Inorganic elementsState the name of elementsState the function of each elements in
animal and plant cell
Water molecules
List the importance of water in the cell:
1. Biochemical reaction2. Solvent3. Transport medium4. Maintaining osmotic balance5. Support6. Moisture – alveoli7. Lubrication – mucus8. Maintaining body tempt
Organic compound in the cell
Basic element:C, H, O
• Always contain carbon and hydrogen
• Usually contain covalent bonds
• Usually large, unique molecules with complex functions
• Make up 40% of body mass
MonosaccharideDisaccharide
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates Substances formed from C, H, and O Main function is source of energy for ATP
formation Forms only 2-3 % of total body weight
glycogen is storage in liver and muscle tissuesugar building blocks of DNA & RNA
(deoxyribose & ribose sugars)Only plants produce starch for energy storage
GlucoseFructose
Galactose
Monosaccharides
Characteristic of the monosaccharide
Water solubleCrystallization ColorlessSweet to taste
Food test:
SucroseMaltoseLactose
Disaccharide
Fatty acidGlycerol
List the importance of lipids
List the importance of proteins:
Amino acidEssential
Need to take by food
Can be synthesized by body
First class proteinFound in animals
Non-essential Almost found in
plantCan be synthesized
by our body
Peptide bond can be broken by:HeatDilute acidsEnzymes
Denaturation:Loss of three dimensional structure By heat or chemical
Polypeptide chain
Various protein structures
e.g.: hormone insulin
e.g.: hormone, antibodies, enzyme
e.g.: hemoglobin
DNA StructureHuge molecules containing C, H, O, N
and PA molecule of DNA is a chain of
nucleotidesNucleotide
nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), a 5- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
Answer:Answer:
1.1. Proteins:Proteins: most enzymesenzymes are proteinsproteins, primarily tertiarytertiary and quaternary structuresquaternary structures..
2.2. Catalyst:Catalyst: chemical agentchemical agent that acceleratesaccelerates a reaction without being permanently changed in the process.
3.3. Selective:Selective: enzymes are specific for which they will catalyzecatalyze (Specificity - depends (Specificity - depends upon 3D upon 3D shape).shape).
4.4. Recycled:Recycled: enzymes are reusable.
Work rapidlyNot destroyed after reactionCan work both directionExtremely specificDenatured by high temperatureSensitive to pH
““ase”ase” endings:
sucrasesucrase
maltasemaltase
lactaselactase
Name according to substrate it catalyst
A few enzymes are named before : pepsin, trypsin, rennin
Lock and key hypothesisEnzyme is specific to its substrateWhen pH change, the charge of active sites
change,
• Huge molecules containing C, H, O, N and phosphorus
• Each gene of our genetic material is a piece of DNA that controls the synthesis of a specific protein
• A molecule of DNA is a chain of nucleotides
• Nucleotide = nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), a 5- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
Factors affecting the rate of enzymatic reactions
pH [acidity and alkalinity]Enzymes are affected by changes in pHMost work best at pH 7A change of pH, will change the active site
charge of enzyme molecules, not able to form enzyme – substrate
complex
Rate of enzyme reaction
pH 71 14
Pepsin[stomach]
Amylase[mouth]
Amylase[duodenum]
Heat Most work best at optimum temperature
37 CExtreme heat (above) – denaturation of
enzyme molecule Active site altered – not able to form
enzyme – substrate complex In cold condition [below 20] – enzyme
inactive
TEMPT [c]
Rate of enzyme reaction
37 600
Substrate concentration
• If the concentration of substrate increase, the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase .
• When all active sites filled with substrate, the rate remains constant.
Rate of enzyme reaction
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration
• If the concentration of enzyme increase, the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase .
• When all substrate are used at one time, the rate remains constant.
Rate of enzyme reaction
Enzyme concentration
The effect of pH/ temperature on enzymatic activities
Design an experiment :
Enzymes in daily lifeState the use of enzyme in:
Food productionDairy industryBiological detergentTextile industryLeather industryPaper industry