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A Primer on Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers
36

Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

May 28, 2020

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Page 1: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

A Primer on Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and 

EMS Workers

Page 2: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

This information was adapted and developed from a presentation by: 

Area Health Education Center of Southern Nevada

Page 3: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

Chemical Nerve Agents 

•  Nerve agents are a class of organic compounds containing phosphorus (i.e., organophosphates) that disrupt the mechanism by which nerves transfer impulses to muscles and organs 

•  First created in the 1930’s for use as pesticides, but recognized as an effective chemical weapon by Germany during WWII

Page 4: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

Chemical Nerve Agents (cont.) 

None 

GD 

Soman 

None or fruity 

GA 

Tabun 

Rate of Reaction 

None or sulfur 

None or fruity 

Odor 

VX GB NATO Symbol 

VX* Sarin Nerve Agent 

Inhalation – very fast 

Skin penetration – seconds to minutes 

* VX is estimated to be 10 times more toxic than Sarin (GB)

Page 5: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

Organophosphate Pesticides 

•  Organophosphate pesticides account for about half of the insecticides used in the United States –  Approximately 60 million pounds of organophosphate pesticides are applied to U.S. agricultural crops annually 

–  Nonagricultural uses account for about 17 million pounds per year 

•  Dozens of organophosphate pesticides are now in use including: –  Diazinon –  Malathion –  Parathion

Page 6: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

General Characteristics 

•  Generally liquid at room temperature •  Disseminated as vapor or aerosols •  Have varying effects on the body •  Time of onset is seconds to hours

Page 7: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

Physical Characteristics 

•  Clear, colorless liquids •  Tasteless •  Most are odorless •  Penetrate skin, clothing, and mucous membrane

Page 8: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

Normal Nerve Physiology 

•  Electrical impulse goes down nerve •  Impulse causes release of Acetylcholine (ACh) •  ACh stimulates receptor site on organ •  Causes organ/muscle to act •  ACh is neutralized by Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) •  Nerve is “reset” for next impulse

Page 9: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

ACh 

Normal Nerve Transmission

Page 10: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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ACh 

Nerve Impulse Release ACh

Page 11: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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ACh 

ACh Activates New Nerve Impulse

Page 12: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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AChE is Released 

ACh 

AChE

Page 13: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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ACh 

AChE 

AChE Neutralizes ACh

Page 14: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Action of Nerve Agents 

•  Causes effects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme which breaks down Acetylcholine 

•  Acetylcholine is allowed to accumulate at the neuroreceptor site 

•  Physiologic effects result from uninhibited nerve stimulation due to the presence of excess Acetylcholine

Page 15: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Nerve Agent Targets AChE at the Neural Junction 

ACh 

AChE

Page 16: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Nerve Agent Binds to AChE Allowing Ach to Accumulate 

ACh 

AChE

Page 17: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Clinical Effects 

•  Effects of exposure depend on dose and route •  Small amounts of vapor first affect sensitive organs of the face, eye, airway 

•  Small amounts of liquid on the skin causes localized affects at the point of contact 

•  Lethal amounts cause rapid cascade of events

Page 18: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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S.L.U.D.G.E. 

S ­ Salivation L ­ Lacrimation U ­ Urination D ­ Defecation G ­ Gastric distress E ­ Emesis

Page 19: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Eyes 

•  Constricted pupils (Miosis) is a classic sign of exposure 

•  Along with complaints of: –  Pain –  Dim vision –  Blurred vision –  Conjunctival injection

Page 20: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Respiratory 

•  Rhinorrhea (perfuse watery runny nose) •  Bronchorrhea (excessive bronchial secretions) •  Wheezing •  Dyspnea (shortness of breath) •  Chest tightness •  Hyperpnea (increased respiratory rate/depth) ­ early 

•  Bradypnea (decreased respiratory rate) ­ late

Page 21: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Gastrointestinal Tract 

•  Abdominal pain •  Nausea & and vomiting •  Diarrhea •  Urinary incontinence, frequency

Page 22: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Skeletal Muscle 

•  Weakness (may progress to paralysis) •  Fasciculations (local or generalized)

Page 23: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Central Nervous System 

•  Large amounts –  Loss of consciousness –  Seizure activity –  Apnea 

•  Begins in minutes after large exposure •  Asymptomatic period of 1 to 30 minutes after skin contact with a liquid agent

Page 24: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Medical Management

Page 25: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Medical Management 

•  Management of nerve agent exposure includes: –  Decontamination –  Ventilation –  Administration of antidotes –  Supportive therapy 

•  The condition of the patient dictates the need for each of these and the order in which they are instituted

Page 26: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Nerve Agent Antidotes

Page 27: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Atropine Sulfate 

•  An anticholinergic drug •  Blocks neuroreceptor sites for acetylcholine •  Clinical effects: 

–  Dries secretions –  Reduces smooth muscle constriction

Page 28: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Pralidoxime Chloride 

•  Also known as 2­PAM, this antidote re­activates the poisoned acetylcholinesterase enzyme 

•  Should be administered together with atropine •  Takes longer to take effect

Page 29: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Diazepam 

•  Administered to patients with severe symptoms regardless if seizure activity is present 

•  Further doses titrated to seizure activity

Page 30: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Decontamination

Page 31: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Decontamination 

•  Purpose of decontamination is to remove or neutralize harmful contaminants from surfaces 

•  Reduces absorption •  Minimizes transfer from clothing to skin •  Prevents or reduces cross contamination of: 

–  Health care workers –  Other citizens –  Facilities –  Equipment

Page 32: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Decontamination “Pearls” 

•  Do not touch or handle a contaminated suit, tool, or person without proper protective equipment 

•  Not every person who presents for care will be contaminated 

•  The most effective decontamination is that decontamination done within the first minute or two after exposure

Page 33: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Decontamination Solutions 

•  Flushing with water followed by physical removal with soap and water solution is preferred 

•  If water is limited, use Sodium Hypochlorite solution (0.5%) –  1 to 10 dilution of household bleach

Page 34: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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“Waterless” Decon 

•  80­90% of contamination is removed by simply undressing 

•  The ability to quickly decontaminate large crowds is facilitated by rapid disrobing

Page 35: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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PPE for Healthcare Personnel 

•  No single combination is capable of protecting against all hazards 

•  PPE can create significant worker hazards by impairing: –  Heat dissipation –  Vision –  Mobility –  Communication 

•  Training is Essential!!!

Page 36: Chemical Nerve Agents - El Dorado County, California · Chemical Nerve Agents Information for Public Health and EMS Workers. 2 This information was adapted and developed from a presentation

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Karen Seale, M.Ed. 

Associate Director of PHP Programs 

Karen Seale, M.Ed. 

Associate Director of PHP Programs 

Teresa Levesque, Ph.D 

Bioterrorism Education Program Manager 

Teresa Levesque, Ph.D 

Bioterrorism Education Program Manager 

Special Thanks to