brass, any heavy metals

Nitrites Acids Nitroparaffins Inorganic bases, amines Oxalic acid Silver, mercury Oxygen Oils, grease, hydrogen, flammable liquids, solids, or gases

Perchloric acid Acetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys, alcohol, paper, wood, grease, oils

Peroxides, organic Acids (organic or mineral), avoid friction, store cold Phosphorus (white) Air, oxygen, alkalis, reducing agents Potassium Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water Potassium Chlorate Sulfuric and other acids Potassium Perchlorate Sulfuric and other acids (see also chlorates) Potassium Permanganate Glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulfuric acid Selenides Reducing agents

Silver Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, ammonium compounds, and fulminic acid

Sodium Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water Sodium nitrate Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium salts

Sodium Peroxide Ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerin, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural

Sulfides Acids

Sulfuric acid Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate (similar compounds of light metals, such as sodium, lithium)

Tellurides Reducing agents d. Other chemical hazards that may result in explosions or fires include:


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1) Acetylenic compounds are explosive in mixture of 2.5-80% with air. At pressures of

two or more atmospheres, acetylene (C2H2) subjected to an electrical discharge or high temperature decomposes with explosive violence. Dry acetylides detonate on receiving the slightest shock.

2) Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) should be considered a potentially dangerous material. If

moisture is present, there may be sufficient decomposition (HCl vapor) to build up considerable pressure.

3) Ammonia reacts with iodine to give nitrogen triiodide, which is explosive, and with

hypochlorites, giving off chlorine. 4) Benzoyl peroxide, when dry, is easily ignited and sensitive to shock. It decomposes

spontaneously at temperatures above 50 degrees C. 5) Carbon disulfide is very toxic and very flammable; mixed with air, its vapors can be

ignited by a steam bath or pipe, a hot place, or a glowing light bulb. 6) Chlorine may react violently with hydrogen or with hydrocarbons when exposed to

sunlight. 7) Chromium trioxide-pyridine complex (CrO3-C5H5N) may explode if the CrO3

concentration is too high. The complex should be prepared by addition of CrO3 to excess C5H5N.

8) Diazomethane (CH2N2) and related compounds should be treated with extreme caution.

They are very toxic, and the pure gases and liquids explode readily. Solutions in ether are safer from this standpoint.

9) Dimethyl sulfoxide [(CH3)2SO] decomposes violently on contact with a wide variety of

active halogen compounds (such as Bleach). Explosions from contact with active metal hydrides have been reported. Its toxicity is still unknown, but it does penetrate and carry dissolved substances through the skin membrane.

10) Dry ice should not be kept in a container that is not designed to withstand pressure.

Containers of other substances stored over dry ice for extended periods generally absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) unless they have been sealed with care. When such containers are removed from storage and allowed to come rapidly to room temperature, the CO2 may develop sufficient pressure to burst the container with explosive violence. On removal of such containers from storage, the stopper should be loosened or the container itself should be wrapped in towels and kept behind a shield. Dry ice can produce serious burns.

11) Drying agents Ascarite should not be mixed with phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) because

the mixture may explode if it is warmed with a trace of water. Because the cobalt salts used as moisture indicators in some drying agents may be extracted by some organic solvents, the use of these drying agents should be restricted to gases.


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12) Diethyl, diisopropyl, and other ethers sometimes explode during heating or refluxing because of the presence of peroxides. Ferrous salts or sodium bisulfite can be used to decompose these peroxides, and passage over basic active alumina will remove most of the peroxidic material. In general, however, old samples of ethers should be turned in to the Chemical Safety Office for disposal.

13) Ethylene oxide (C2H4O) has been known to explode when heated in a closed vessel.

Experiments using ethylene oxide under pressure should be carried out behind suitable barricades.

14) Halogenated compounds Chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and other

halogenated solvents should not be dried with sodium, potassium or other active metal; violent explosions are usually the result of such attempts. Many halogenated compounds are toxic.

15) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stronger than three percent can be dangerous; in contact

with the skin, it may cause severe burns. Thirty percent H2O2 may decompose violently if contaminated with iron, copper, chromium or other metals or their salts.

16) Liquid-nitrogen-cooled traps open to the atmosphere rapidly condense liquid from the

air. Then, when the coolant is removed, an explosive pressure buildup occurs, usually with enough force to shatter glass equipment. Hence, only sealed or evacuated equipment should be so cooled.

17) Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) should not be used to dry methyl ethers or

tetrahydrofuran; fires from this are very common. The products of its reaction with C02 have been reported to be explosive. Carbon dioxide or bicarbonate extinguishers should not be used against LiAlH4 fires, which should be smothered with sand or some other inert substance.

18) Mercury: Acute toxicity varies significantly with the route of exposure. Ingestion is

largely without effect. Inhalation of high concentrations causes severe respiratory irritation, digestive disturbances, and marked kidney damage. Chronic toxicity to both liquid and vapor is characterized by emotional disturbances, inflammation of the mouth and gums, general fatigue, and tremors. Mercury can also cause sensitization dermatitis. Containers should be kept tightly sealed and stored in secondary containers (such as a plastic pan or tray) in a well ventilated area. Transfers of mercury between containers should be carried out under a fume hood over a tray or pan to confine any spills. Use of laboratory instruments and equipment that use mercury should be avoided when possible.

19) Oxygen tanks: Serious explosions have resulted from contact between oil and high-

pressure oxygen. Oil or grease should never contact connections to an O2 cylinder. 20) Ozone (O3) is a highly reactive and toxic gas. It is formed by the action of ultraviolet

light on oxygen (air) and, therefore, certain ultraviolet sources may require venting to an exhaust hood.


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21) Palladium or platinum on carbon, platinum oxide, Raney nickel and other catalysts should be filtered from catalytic hydrogenation reaction mixtures carefully. The recovered catalyst is usually saturated with hydrogen and highly reactive and, thus, will flame spontaneously on exposure to air. Particularly in large-scale reactions, the filter cake should not be allowed to become dry. The funnel containing the still-moist catalyst filter cake should be put into a water bath immediately after completion of the filtration.

22) Another hazard in working with such catalysts is the danger of explosion if an

additional catalyst is added to a flask in which hydrogen is present. 23) Parr bombs used for hydrogenations have been known to explode. They should be

handled with care behind shields, and the operator should wear goggles. 24) Perchlorates: The use of perchlorates should be avoided wherever possible.

Perchlorates should not be used as drying agents if there is a possibility of contact with organic compounds or in proximity to a dehydrating acid strong enough to concentrate the perchloric acid (HClO4) to more than 70% strength (e.g., in a drying train that has a bubble counter containing sulfuric acid). Safer drying agents should be used.

25) Seventy percent HClO4 can be boiled safely at approximately 200 degrees C, but

contact of the boiling undiluted acid or the hot vapor with organic matter, or even easily oxidized inorganic matter (such as compounds of trivalent antimony), will lead to serious explosions. Oxidizable substances must never be allowed to contact HClO4. Beaker tongs, rather than rubber gloves, should be used when handling fuming HClO4.

26) Perchloric acid evaporations should be carried out only in fume hoods designed

specifically for this purpose. Please consult the Facilities Division or the Department of Environmental Health & Safety.

27) Permanganates are explosive when treated with sulfuric acid. When both compounds

are used in an absorption train, an empty trap should be placed between them. 28) Peroxides (inorganic): When mixed with combustible materials, barium, sodium, and

potassium peroxides form explosives that ignite easily. 29) Phosphorus (P) (red and white) forms explosive mixtures with oxidizing agents. White

P should be stored under water because it is spontaneously flammable in air. The reaction of P with aqueous hydroxides gives phosphine, which may ignite spontaneously in air or explode.

30) Phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, which

decomposes on heating to form phosphine, which may ignite spontaneously or explode. Care should be taken in opening containers of PCl3, and samples that have been exposed to moisture should not be heated without adequate shielding to protect the operator.


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31) Potassium (K) is in general more reactive than sodium. It ignites quickly on exposure to humid air and, therefore, should be handled under the surface of a hydrocarbon solvent such a mineral oil or toluene (see Sodium).

32) Residues from vacuum distillations (e.g., ethyl palmitate) have been known to explode

when the still was vented to the air before the residue was cool. Such explosions can be avoided by venting the still pot with nitrogen, by cooling it before venting, or by restoring the pressure slowly.

33) Pure Sodium (Na) should be stored in a closed container under kerosene, toluene or

mineral oil. Scraps of Na or K should be destroyed by reaction with n-butyl alcohol. Contact with water should be avoided because Na reacts violently with water to form H2 with evolution of sufficient heat to cause ignition. Neither carbon dioxide nor bicarbonate fire extinguishers should be used on alkali metal fires.

34) Sodium azide may react violently with benzoyl chloride plus potassium hydroxide,

bromine, carbon disulfide, chromium oxychloride, copper, lead, nitric acid, dimethylsulfate and dibromomalonitrile. It is especially important that sodium azide not be allowed to come in contact with heavy metals (for example, by being poured into a lead or copper drain) or their salts; heavy metal azides detonate with notorious ease.

35) Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) should be avoided, if possible, as a drying agent in desiccators.

If it must be used, glass beads should be placed in it to help prevent splashing when the desiccator is moved. The use of H2SO4 in melting point baths should be avoided (silicone oil should be used). To dilute H2SO4, add the acid slowly to cold water.

36) Trichloroethylene (Cl2CCHC1) reacts under a variety of conditions with potassium or

sodium hydroxide to form dichloroacetylene, which ignites spontaneously in air and detonates readily even at dry-ice temperatures. The compound itself is highly toxic and suitable precautions should be taken when it is used as a degreasing solvent.

E. TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Toxicity

Toxicity is the capability of a chemical to produce injury. Almost any substance is toxic when taken in doses exceeding “tolerable” limits. Hazard is the probability that an injury will occur or rather the prospect that an individual will receive a toxic dose.

Toxicity Effects

The effects of a toxic chemical may be qualified into several categories. Local toxicity is the effect a substance has on the body tissues at the point of contact. Acute toxicity is the effect a substance has after only one or a few short, relatively large exposures. Chronic toxicity is the effect a substance has as a result of many small exposures over a long period of time.

Routes of Exposure An individual may be exposed to a chemical substance via a number of different routes:


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a. Inhalation b. Ingestion c. Contact with skin or eyes d. Puncture

1) Inhalation of toxic vapors, mists, gases or dusts can result in poisoning by

absorption through the mucous membrane of the mouth, throat, and lungs, and can cause serious local effects. Because of the large surface area of the lung (90 square meters total surface) along with its continuous blood flow, inhaled gases or vapors may be very rapidly absorbed and carried into the circulatory system. The rate of absorption will vary with the concentration of the toxic substance, its solubility and the individual inhalation rate. The degree of injury from exposure to a toxic substance depends on the toxicity of the material, its solubility in tissue fluids and the concentration and duration of exposure.

2) Ingestion of chemicals used in the laboratory may result in significant injury. The

relative acute toxicity of a chemical can be determined by its oral LD50’ that quantity of material which when ingested will cause the death of 50% of the test animals. This LD50’ is expressed usually in milligrams per kilogram of body weight. To prevent ingestion of chemicals, laboratory workers should wash their hands immediately after using any toxic substance and before leaving the laboratory. Food and drink should not be stored or consumed in areas where chemicals are being used. Chemicals should not be tasted and pipetting and siphoning of liquids should never be done by mouth.

3) Skin contact is the most frequent route of exposure to chemical substances. A

common result of skin contact is localized irritation, but some materials can be absorbed through the skin sufficiently to produce systemic poisoning. Contact of most chemicals with the eyes will result in pain and irritation. A considerable number of chemical substances are capable of causing burns or loss of vision.

4) Puncture can lead to chemical exposure in the laboratory usually via inadvertent

injection such as by needle sticks or broken glass.

Alkaline materials, phenols and strong acids are particularly corrosive and may cause permanent loss of vision. Furthermore, the vascular network of the eyes may permit the rapid absorption of many chemicals.

Toxicity Classes

Before initiating work with a chemical substance, the researcher or laboratory worker should be familiar with the types of toxicity, the toxic dose, and the hazards of the chemical. It is also important to realize that two or more substances may act synergistically to produce a toxic effect greater than that of either substance alone. Furthermore, chemical reactions involving two or more substances may form products significantly more toxic than the starting materials. Therefore, the entire experimental procedure should be evaluated.


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b. The Chemical Safety Office is available to help researchers plan experiments and protocols with toxic materials.

TABLE 4

COMBINED TABULATION OF TOXICITY CLASSES

Commonly Used Terminology

LD50 Single Oral Dose for Rats (g/kg)

4-hr Vapor Exposure Causing 2 to 4 Deaths in 6-rat Groups (ppm)

LD50 Skin for Rabbits (g/kg)

Probable Lethal Dose for Man

Extremely Toxic 0.001 or Less Less than 10 0.005 or less Taste

Highly Toxic 0.001 to 0.05 10 to 100 0.005 to 0.043 (1grain) 1tsp (4cc)

Moderately Toxic 0.95 to 0.5 100 to 1,000 0.044 to 0.340 1 oz (30 gm)

Slightly Toxic 0.5 to 5.0 1,000 to 10,000 0.35 to 2.81 1 pint (250 gm)

Practically Nontoxic 5.0 to 15.0 10,000 to 100,000 2.82 to 22.6 1 quart

Relatively harmless >15.00 >100,000 >22.6 >1 quart

F. CORROSIVES

1. Corrosives consist of four major classes: strong acids, strong bases, dehydrating agents and oxidizing agents. Inhalation of the vapors of these substances can cause severe bronchial irritation. These chemicals erode the skin and the respiratory epithelium and are particularly damaging to the eyes.

2. Acids and alkalis should not be stored together. Storage should be in a cool ventilated area,

away from metals, flammables, and oxidizing materials to prevent possible adverse chemical reactions. The storage area should be checked regularly for spills and leaks and there should be suitable spill cleanup materials available. Protective clothing and safety glasses should be worn whenever acids or alkalis are handled.

a. Guidelines for safe use and storage of acids and alkalis:

• Always pour acids into water, never the reverse. • Cap bottles securely and store them securely. • Clean up spills promptly. Do not leave residues on a bottle or lab bench where

another person may come in contact with them (see Chapter IV-H Page 37). • If you have been splashed with acids or alkalis, follow emergency procedures (See

Chapter III-B Page 15).


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3. Four acids deserve special attention because of the hazards they pose. These are: nitric acid, perchloric acid, picric acid, and hydrofluoric acid.

Nitric acid is corrosive and its oxides are highly toxic. Because nitric acid is also an oxidizing agent, it may form flammable and explosive compounds with many materials (e.g., ethers, acetone and combustible materials). Paper used to wipe up nitric acid may ignite spontaneously when dry. Nitric acid should be used only in a hood and should be stored away from combustible materials.

Perchloric acid forms highly explosive and unstable compounds with many organic compounds and even with metals. Unstable perchlorate compounds may collect in the ductwork of fume hoods and cause fire or violent explosions. Therefore, perchloric acid should be used with extreme caution and only in a fume hood designed for its use, a perchloric acid hood which has corrosion resistant ductwork and a wash down system. Minimum quantities of perchloric acid should be kept on hand and the container stored in a perchloric acid hood on a glass tray that is deep enough to hold the contents of the bottle. Perchloric acid should not be kept for more than one year since explosive crystals may form.

1) Management of perchloric acid containers:

a) Date container when opened. b) Inspect at the end of six months for the formation of perchlorate (white) crystals

around container lid. c) Date container with inspection date. d) When container is twelve months old, turn it in as hazardous waste to Chemical

Safety Office at 1-2663.

Picric acid can form explosive compounds with many combustible materials. When the picric acid becomes dehydrated below 30% it becomes unstable and may explode when shaken or handled. The picric acid container shall be dated when received and inspected monthly for adequate hydration of the picric acid solution and for the formation of yellow picrate salt crystals under and around the container lid. The inspection date will be recorded on the container or a log sheet.

1) Management of picric acid containers:

a) Date container when opened b) Inspect container monthly to ensure that the picric acid :

• Is saturated greater than 70%, • Has not solidified or partially solidified • Picrate (yellow) crystals have not formed around lid of container.

c) Record inspection date on container d) When container is twelve months old, turn it in as hazardous waste to Chemical

Safety Office at 1-2663.

Hydrofluoric acid is extremely corrosive and will even attack glass. All forms–dilute or concentrated solutions or the vapor–can cause serious burns. Inhalation of HF mists or vapors can cause serious respiratory tract irritation that may be fatal. Burns from hydrofluoric acid heal slowly and with great difficulty. Therefore, hydrofluoric acid should be used in a suitable


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fume hood while gloves, safety glasses and lab coat are being worn. Care should be taken to avoid contacting hydrofluoric acid with metals or ammonia since toxic fumes may result.

4. Oxidizing agents present fire and explosion hazards on contact with organic compounds and

other oxidizable substances.

a. Guidelines for safe use and storage:

• Oxidizing agents should be stored separately from flammable liquids, organics, dehydrating agents and reducing agents.

• Strong oxidizing agents should be stored and used in glass or other inert containers. Corks and rubber stoppers should not be used.

• Oxidizing agents should be used with caution in the vicinity of flammable materials. • Dehydrating agents include concentrated sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide,

phosphorus pentoxide and calcium oxide. In order to avoid violent reactions and spattering, these chemicals should be added to water, never the reverse. Because of their affinity for water, these substances cause severe burns on contact with skin.

G. METALS

1. Alkali metals

a. “Alkali metals (e.g., sodium and potassium) react violently with water and decompose the water to give off hydrogen, which may be ignited by the heat of reaction. Alkali metals can also ignite spontaneously in air.

b. Guidelines for safe use and storage:

1) Store alkali metals under mineral oil or kerosene. Avoid using oils containing sulfur since a hazardous reaction may occur.

2) Use only Class D, dry powder fire extinguishers on alkali metal fires. 3) Any waste alkali metals should be placed in a labeled, leak-proof container, covered

with mineral oil.

2. Non-Alkali Metal powders

a. Finely powdered metals that come in contact with acids may ignite and burn. Metal powders can also create a dust explosion hazard when the powders become airborne in an area where a spark or flame is present. In addition, metal powders are subject to rapid oxidation, which may result in a fire or explosion.

b. Guidelines for safe use and storage:

1) Store non-alkali metals in closed containers away from acids, strong oxidizers, and ignition sources.

2) Use only Class D; dry powder fire extinguishers on alkali metal fires.

H. CHEMICAL SPILLS


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1. General

a. Chemical spills can be handled effectively if some preplanning has been done. Individuals should become familiar with proper clean-up procedures before a spill occurs. This preplanning should include consideration of:

1) Potential location of a spill, 2) Quantities of material that might be released, 3) Chemical and physical properties of the material (e.g., its physical state, vapor

pressure, and air or water reactivity), 4) Hazardous properties of the material, and 5) Recommended personal protective equipment for spills.

2. Spill kits

Clean-up material shall be available in the laboratory. These materials shall include:

1) Neutralizing agents such as sodium carbonate or sodium bisulfate. 2) Absorbents such as vermiculite. Paper towels, rags, and sponges may be used, but

caution should be exercised because some chemicals may ignite upon contact with them.

3) Commercial spill kits are available that have instructions, absorbents, reactants, and protective equipment. For additional information on commercial spill kits, call EH&S.

3. Emergency procedures.

a. Small spills (<1L and does not present an immediate fire, safety, environmental or health

hazard). 1) Cover spill with neutralizer or absorbent. 2) Clean up spill with absorbent material. 3) Call Chemical Safety Office for pickup of spill material at 1-2663.

b. Large Spills (>1L or presenting an immediate fire, safety, environmental, or health hazard).

Examples are spills of >1L of ethanol or small quantities of strong acids, bases, highly volatile organics, or any quantity of mercury.

1) Stop work 2) Turn off ignition sources 3) Attend to any injured persons 4) Leave laboratory hood on 5) Evacuate laboratory and close door 6) Secure lab, i.e., keep others out of lab 7) Call Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663 and Campus Public Safety at 1-2911 after

hours 8) Remain near lab until assistance arrives


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c. Mercury Spills

Contact Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663 for cleanup and disposal.

I. CRYOGENICS Cryogenic liquids are materials with extremely low boiling points (less than -150 oF). Common examples of cryogenic liquids are liquid nitrogen, liquid helium and liquid argon. A key and important property of cryogenic liquids is that they undergo substantial volume expansion when converted to a gas phase, which can lead to an oxygen deficient atmosphere where adequate ventilation is not provided. The principal hazards of cryogenic materials are burns from contact with skin; pressure build-up in non-vented spaces; and fire, explosion, or asphyxiation which can result from the evaporation of cryogens. It is the PI’s responsibility to provide the PPE required to safely work with cryogenic materials. Guidelines for safe use and storage include:

a. Eye protection should be worn whenever cryogenic liquids are handled. Where splashing is

a possibility, face shields and lab aprons should be used. Appropriate thermal gloves, shoes, and clothing should be worn. Transfers or pouring of cryogenic liquids should be done carefully to avoid splashing.

• In case of a splash, immediately flood exposed areas and clothing with water. • Avoid wearing watches, rings, bracelets or other jewelry.

b. Although many gases in the cryogenic range are not toxic, they are all capable of causing

asphyxiation by displacing the air necessary to support life. Therefore, they should be used only in well-ventilated areas.

c. Cryogenic liquid containers such as Dewar flasks should be filled no more than 80% of

capacity to protect against thermal expansion and provide venting to avoid quick and violent pressure changes when cryofluid vaporizes.

d. Handle combustible cryogens such as liquid hydrogen and liquid natural gas in the same

way combustible gases are handled: provide ventilation, keep away from open flames and other ignition sources, prohibit smoking, and vent gases to a safe location.

e. In addition to wearing proper personal equipment when thawing cryotubes, place the

cryotube in a heavy-walled container (e.g. a desiccator) or behind a safety shield for protection in case the tube shatters. Exposed glass portions of the container should be taped to minimize the flying glass hazard if the container should break or explode.

J. COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS

1. The following rules should be observed in using compressed gas cylinders:

a. All gas cylinders should be labeled to identify their contents. Do not rely on color codes.

b. Know the properties of the chemical contents of gas cylinders.

c. Handle gas cylinders carefully.


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d. Store and use in well-ventilated areas, away from heat or ignition sources.

e. Store oxygen away from flammable gases and oil and grease.

f. Reactive gases should be used separately.

g. Cylinders will be chained or strapped in place to prevent them from falling over with no

more than 5 cylinders per restraint group.

h. Metal cylinder caps for valve protection will be kept on at all times when the cylinders are not in use.

i. Transport cylinders only via hand truck, and never horizontally.

j. Do not use cylinders without a pressure regulator. Before connecting the regulator to the

cylinder valve outlet, make sure the connections are compatible. If the inlet of the regulator does not fit the cylinder valve outlet, do not force it! It may not be the right one. Contact the supplier or producer of the gas or regulator if advice is needed on the selection of a regulator.

k. Check regulators periodically to ensure proper and safe operation.

l. Inspect regulator inlets and cylinder valve outlets for foreign matter. Crack the cylinder

valve on and off before attaching the regulator (to remove any foreign debris).

m. A regulator, valve or other equipment that has been used with another gas should never be used with oxygen.

n. Close cylinder valves when not in use. Do not rely on a regulator to stop the gas flow

overnight.

o. Close valves on empty cylinders.

p. Never attempt to refill a cylinder

q. Separate flammable gas and oxidizing cylinders by at least 20 ‘, or by a rated barrier at least 5’ high.


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CHAPTER V

HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT A. GENERAL

Federal, state, and local governments have imposed strict regulations concerning the management, storage, and disposal of hazardous chemicals. Compliance with these laws, good safety practices, and the necessity to avoid liabilities, dictate that the institution follows a cautious approach in handling this hazardous waste material. EH&S is charged with ensuring that all hazardous waste generated at GHSU is handled properly.

The term “hazardous waste” as used in this manual means any substance no longer of use to the possessor whose chemical properties may endanger personnel, material, or the environment if handled improperly. Hazardous waste includes, but is not limited to, those items specifically identified as “hazardous waste” under federal and state statues. If you have any question on how waste should be handled contact the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663 before attempting disposal by any method.

Do not pour any chemicals or chemical waste down the drain unless written clearance has been received from the Chemical Safety Office.

WASTE MINIMIZATION

Government regulations and internal cost control require that as little hazardous waste as possible be generated. The following guidelines are intended as a checklist to accomplish this waste minimization – they are not intended to restrict required activities:

a. Before beginning a project, determine the hazards associated with the material. b. Where possible, substitute less hazardous substances. c. Use small batch or micro-level reactions where possible. d. Order and maintain the minimum amount of any specific chemical.

Certain chemicals are difficult and/or costly to dispose of and should be given special consideration. Examples are:

a. Any heavy metal (mercury, barium, cadmium, chromium, beryllium, silver, arsenic, lead, selenium, tellurium, etc.) either elemental or as compounds.

b. Chlorophenols, dioxins, cyanides and polychlorinated biphenyls. c. Compressed gases (to include lecture bottles) or containers with liquid under pressure

(especially if the substance is poisonous). Where possible, arrange with the supplier to accept return of used containers.

d. Manufacturers’ samples. Either arrange for the manufacturer to accept return of unused material or ensure they provide an ample description of the product and its characteristics to aid the Chemical Safety Office in its disposal.

B. ACCUMULATION OF WASTE


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1. Excess amounts of waste should not be allowed to accumulate. When chemical waste

containers are full, they should be turned in the Chemical Safety Office as chemical waste. Do not wait to accumulate several containers, but turn in each container as soon as it is full.

2. Each laboratory/activity will conduct as least an annual survey and dispose of

unneeded/expired chemicals.

3. At the end of any project or prior to the departure of a PI all chemicals be clearly identified and unneeded/expired chemicals will be turned in to the Chemical Safety Office as Surplus or as chemical waste.

D. SEGREGATION OF WASTE

To the extent feasible, waste should be segregated and not combined. Mixing of different types of wastes poses dangers and imposes cost penalties. Special attention must be paid to segregation of chemical waste from radioactive and biomedical waste.

E. CONTAINERS

1. The Chemical Safety Office can aid the PI in selecting waste containers and often can provide them free of charge. Waste containers must be compatible with the waste collected, kept closed unless material is being added, capable of being transported, and appropriately labeled. Do not use containers over 2.5 gallons/10 liters without prior consultation with EH&S, Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663.

2. Waste container labels shall consist of the following information:

a. Name of chemical components (no abbreviations or formulas) b. PI name c. Building and Room Number d. Accumulation Start Date e. Percentage in the container for each chemical component f. Hazard warnings, e.g., toxic/poison, flammable, corrosive, oxidizer, water reactive,

carcinogen, etc. F. CHEMICAL WASTE DISPOSAL PROCEDURES

1. Proper chemical waste disposal should be performed in a manner that does not harm people, the environment and other organisms. Due to the changing nature of environmental regulations, all chemicals waste will be turned in to the Chemical Safety Office. Chemical Safety Office personnel will determine the appropriate disposal method for each chemical waste.

2. Chemical Waste Pickup Requests Standard Operating Procedures

a. Hazardous Waste Labels


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A GHSU “HAZARDOUS WASTE” TAG must be attached to each hazardous waste container. The hazardous waste tag is a produced through the Chemical Inventory Database, Waste Pickup Module. Instructions for how to generate a waste pickup request, enter information for each waste container, and print a label to place on each waste container are provided in Chemical Inventory Online Training Course, Module 4 on the following web page: http://www.georgiahealth.edu/services/ehs/chemsafe/databasetraining/index.html Contact the Chemical Safety Office at 1-2663 if you need additional assistance in learning how to produce hazardous waste tags..

b. Instructions for Hazardous Waste Containers.

i. Ensure that a waste tag is printed for each chemical container being offered for pickup and disposal.

ii. Ensure that the “Chemical Identity” has been properly identified so that the following information is included on the waste tag for each container: • The name of the chemical(s) in the container. • If the material is a mixture, it must contain constituents and the

percentage of each in relation to the total volume of the container. • Total volume of the material or mixture in the container.

NOTE: Proper identification of each container of chemical waste and components of chemical mixture is essential for the safe handling and disposal of these materials. Unknown chemicals pose a health and safety hazard and disposal is much more expensive.

iii. Each container must be appropriate for material and must be sealed to

preclude leakage. iv. After you have printed out the Hazardous Waste Tag, cut out each tag and

tape it to the appropriate container. Place the tape across the top of the form, ½ inch from the top and extend at least 2 inches from each edge. Tape tightly onto the container. Ensure that the label does not fall off.

v. Place containers in a conspicuous and accessible location in the room listed on the Hazardous Waste Tag.

vi. Weekly pickup of waste chemicals will occur on Wednesdays. Data entry must be completed and Hazardous Waste labels attached to each container by the morning of, or prior to, the date you wish to have your chemicals collected.

http://www.georgiahealth.edu/services/ehs/chemsafe/databasetraining/index.html


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APPENDICES

Under Construction


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APPENDIX A

Fume Hood Requirement

SUBJECT: Establish Requirement for a Fume Hood in a Chemical Laboratory A. Problem: There is no consistent guideline on campus on when a fume hood is required in a

laboratory where chemicals are handled. B. Assumptions:

1. GHSU is interested in remaining compliant with OSHA and the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia (BOR) requirements requiring protection of employees from exposure to hazardous materials.

2. Potential liability to the institution from an employee or worker exposure to hazardous chemicals outweighs effort and cost for compliance.

3. As the institution’s technical resource, the Chemical Safety Office should develop consistent guideline or line of response whenever asked about requirement for a chemical fume hood.

C. Discussion:

1. OSHA has a requirement in 29 CFR1910.1450 namely, "Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories”. The purpose of the standard is to provide an environment to protect lab workers from exposure to hazardous chemicals. Laboratory ventilation and fume hoods are important considerations in achieving this goal. Because it is a performance based standard, the laboratory can design administrative and engineering controls and standard operating procedures for working with chemicals that meet their specific needs. If the lab uses hazardous substances, particularly hazardous substances or chemicals with a high degree of acute toxicity, then special provisions will be required which may include a fume hood.

2. The BOR concurs with this OSHA requirement with the following statement, "Fume hoods

shall be located per the requirements of ANSI/AIHA Z9.5 (most recent version and shall be located in a manner which prevents excessive air changes and/or cross-drafts in the laboratory in accordance with sound engineering principles".

3. Section 2.1.1 of ANSI/AIHA Z9.5 states, "Adequate laboratory chemical hoods, special

purpose hoods or other engineering controls shall be used when there is a possibility of employee overexposure to air contaminants generated by a laboratory activity".

4. Basically, the OSHA requirement as well as BOR concurrence is that people not be exposed

above the allowable exposure limit for the individual chemical. The problem with the intent of this requirement is that it would require a lot of air sampling to determine this limit for each chemical and this would be "after the fact".

D. Recommendation: A chemical fume hood system shall be required in a laboratory wherever or

whenever one of the following conditions exists:

1. A flammable vapor, gas, fume, mist or dust is present either in reagents or may become present as a result of reactions at room temperature,


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2. A vapor, gas, fume, mist or dust with a health-hazard rating of 4 is present in any concentration,

3. A vapor, gas, fume, mist or dust with a health-hazard rating of 1, 2 or 3 is present either in reagents or may become present as a result of reactions at room temperature, or

4. A chemical with Personnel Exposure Limit (PEL) or Threshold Limit Value (TLV) < 50 PPM.


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APPENDIX B

Instructions for Completing Chemical Inventory


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APPENDIX C

Controlled Substances Policy


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APPENDIX D LABORATORY CHEMICAL SAFETY AUDIT CHECKLIST

PI Name ______________________________________ Building & Room Number _____________ Dept _________________________________________Dept Mgr ___________________________ Lab Representative _____________________________ Audit Date__________________________

Compliance (Y, N, N/A)

1. Chemical Storage A. Chemicals Segregated (solids from liquids) into: Acids, Organic - Inorganic Bases Toxics Carcinogens Reproductive Hazards Oxidizers Non-Toxics Pyrophorics and water reactives Flammables (in flammable cabinet < 60 gal class I,II + 60 gal class IIIA) Flammables may be stored in non-explosion proof refrigerators only if individual containers have sealed secondary containment with mineral adsorbent Gases

B. Hazardous materials (shock sensitive and detonable in glass or stainless steel) are stored in approved containers with secondary containment if necessary

C. Only dry chemicals (no hazard rating above 2) stored on floor with

secondary containment.

D. Chemical containers in manufacturer’s container marked with PI’s name, date opened/received, and expiration date noted (if applicable)

E. Working solution containers marked with label containing:

• Name of Chemical. • Name of PI or person placing chemical into container. • Date Chemical is placed into container. • Expiration Date. (If applicable)

F. No more than 10 gallons of flammable/combustible liquid stored outside an

approved safety can or flammable cabinet. (25 gal if in approved safety can)

G. Flammable Cabinet(s) Doors Kept Closed, with vent plugs in place


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H. One gallon or larger containers not stored higher than 5 feet or shoulder

level of any lab staff.

I. All reagents stored on wall mounted shelving with ½ inch lip.

J. Only non-hazardous working solutions kept on center aisle shelves

K. Chemicals stored away form sunlight, heat, or ignition sources

L. Peroxide forming compounds dated when opened, and placed for disposal at expiration.

M. Picric acid and strong oxidizers dated when opened, periodically checked or crystallization and placed for disposal at expiration or crystallization. f

N. Perchloric acid is used only in a perchloric acid hood.

O. Use of extremely hazardous, highly toxic chemicals and carcinogens has written approval from the Institutional Chemical Safety Committee.

P. Spill kits are on hand and accessible.

Q. Integrity of containers is good or placed for disposal.

2. Liquid Nitrogen and Cryogenic Liquids A. Dewars have proper pressure venting devices or loose fitting stoppers. No homemade stoppers allowed!

B. Pressurized cryogenic containers are inspected for appropriate gauges, relief valves, and venting systems

C. Cryogenic Personal Protective Equipment on Hand. Cryogenic Protective Gloves, non-permeable apron, and full face shield.

3. General Laboratory Safety A. Chemical Placards, Emergency Response Chart, Right-to-Know Poster, and Code 17 Poster (Fire Plan) are displayed.

B. Hazard warning signs & tags are in place where there are immediate dangers or potential hazards

C. Food or drinks not allowed in labs.

D. Safety Showers and eyewash stations are accessible at all times.

E. Safety Showers and eyewash stations are inspected and flushed annually.


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F. Eyewash Stations accessible and “bump” tested by lab staff weekly.

G. Lab hood inspected and certified annually

H. Lab hood does not contain equipment, apparatus, or chemicals that will disrupt airflow and operation of hood.

I. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is accessible.

J. Personnel keep PPE clean, in good working condition, and are familiar with proper donning and doffing

K. Gas cylinders are clearly marked

L. Compressed gas cylinders are restrained

M. All cylinders not attached to regulator have cap

N. Oxidizing gases stored at least 20’ from flammables

O. DEA controlled substances are under lock

P. Apparatus (glassware, etc.) are free of defects

4. Laboratory Safety Training A. All personnel are current on GHSU Laboratory Safety training

B. Personnel are current on Basic and Chemical Specific and Right-to-Know training.

C. Personnel know how to retrieve the GHSU Chemical Safety Guide, MSDSs, and know how to contact the Chemical Safety Office

D. Personnel are knowledgeable concerning what spills they can handle.

E. Lab personnel are trained not to permit improper disposal of hazwaste. F. Women of child-bearing age instructed to notify PI of pregnancy or intent to become pregnant.

5. Chemical Waste Management A. Chemical waste stored in designated area, segregated according to compatibilities and in adequate containers (max. 5 gals)

B. Chemical waste containers are properly labeled, capped except when filling, placed in secondary containment, and turned in when full.



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C. Lab is free of mercury containing apparatus D. Old/outdated/expired chemicals turned in for disposal or listed on justification form.

6. Bloodborne Pathogens A. Employees are exposed to human or animal body fluids or human or animal tissue

B. If Yes, the laboratory is a posted BSL lab

7. General Safety A. Emergency cut offs are identified and accessible

B. Room aisles/pathways have 36 inches in clearance.

C No tripping hazards.

D. Electrical panels are not obstructed and have 36 inches clearance.

E. Electrical devices and cords do not present a shock hazard.

F. Sprinkler heads have 18 inches clearance. (Where applicable)

G First Aid Kit on Hand

H. Housekeeping of laboratory is satisfactory

I. Fire extinguishers are unobstructed, fire exits are unobstructed and Identified.

Comments or Issues for follow-up: _________________________________ ______________________ Chemical Safety Office Representative Date

Chemical Safety Guide - Augusta University files...2011/04/16 · Chemical Safety Guide Environmental Health & Safety Division 1405 Goss Lane, CI 1001 Augusta, Georgia 30912 Revised:

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