CHEMICAL COORDINATION “ It is the type of coordination present between the cells or different organs within the body of multicellular organisms. In this kind of coordination a group of cells releases specific chemicals, which regulates the activities of other cell of the body.”
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CHEMICAL COORDINATION
“ It is the type of coordination present between the cells or different organs within the body of multicellular organisms. In this kind of coordination a group of cells releases specific chemicals, which regulates the activities of other cell of the body.”
Endocrine system
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
DEFINITION Endocrine glands are organs in the
body that produce hormones which are released directly into the bloodstream. Together these glands make up the endocrine system, which performs essential functions like regulating metabolism, growth and reproduction.
INTRODUCTION Endocrine derives from the Greek words endo
meaning inside, within, and crinis for secrete Chemicals are released by these glands(hormones)
hormone derived from Greek word which means ‘to excite’
The field of study dealing with the endocrine system and its disorders is endocrinology, a branch of internal medicine.
In animals glands are of two types Exocrine gland: release products (enzymes) into
DUCTS› Ex) Sweat, digestive juices
Endocrine glands:– directly to bloodstream; NO DUCTS› Ex) Hormones
Features of endocrine gland: their ductless nature their vascularity, the presence of intracellular vacuoles or granules
› Pass through the cell membrane› Binds to specific receptors› Then enters the nucleus to bind
with the DNA which then activates certain genes (Direct gene activation).
› mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm and promotes protein synthesis for: Enzymes as catalysts Tissue growth and repair Regulate enzyme function
regulate glucose metabolism and the immune system.
2. Mineralocorticoids(Aldosterone) regulate salt and water balance
3. Gonad corticoids(Androgens)development of secondary sexual
characteristics in male like growth of facial hair and deepening of voice.
It is produced in both sexes and its excessive secretion in females causes masculinization i.e,appearance of beard
Adrenal Cortex Imbalances
Hyper secretion leads to Cushing’s Disease Weight gain Hypertension Reduced sex drive Diabetes Depression/inability to think clearlyHypo secretion leads to Addison’s DiseaseFatigue, weakness, loss of appetite Weight loss Gastrointestinal problems (nausea, vomiting, etc.) Darkening of the skin Low blood pressure and low blood sugar
Adrenal Medulla Medulla
› The adrenal medulla mediates short–term responses under the influence of sympathetic nervous system.
› It secretes two emergency hormones under stress conditions to bring about fight or flight response.
It is present in the upper part of chest behind the breast bone.
It consists of two lobes that join infront of trachea.
It secretes a hormone, Thymosin, which stimulates the development and differentiation of T lymphocytes after they leave the thymus.
It plays a role in regulating the immune system by stimulating other kinds of immune cells.
Pineal gland It is a tiny cone-shaped
body located in diencephalon (fore brain)
It secretes Melatonin which› Influences growth and
development of gonads› Controls Day/night cycles› Timing of sleep, body
temperature, appetite› Participates in setting the
body’s clock
Gonads Ovaries
› Estrogens› Maintains female reproductive cycle› Development of secondary sexual characters› Progesterone› Preparation and maintenance of uterus for the
development of embryo Testes
› Testosterone› Stimulates bones and muscles growth› Development of secondary sexual characters