Chemical Contaminants on DOE Lands and …environmentalrestoration.wiki/images/6/68/Riley-1992...to be disposed of with organic substances (e.g., organic acids, complexing agents,

DOE/ER--0547T

DE92 014826

II

ChemicalContaminantson DOE Landsand Selectionof ContaminantMixtures forSubsurfaceScience ResearchR.G. RileyJ.M. ZacharaPacific Northwest Laboratory

In collaboration with

F.J. Wobber

April 1992

. L

U.S. Department of Energy D_.:: :::;,:.::.::,;,_<_'r._,_ L"_O'_UMf--N__SUNt.L,4,_L_Office of Energy ResearchSubsurface Science ProgramW higt .......-- aS n OI'I,U.L,. /..,UDOD

4_

This identifies individual contaminants and contaminant mixtures that have beenreport

measured in the ground at 91 waste sites at 18 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

facilities within the weapons complex. The inventory of chemicals and mixtures was used to

identify generic chemical mixtures to be used by DOE's Subsurface Science Program in

basic research on the subsurface geochemical and microbiological behavior of mixed con-

taminants (DOE 1990a and b). The generic mixtures contain specific radionuclides, metals,

organic ligands, organic solvents, fuel hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

in various binary and ternary combinations. The mixtures are representative of in-ground

contaminant associations at DOE facilities that are likely to exhibit complex geochemical be-

havior as a result oi intercontaminant reactions and/or microbiologic activity stimulated by

organic substances. Use of the generic mixtures will focus research on important mixed con-

taminants that are likely to be long-term problems at DOE sites and that will require cleanupor remediation.

The report provides information on the frequency of associations among different chemi-

cals and compound classes at DOE waste sites that require remediation. For example,

radionuclides such as uranium, plutonium, strontium, and cobalt were found, in some cases,

to be disposed of with organic substances (e.g., organic acids, complexing agents, and sol-

vents) that could influence radionuclide geochemical behavior and subsurface transport.

Knowledge of the types of chemicals that coexist in waste sites is important to remediationfor various reasons:

• The efficiency of many biotic and abiotic treatment processes for soil and ground-water

contaminants is affected by the presence of co-contaminants.

• Multiple contaminant species may be treated simultaneously and more effectively by

specific aboveground or in-ground techniques if the nature of the contaminant associa-tion is understood in advance.

• Certain types of chemical mixtures may require special precautions or the development

of new remediation strategies or techniques.

• In-ground remediation activities may selectively mobilize certain mixtures of chemical

constituents to air or ground water, thereby increasing environmental risk; or some mix-

tures may be stabilized, thus reducing environmental impact.

111iiiii

"o:_ The report provides quanlitntive information on the frequency of occurrence of binary,Irl

ternary, and higher order contaminant mixtures in the 91 waste sites, This quantitative int'or-Om matiort may be used to refine or guide the development of new aboveground and in situ

remediation strategies that c_mbe used throughout the weapons complex,

Scientists who are interested in participating in DOE's Subsurface Science Program ;Ire

encouraged to review this document and the Program Overview (tj,S, Department of Energy

1990b) for information about DOE's research interests and as a basis for collaboration with

current investigators, Additional iflt'ormation about DOE's research under the Subsurface

Science Program can be obtairmd by writing Dr, Frank Wobber, DOE's Program Mplmger;

further details on research in Co-Contaminant Chemistry can be obtained from Dr, John

Zachara, Geosciences Department, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, P,O, Box 999, Richhmd,WA 99352.

_p rog,r.rrrE..Mana g_,t."

Std_stt/Jace Sciem'e Program

E_tviromnemal Sciellces Divisiom ER- 74

Ogi'ce of Energy Rexearch

Iv

Acknowledgmentsw

, z

his research was supported by the Subsurface Science Program, Office of Health andEnvironmental Research (OHER), U.S. Department ot' Energy (DOE). Pacific

Northwest l,aboralory is operated for DOE by Battelle Memorial Institute under Contract

DE-AC06-76RLO 1830.

The authors would like to acknowledge the support from OHER's Subsurface Science

Program. Drs. M.A. Simmons and J. Thomas performed the statistical data analyses that

1 made it possible to identify the contaminant mixtures and the frequency of occurrence of the

different contaminants and classes. We would also like to thank the many personnel at

various DOE facilities who provided us with the reports and information that made this

comprehensive assessment possible.

Summary

This document summarizes review of and restoration from 91

a monitoring reports

waste sites at 18 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) facilities. The review was con-

ducted to identify (1) inorganic and organic contaminants found within soil and ground

water at DOE waste sites, (2) their concentration ranges, and (3) their frequency of occur-

rence as single compounds and as binary, ternary, quaternr, rv ,nd higher order contaminant

mixtures, Fuel hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, radionuclides, metals, inorganic

anions, and ketones were the contaminant classes most frequently measured in the ground at

DOE facilities. The chlorinated hydrocarbon, fuel hydrocarbon, radionuclide(s), metal(s),

and ketone reported in ground water most frequently were trichloroethylene, toluene,

triiium/uranium, lead/chromium, and acetone, respectively.

Contaminants in waste sites were frequently mixed; binary contaminant mixtures were

reported at 64 percent of the waste sites, and ternary mixtures were observed at 49 percent

of the sites. The most common binary contaminant mixture was that of metals and

radionuclides. Twelve other common pairings included metals, anions, radionuclides,

chlorinated hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and ketones in various combi-

nations. Mixtures of contaminants that could interact with each other and modify each

other's subsurface geochemical behavior were disposed of together in DOE waste sites. For

example, mixture:_ of radionuclides and metals with organic ligands (organic acids or amino-

carboxylic chelating agents) that could lead to mobile aqueous complexes in soil and ground

water were observed at 19 waste sites. Organic solvents (chlorinated hydrocarbons and

ketones) that can mobilize sparingly soluble hydrophobic organic compounds were disposed

of with PCBs at 15 waste sites. Furthermore, organic substances that can modify metal

ion/radi,:)nuclide speciation by stimulating subsurface microflera were disposed of to the

ground with metal- and radionuclide-containing wastes.

vii

li Information on the contaminants occurring most frequently and on their observed in-ground combinations was used to identify a series of generic chemical mixtures that can be

used in basic research on co-contaminant geochernistry and microbiology. The generic mix-

tures represent compound class combinations that ( 1) are expected, based on observations in

the literature, to exhibit different types of co-contamin,'mt interactions and (2) are known toexist in the subsurface environment at DOE sites. These mixtures include-

• Chlorinated hydrocarbons and fuel hydrocarbons.

• Metals/anions and radionuclides.

• Organic solvents and PCBs.

• Metals/radionuclides and organic acids.

• Metals/radionuclides and complexing agents.

• Metals/radionuclides and ketones.

• Metals/radionuclides, organic acids/complexing agents, and orgamc solvents.

• Metals/radionuclides and natural organic substances.

These mixtures all have equal priority for research, based on the frequency of their oc-

currence, their likelihood to influence contaminant dynamics, and the extent of research

knowledge. This document provides guidance on how to select elements or compounds from

the generic mixtures for research.

The review and the process of mixture selection were limited by the data base on chemi-

cal constituents in DOE waste sites. Nonregulated chemical contaminants often v/ere not

included in monitoring and chemical characterization efforts at DOE sites. Consequently,

data were insufficient to define the true frequency of occurrence and enviror!mental

concentrations of many important co-contaminants, including various orgamc complexing

agents that could significantly affect radionuclide mobility.

viii

" I I

II

Preface ............................................................. iii

Acknowledgments v

Sumnlary ........................................................... vii

Sectiun 1 Introduction ' 1i

Section 2 Background ................................................... 3ii

Section 3 Approach to the Co-Contaminant Review and the Selection of Generic Mixtures ............. 7

Section 4 Identification of the Most Common Contaminant Classes ......................... 15

Frequency of Compound-Class Occurrence in Soil/Sediment ....................... 15

Frequency of Compound-Class Occurrence in Ground Water ....................... 16

Section 5 Frequency of Occurrence of Contaminant Class Combinations ...................... 17

Soils and Sediments ............................................. 17

Ground Water ................................................ 19

Section 6 Identification of the Most Frequently Occurring Chemicals ........................ 21

Metals and Inorganic Anions ........................................ 21Radionuclides ................................................ 22

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons .......................................... 22

Fuel Hydrocarbons ............................................. 23Ketones ................................................... 23

Other Chemicals and Compounds ...................................... 24

Section 7 Concentration Ranges and Regulatory Compliance ............................ 27

Metals and Anions .............................................. 27

Radionuclides ................................................ 27

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons .......................................... 27

Fuel Hydrocarbons .............................................. 29Ketones ................................................... 29

Phthalates .................................................. 29

ix

O Section 8 Identification of Priority Class Mixtures f_r Subsurface Science Research ................. 3 !

O ,,Nature of Co-Contaminant Interactions ................................... 31

Competitive Sorption . . ......................................... 31|_ Cosolvation 32

Aqueous Complexation .......................................... 32

Cosorption ................................................. 33

Compound-Class Mixtures Likely To Exhibit Co-Contaminant Interactions .... ............ 33

Section 9 Chemical Mixtures for Subsurface Science Research ............................ 35III III

Description of Generic Chemical Mixtures 35Uses for the Generic Mixtures ....................... ................. 38

Section 10 Boundaries of the Co-Contaminant Analysis ................................. 39

Section 11 References ................................................... 41

Appendix A,, Source Documents .............................................. 47

AppendixB Compound-ClassDistributions ........................................ 53

Appendix q Frequency Of Compound-Class Mixtures .................................. 57

Appendix D Specific Chemicals Identified ......................................... 69

App,,,e,ndix E Example Of Site-Specific Data .73

Figures

1 Locations of DOE Research and Defense Production Facilities ..................... 4

2 Approach Taken To Identify Chemical Mixtures on DOE Lands and To Establish Generic Chemical Mixturesfor Subsurface Science Research ................................. 7

3 Distribution of Compound Classes in Soils/Sediments at 18 DOE Facilities and 91 Waste Sites ....... 15

4 Distribution of Compound Classes in Ground Water at 18 DOE Facilities and 91 Waste Sites ........ 16

5 Frequency of Occurrence of Selected Metals and Inorganic Anions in Ground Water and Soils/Sedimentsat DOE Facilities ...................................... 22

6 Frequency of Occurrence of Selected Radionuclides in Ground Water and Soils/Sediments at DOE Facilities 22

7 Frequency of Occurrence of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Ground Water and Soils/Sedimentsat DOE Facilities ...................................... 23

8 Frequency of Occurrence of Fuel Hydrocarbons in Ground Water and Soils/Sediments at DOE Facilities . , . 23

9 Frequency of Occurrence of Ketones in Ground Water and Soils/Sediments at DOE Facilities ....... 24

E-1 Location of Fuel Fabrication and Processing Areas at Hanford .................... 74

xi

!

P,

1 Sizes of DOE Research and Defense Production Facilities and Number of Waste Sites Considered ...... 3

2 Compound Classes and Selected Representative Constituents ..................... 8

3 'Fabulation of Compound Classes Reported iii 91 Waste Sites and Associated Ground Waters tit 18DOE Facilities ................................ ........ I0

4 Combin;ltions of Conlpound Classes of Contaminants Reported Most Frequently in Soils/Sediments andGround Waters at DOE Facilities ................................ 18

5 Chemical Constituents Reported for Less Frequently Observed Compound Classes ............ 24

6 Chelating Agents/Organic Acids at DOE Waste Sites ........................ 25

7 Concentration Ranges and Guidelines for Regulation of Most Frequently Reported Constituents inGround Water and/or Soils and Sediments at DOE Facilities ..................... 28

8 Compound-Class Mixtures Expected To Exhibit Co-Contaminant Interactions . ............. 34

9 Prioritization of Generic Mixtures ['or Research ........................... 34

10 Generic Chemical Mixtures for Stlbsurface Science Research ..................... 36

B-1 Distribution of Compound Classes in Soils as a Function of Facility and Individual Waste Site ........ 54

B-2 Distribution of Compound Classes in Ground Waters as a Function of Facility and Individual Waste Site , . , 55

C-1 Frequency of Occurrence at DOE Facilities of the Most Commonly Reported Pairs of Compound Classes inSoils/Sediments ....................................... 58

C-2 Frequency of Occurrence tit DOE Facilities of the Most Commonly Reported Combinations of ThreeCompound Classes in Soils/Sediments ..................... i ........ 59

C-3 Frequency of Occurrence at DOE Facilities of the Most Commonly Reported Combinations of FourCompound Classes in Soil:dSedirnents .............................. 61

C-4 Frequency of Occurrence at DOE Facilities of the Most Con,.nonly Reported Combinations of FiveCompotmd Classes in Soils/Sediments .............................. 63

C-5 Frequency of Occurrence at DOE Facilities of the Most Commonly Reported Pairs c>t'Compound Classesin Ground Waters ...................................... 64

C-6 Frequency of Occurrence at DOE Facilities (J('the Most Commcmly Reported Combinations of ThreeCompound Classes in Ground Waters .............................. 65

C-7 Freclucncy of Occurrence til DOE Facilities of the Most Commonly Reported Combinations of FourConlpouild Classes il_Gr()und Walers .............................. 66

C-8 Frequency of Occurrence tit DOE Facilities c_t"the Most Colnmonly Reported Comb)nai)ems of FiveCornp(_ulld Classe,': il_Ground Walel's .............................. 67

D-1 Chelllicals Qi.iarilified or Chenlical Mcasurell-lenlsMade iii (]round Walers andSoilstScdiltlelllal I)()[_ Facilities ...................................... 70

I::-'1 Chen-iicalPioccssii-igAgenls RCl)(Wlc.dlyl)isp(_sed(_1'iii Vai'i()l.is 14ant'oi'dWa!;le Sites ........... 77

×ii

Acronyms

ANL Argonne National Laboratory PCB polychlorinated biphenyl

BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory PCE perchloroethylene

BTEX benzene/toluene/ethylbenzene/xylene PETN 2,2,-Bis [(nitroxy) naethyl-I1,3-propanediol-

BTX benzene/toluene/xylene dinitrate

CMP chemicals, metals, and pesticides PGDP Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant

DOE U,S. Department of Energy pH opposite log of the hydrogen ion activity

DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane PNTX Pantex PlantPP Pinellas Plant

DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ppb parts per billion

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ppt parts per thousandPUREX plutoniuna-uraniumextraction process

FMPC Fernald, Feed Materials Production CenterRCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

GAO U.S. Government Accounting OfficeRDX hexahydro- 1,3,5-trinitro- 1,3,5-triazine

HMX octahydro. 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazozine redox geochemical reaction involving the transfer of

HS Hanford Site an electron

ICPP Idaho Chemical Processing Plant REDOX reduction-oxidation extraction processRFP Rocky Flats Plant

INEL Idaho National Engineering l.,aboratory

KCP Kansas City Plant SNLA Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque

LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory SNLL Sandia National Laboratory, LivermoreSRP Sawmnah River Plant

LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

MCL maximum contaminant level TAN Test Area North

TCE trichloroethyleneMCLG maximum contaminant level goal

MND Mound TNX Testing and Experiment

NTA nitriloacetic acid TRA Test Reactor Area

NTS Ncwlda Test Site 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacctic acid

OHER Office of Health and Environmental Research

ORNL Oak Ridge Naticmal Laboratory

xiii

IIntroduction

The U.S, of (DOE) recognizes • Review of the of contaminants that have re-Department Energy types

the severity of environmental quality problems at portedly been disposed of to the ground at 18 DOE

its facilities (DOE 1989, 1990a). It has pledged to assist facilities and that have been analytically determined

in the cleanup of these sites through (1) direct remedia- to be present !n soils, sediments, and ground waters at

tion/restoration activities and (2) basic research to the sites.

improve understanding of contaminant behavior in subsur- ,, Identification of the types'of inorganic and organicface environments and to develop new concepts for contaminants that have been mixed in the ground

remediation. DOE's Subsurface Science Program (DOE through disposal activities and of the frequency of1990b) is part of this commitment to address subsurface occurrence of different chemical mixtures at 91 DOEcontamination issues at DOE facilities, The Subsurface

waste sites.Science Program involves basic research on hydrologic,

microbiologic, and geochemical mechanisms that operate • Evaluation of which chemical mixtures reported onin subsurface environments and that control contaminant DOE lands warrant research because of scientific un-

migration, persistence, and ease of remediation. Part of certainty regarding the implications of intercon-

the research within ihe Subsurface Science Program is taminant interactions to contaminant geochemistry

focused on understanding the subsurface geochemical be- and transport.

havior of chemical mixtures (Co-Contaminant Chemistry • Development of a set of appropriate and defensibleSubprogram) as a basis for (1) improving the ability to chemical mixtures to be used in research into

forecast contaminant migration and (2) establishing new co-contaminant chemistry.techniques to mobilize, immobilize, or degrade in-ground

chemical contaminants on DOE lands, Use of the generic chemical mixtures will focus sub-

This report was written as a source document for the surface science research on priority contaminants aJld the

Subsurface Science Program, with emphasis on the Co- veal co-contaminant issues at DOE facilities.

Contaminant Chemistry Subprogram. It provides

information on the types of chemical contaminants and

mixtures found on DOE lands and guidance on which of

these contaminants and mixtures should be emphasized in

basic research that targets subsurface contaminants at

DOE facilities. Specifically, the report includes the

following:

I

=Background

OE performs fls missu)n t!._'c;lgh the operation Some wastes at DOE facilities are stored in tanksof research and production facillties, including (e.g., high-level waste) or in the ground in a retrievable

the 18 facilities that form the basis of this report. The form (e.g., transuranic waste) awaiting additional treat-

DOE fao ilit ies occupy a total area of approximately ment before permanent subsurt'ace disposal (DOE 1987).

2,800 square miles (mi 2) (7,280 square kilometers However, most wastes (by w)lume) have beea disposed

(km2)) wilhin the contiguous United States (DOE of to the ground surface, ponds, cribs, basins, pits, piles,

1986' Table 1; Figure 1). Activities conducted at DOE injection wells, and landfills, leading to subsurface con-

facilities have included multidisciplinary research" tamination. Subsurface contaminatitm is also the result of

enrichment (e.g., uraniuna) and production (e.g., leaks from process sewer lines, fuel and hazardous waste

plutoniuna atld tritium) of nuclear materials; spent-fuel underground storage tanks, and breached drums of buried

reprocessing: development, testing, and fabrication of chemicals and wastes. In the early days of DOE opera-

nuclear and non-nuclear weapons; construction and tions, environmental disposal was common and was

testing of nuclear reactors; and the management of believed to have limited long-term implications. How-

various radioactive wastes and spent fuels, ever, many of the individual chemical constituents in the

Table 1. Sizes of DOE Research and Defense Production Facilities and Number of Waste Sites Considered

No. ofFacility Abbreviation Size Sites

.......................................l...................-km2................:Argonne National Laboratory .............................. A_N_L..................... 2.7 7.0

.Brookhaven National Lab0ratory BNL 8,2 _ 21.3 4Fernald, Feed Materials Production center ......... FMPc ......................................................................1.9 419.............................................................................ii ................]Hanford Site HS 558.0 1,450.0 7•

IdatqoNational Engineering Laboratory INEL ............. 894,_0...................... 2,324.4 .......................... 6 ...... .tKansas City Plant KCP 0.2 0.5 7

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . LLNL .......... a......................................Main Sit. 1.3 3.4Site 300 10.2 26.5

_

Los Alamos National Laboratory .. LANL .................... 43,_5........................... 1!3:! ................................... 3...............Mound MND 0,5 1.3 2.... - .........

Nevada Test Stte NTS 965.0 2,509.0 6

Oak Ridge National Laboratory ORNl_ 16,0 ._ 41.6 . . 9 .Pantex Plant PNTX 15,9 41.3 3Pinellas Plant PP 0.2 0.5 1

Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant PGDP 5.8 15.1 4

Rocky Flats Plant RFP 10,2 26,5 3

Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque SNLA 11.6 30 2 1Sandia Nahonal Laboratory, Livermore SNLL 0,6 1,6 1Savannah R_verPlant SRP 300.0 780,0 9

_

/

Figure 1. Locations of DOE Researchand Defense Production Facilities

wastes are now of health concern, and they either are elements, Over the decades of operation, the composi-

regulated under Federal and State statutes oi"are currently tions of waste streams and wastes disposed of to the

under evaluation i'or possible regulatory control (Federal subsurface en,/ironnlent changed as processes were

Register 1985a and b, 1989, 1990). modified or new processes came on line (Stenner ct al.

More than 3,000 inactive waste sites have been iden- 1988b, Christensen and Gordon 1983, Rogers et al, 1989a

tiffed at DOE facilities (GAO 1988a and b), and the total and b). These facilities produced and received high-level,

costs of environmental compliance and cleanup in the transuranic, and low-level wastes that were disposed of '.o

1988-1989 time fi'ame have been estimated to have been the ground (DOE 1987).

in the range of $60 to $90 billion (GAO 1988a, DOE At the other extreme are small facilities with limited

1988). The extent and complexity of contamination by activities and less complex subsurl'ace contamination

hazardous and mixed hazardous wastes at DOE facilities problems (t ,g., fewer waste sites), For example, at the

vary with the facility's mission, size, and waste-manage- Pinellas Plant, effluent emissions to public sewer sys-

ment practices. At one extreme are large t'acilities with terns are controlled, the amount of radioactive material

multiple activities and a complex history of wast,., dis- used in production processes is minimal, alld !:,quid and

posal practices (e.g., Hanford, Oak Ridge National solid wastes are stored and subsequently shipped off site

Laboratory, and Savannah River Plant). Activities at for disposal (Klein 1988). At another small estab-

these facilities were chemically intensive; i.e., large lishment (Kansas City Plant), ali p!'ocesses involve

amounts of chemical agents were manipulated in day-to- nonradioactive materials, so mixed hazardous and

day operations, and complex chemical processes radioactive waste problems in the subsurface envinm-

involving inorganic and organic reagents, solvents, and ment are not a concern (Brown 1988).

catalysts were used tc_recover radioactive elements from Even though many waste sites have been identified,

spent fuels or to produce or fabricate t'uels and target the extent and complexity of subsurface contamination at

DOE facilities are still hu'gely unknmvn as a result of lead), nrel anions (e,g,, nimlte, fluoride, and cyanide),

several factors, For example, the co'npleteness of records Reports of codisposal of inorganic and radi_ntciive con- _.Idescribing quantities and types of chemicals disposed of taminants with the following contaminanis are common: 0at individual waste situs varies, lt has been suggested that (i) chlorinated solvents such as triclllor_)ethylene,

record purges may have occurred at some DOE facilities, tetrachloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride; (2) fuel

At sorne silks, a disparily exists belween lhc chemicals hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylenes, ;.lhd

reported to have been disposed of (according to historical l.)olycyclic ,u'omalic laydmcarbtms' (3)plasticizers such as

records) and those analytically determined to be in the un- phthalates; (4)polychh)rinaled biphenyls (PCBs);

derlying grour, d waters. Also, the facilities have different (5) alkyl pht_sphales; (6) convenlional explosives such as

schedules for implementing compliance/remediation ac- hexahydro- 1,3,5-1rinilm- 1,3,5-triazine (RI)X), octahydm-

tivities at wasle sites. Another factor is the compliance- 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-telraazo_,.ine (HMX), and

driven nature o1'environmental monitorillg programs, Un- trinitrololuene; (7) c_mq_lexing agenls such as

regulated chemicals have not been roulinely monitored; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (El)TA)and associated

only in the past 5 ye:u's have programs begun to monitor degradation products; (8) organic acids such as oxalic and

an expanded list of organic chemicals, c{Iric; (9) pesticides; and (1 ())other miscellaneous

Published information tm:,documented that lhc chemi- materials and liquids such as coal fly ash, scintillation

cai composition of waste sites at I)()E facilities is fluids, low-level waste debris, alld pharnlaceutical wastes.

complex, with individual contaminanl concelltratitms in These compoutld classes have been reported in ground

soils/sediments ranging from trace (I.)arts per billion waters at concentrations ranging from trace (ppb) to paris

(ppb)) to percent (parts per hundred) levels. Soils and per tl-lousand (ppt)levels. In lhc case of radionuclides,

sediments are conlanlinated with rtldionuclides (e.g., radioactivity in grourld waters has been reported in con-

uranium, plutonium, cesium, tlaorium, slrorltium, tritiur,l, centration ranges from l.)icocuries per liter (pCi/l.) oi"less

: and technetium), metals (e.g., chromium, mercury, a:vJ til) to millicuries [gel"liter (mCi/l.),

Approach to the Co.ContaminantReview and the Selection of GenericMixtures

Relevant DOE Facilities

doCl.llllcnt,_ thai describe lhc Ili_lory of ctiN_osal on

al]Cl/ur lhc measure/ilo/li (_t" ct)ilceilli'alintis ()1' chomimal

ctmlanlinaiH,_ in ,_o_1ailtl sl.ih_uirau¢ _cdirp.cnt._ and inIdentify 91 Waste Sites

groi.irid w/iter al selected1)()I_ facilities (Fig[ire 2), Mosi ai Different DOE

soUrCN tlOUt.lJl.ieill_ W¢I'C ¢l.i\,irol_mcnlal moniloring arid Facilities

._ilc ct.iaraLlcrization l'Cl)orts {)I coritraclor/_uhctmlraclt)r __

remedial ii_vcstit.j, atioil iii.icl l't:asibiliiy study asscs_it.ienis, Tabulate Compound ClassesPot,un0in (1) Soil/Sedirneni

Al)l_i'_xii]laiely 1()() tloculncnls i_uhlisllcd frorl_ 19g() to and (2) Ground Water

I tjg() Wt_l't.' rc'viewed. Path 1 I Path 2/

The data I_a'..,cdot'/ned hy il-lL'se l_h_cumcill,_ ha,_ ._

limil_. Monil{_rin# pro#rams iii DCI'; sii¢._ hay[ I Perform statistical Analysis ] Tabulale IndividualCornpourlds Within Classeshad l(_deal wilh a lai'_e lItllllJICr (li" \V;INIC ,'-;[I'CI.III1S Found in Soil/Sediment or

Mosl Cornmon Glasses Grourld Water

arid slit',s, and li.iu cii[mi[al.<, havu ()ric[]] bcuil and Mixtures of Compound _t[prosNill ii] U()li-irllcx Ullvirol.il.ilcl_tal and \¥tlMC Classes in (1) Soil/Sedimentand (2) Ground Water Evaluate Freql_lencyoi

Iil/li rit:t.'t.;. BUULILI,'.;¢lll().",;l Ill(llli(()l'ill_ pr(ll2,l'_.llll,'-;<,iii tj [ OccurrenCechemicalsofIndividualatAlii)()t:: sil_.'sha\'[ I'lc_cnd/rH[ted I.il(,sl rec:unlly al Nil- [ identify Mixtures DOE Fad,/lilies

l Wl-lere Inlerac.lions Are ,I,\'ir(mmcntal c.'_mll_lianc'¢, IIlt.' m()_l frNqucntly Likely To OCOCir

;illaJY/Cd ChNnlical_ JlllVU h¢cn I'e#i.ll;llCCt con- _ Most Common Chemicals" Within Each Compound Class,'41iltlNlilS (i.C., pri{_riiy i)(llli.ilanls dci'tr/cd hy the Identify Priority Class Mixlures Idenllfled in (1) Soil or Sedl-

tJ,S, l:.n\'ir_lnii]unlal Ih(llct.'.lhli_ t\g¢iluy ii']PA)), Warrant/rig Research men[ and (2) Ground Water

As a rc'si.iii, <>lhc!,'chN.iliical co,]i.ail]iilai]l,_ (c,<L',, 1__ _{ Synlh,_siz,>t._ Jsc\'ural _)1'tt/(isc l/stud _ix AllpNl_dix IX 't: cim- .__littiUlli_ and lll(ik¢ ii(ll listed al all/lh/ii \yore

Generic Mixtures for Soll/Sedimerlt L-_-__J........................................................................................... and Gro_llld Waler Containing - Activities

+!\lll_t'lltli\ IX i', _ ',.q _,I alllUl.\lillal<:l', 2,';,()chi'li/It';ii', Ihal rL'qulrc Most Common ContaminantsIlliHliilirlllJt {llltl lh;li lirll_, lilt' _lll illthtilliitll iii Pl{li iltJ-_,I,{llt'l p(_lhlli(lli - Produclsiiilllt'r/atliilct'lll h_ I,_t'<,{lUlCc (' Ill, t'l _.i/li(ill ;irl(I I,_cl:{l'. cr._ ,,\el IRi 'l._,,\ _

V.ilkll' _,ilt'_, II 411) {.I lilts',[ c'hclliical', ;ii[' <h'lcc'lull, III[' Iii'.'\ 14t'i.u{,nlil

,'\thllilll",llilltu C';lll <,<'1yl'lliliilJ.',_,al<'lJ'iHIt'i'lit'll ,i,nil_ml, _md,i.qul,l' Figure 2. Approach Taken "1o Identify Chemical MixhJres onc'l_llt'l'li',l.' ;itlll_ll. _\linlllill'lll!J Hl cho/lilt;ii,, illll,,l(h' iii Iii[' ,\lllil'llih\ J,_

li',l c:ali I,{' imtllllt'd h\ Ihl' .\tllllilil<,lrallii ii. Iii/ u_,allipIt', ii lialll<Uhil DOE Lancls arid To Establisrl Generic Chemical Mixtures forc'hl'llHt .ii i', ;I t, lll l_. II !)llilllll I iii' ii _',ll,lV, I1iii ',U<,llC{h'(I li) }llllthlt I SLlbstlrface Science Researchprlichicl'(I iii lhc ,.ih' I I.<'(/<'t_l/17 ' _.I<.H'I I t)_fl, l l)_'l )

7

I_ {:Ii,_posedel'lotheu,r_umlhave been analyzedthereselcc- suhsklrlacecn\'ir_mmcnl,and unlistedchemicalsthalarc,

ti\,elyt)rlesslrcClUentlyThe bt]i.ind[irics()I"tiledatabase set%icontop()tcntiall'tltLire¢lIvirlulIllellt;.ilregulation(e._.,

i arediscussedinmore detailin,SectionI(). bix-2-cthylhexyllfl|ihalaic).

Afterlhesereportswere e\,aluated,91 indivitlual I:oII_winglhce,,,aluati_m_dctmlp_mnd classes,lw<_in-

wastesilex(lisledinTable ._on pages I(_-13)ailhc 18 dependenlpalhs_I'cv_iliunti_mwere l_.Ikcn(l;igtnn'_:2)I_

l-)()I_I'acilitie,_were identified(h_nsedon ti|eirlargzcsi/.c idcnliIyprimarily-classmixitm.,swurrz_nlingrese_m.'h(Path

or Io¢i.iIitH1,lhcnilttII'e(II'C(HlCeIItI'I.lli()llI)I"CIlIll_.IIlliIlilIIlS, ]j flli(ltllClit(IX(C(IIllIII(IIl¢()llliiInliIlaIIISillS()iiS,scali-

er theirpriority'I'{_rcleanup)Ii_rcon|l_rchcnsive¢valua- nlenls,_md .get,undv,,ilk',rwilhineach c_mp_nmd chnss

lion.Generally.these91 silexrepresentthosewhose (Path2).The inl'_rmali_m_eneratcdl'n_iinlhcc_mqflction

chemicalcharaclerizati_m_.I_itaorhistoricaldisposal ofslepswilhineach palhwa),was lhcnused Ii_icli_ntiI'y

records_u'¢stlrIicienti_McntiIywhich chemicalcom- generic'mixturesI'_rbasicresearch.

pounds were disposedoi'lotheground andlorcurrently Inthe Iirststep_I'Path I,a slatisticalailalysiswax

existinIIr:gn_mnd,The ccnlral_I!jcctivc_I'idcntiIying perI'ormecltodeterrninc,theIrcguency_I_,ccurrcncc

thetypes_!ci>nlaminanlsthalaremixed intheground at (acrossthe91 wasb,_site_)oI'COml_OUnd classc_mII-_ina-

theDOI:;I'aciIitiesrequiredthalinventoriesbe established lions(combinations_I't'w_,three,I'_ur,and five

Forimporlai]ic_mian]inanitypesateach wastesite, compound c'lasxes),This analys_sidentifiedthemost

The rcporlswere thenused t_identiI'ytheclassesof ccm-m_m typesoi"contaminantmist,iresbased on avail-

organicand inorganicconG_oundsins_il_rsubsurI'acc abledata.Ncxk a briefliteraturerc'viewwas i_erformcd

sedimentsand ground waterand the l'reqLnericy{ft'tl|ciroc- t{)identifythe mi×luresiriwlnichintcrcontaminai_tchemi-

currcnce, The cvaluali(lil c_msiclercd lhc 1.3classes or cal rcac ,ions (i,e., coal f ,lcxation and c_sldvalion)arc

elements/chemical COml_ounds listed iii "l'ablc 2, Tkese uxpecied [o ('_.lLixccon lplcx sLlb;',ul't'accbchavillr thai can-

classes irlcludc constituents rct._,_ulatcdLlllder Federal not be predicted wilh currc.lll scientific understanding,

statutes (c.g,, chr, mliLnnl, nitrate, lrichl(>roethylenc, ben-. The seven Ct)lnl)ound clas_i Inixiures thai c×hibited the

zone, and PCI-] I, c(inslituc'nls uiligu¢ t(i l)()t{ (e.g., grealcsl p(It¢illiiil For c._l-coillal_linanl inlci'aclJllns _.lndIhal

techneliUl]_, t)lLntonium, and li'ilium), (ll'gi.lilic comp(lunds appe_.lredwith lhc {.!realc,w,tI'rel.lucnc ), iii lhc 91 waslc sile_arid c'()llll)lexill g agents (e.g., _×alic acid and H)TA) thai were ideniit'ied as i_lioriiies warr;inlill 7 rcselnrch,

may modil'y rilela] ion and radi_muclicte lrallSi)Ol-i iii lhc

._.

Table 2, Compound Classes and Selected Representative Constituents

Compound Class Representative Constituents _ Class Number _ t

Metals .....Lead ch.rom!.um,mercury i 1Anions Nitrate, fluoride, cyanide I 2

Radionuclides Tritium, plutonium, technetium I 3Chlorinated hydrocarbons rrichloroethylerle ; 4Fuel hydrocarbons Benzene, toluerle, xylenes i 5

Phthalates Bis-2-ethylhexy!phthalate 6PCBs Arochlor 1248,Arochlor 1260;-> 7

i

Explosives HMX RDX, trinitrotoluene 8 iKetones Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone 9 f

Pesticides Chlordane,3 lindane. 4,4'.DDT4 10

Alkyl phosphates Tributyl phosphate 11 ,Complexing agents EDTA, DTPA,' NTA6 12

{Organic acids Oxalic acid citric acid 13 '

_Thesenumbersreferto ._pec_fir;cornpoundclasses_ntablesin AppendicesBandC, <ll)l(;hlOlOdll;,' ,nylmchloroelhane2Arochlor1248and1260conslslOi a rnixlureofdiftererdindlwdualPCBs !_[)lelhylenetrlaminopentaacet_ca(;_d:]M_xtureof d_fferenl(.'t_iorlnated cornpounds t'NiIrllo_lci)hc _:_<;id

The first step of path 2 involved tabulalior_ of in- The proposed generic chelnical mixtures arc a refer-

divMual compounds or elements within each COmlXmlM ence poinl for the selection of relcvanl chelnical

class that were identified in soils, sediments, and ground cornpounds for co-contamiru.mt chemistry research, in-water at the 18 I)OE facilities. For a c_mlpound or ele- vestigators may decide Io use the generic ulixlures

ment to he listed, at least one facility nlust have rel_orted without change, or the proposed generic lllixttlres Illay

measurements of concerltration in sediment oi'ground be changed or augmer_ted by investigators who wb,h lo

water. The frequency of occurrence of each of tile in- span the chemical properties of some sel t_t"chemical con-

dividual con:pounds or elements tit each of the DOE tarninants to develop free energy relmionships for a

facilities was then determined tkweach of lhe 13com- certain geochemical phenomenon or reacli(m, The

pound classes, The frequency distribution was used to generic mixlure provides the investigator with a rel'er-

identify those individual compounds or elernenls thal ence poinl that is defensible, given the nature c,{'

were most commonly observed in either soil/subsurface contamination on DOE lands.

sedimenl or ground water,

The resulls from Paths 1 and 2 were merged in a syn-

thesis aclivity (Figure 2) that led to the identification of

the generic co-contaminant mixtures. The procedure used

to identify the generic mixtures is besl illustrated by the

following example, Path I might identify the compound

classes designated by A and D as a priority compound

class mixture (AD) because they were frequently mixed

in waste sites and because they react with one another to

form complexes that are weakly reactive with mineral sur-

faces and are consequently mobile in ground water, Path

2 may determine that the most common chemic,al cola-

stituents reported within each ot"these compound classes

at the 18 I)OF facilities are the chemical components a, b,

and c in class A and x, y, and z in class D, "['he generic

class mixture representing AD would then be some com-

bination irl the chemical cornptments a, b, c, _:,y, arm z,

such as a, b, c, arm z. (Jse of the mixture for research

would be well justified, given chemical properties of the

classes, the type of chemical interaction or reaction that

occurs belween thern, and the reported chemical com-

ponents in the waste sites,

III III

Table 3. Tabulatlon of Compound Classes Reported in 81 Waste Sites

m_ and Associated Ground Watersat 18 DOE Facilities

I.................................................................................................:-1 ..... Compound Classes .....i [......................................................................................................-1.......... I 1...... I......C.i0rl..t.d I Fu.,

i.....................................Fa.¢_l,l!yl__Slte_.................. _ ........M__eta_l.S_..........J..........Anl_oon_s- .........L R_adi_onu_OL__L. Hydrop_ar_bon8L_.H.ydrocprpn_........

I :._3,9'.an,_= TQ' lo IG ]i 1.' Sar,,,a_.,=,i.,.............................l<'....... I_ " l_......... L......... I-.... .IDrooWl'wlvenNIItI(wIIIILIIIx.'mt_ry .....tFw.=T_;,-_,;_%.,A=a -T: .... ------7- T_ % % ..... ,I _0,,,o,_=,,,,,,...................... F..... 1. I_ !_ 1! Curreni Landfi .............. I"- ' " ' 1G 1(3 ......... 1G .... i

t........................................................................................................L.....................................l............................................................................_ ...................................................................t!FeedMartials _odumlonCenter(Fmkl) ......... ]r---_;;;(cov;;_i;-..................................................................T_...................................1_....................................[S;'/S2-,'&............VS[i-........................S2,ii...........................'

! _,,_<covor=,............ I=_'"...... G......... Is,,=2:-a..........I'.................._ " ......i .................................................................. i .........i Pl4(Covered) S2, G S2 G ISI,S2 G Is2 G $2, G

P,,,..............................>o........°......... I=,:=:° ..........................................G......P,_ ................ S2_.... G ....... iSiS2G............. s2a....................G ..........I ................... ['-'...........................- '--'.......... [:" .......................................

i Fly Ash Disposal Area $2 - S1, $2 . -

I-"''''__'' ..................... is_,_........ a...............Is_:_'.............I=_:c'........................G............C,ea'wo,.......................... s}_............... _ .................. IS2-_........................a......................._ .........

! North Lime Sludge Pond ' /" G [G - -

r 300 Area Ponds $1, S2, G $1, S2, G $1, S2, G $1, S2,G •

i/_o_,;;i_;_,i_c_,;i.i' .......:-TY:-I::/.:ITT]IT-/._-i,:s.2:iaTL.T:T]:IIF#::__aTTT.:]_II=-i.]_:_]]_T]I_iL_,__..........................=:.........................'216 B Trenches G S 1, G Sl, G •

116 H Trenches/Cribs/Basins $1, G G $1, G G

116 D Trenches/Cribs S 1 G S1, (3 •

116 B/C Trenches/Cribs./Basin8 S 1, G G SI, G •

116 K Trenchoe/C ribsJBa_Irls S 1 G S1, G

IdahoN_tlermlEnglmw_'lngI._ber#teW

Radioactive Waste Managemen, Complex [$1, S2, G 1Sl _,,S2, G _,,G .._._i, G.......................::-.-::.:_..................... ::::::::::::::::::::::::,' TeslRe"cior Aiea (TRA)-W"rm_/as'ePond .................. IS-"-S2:G ................. IS2:-G .............................. I:Si:G ........................... -__I_;:G- ............................. ii ...............................

•' Id-ah°Cher_!!-cal P[°CeSSl-n-g--..P!-a-nl(!C-PP)-D°?-P-D!_ .P?-Sa!-We!!-I [................................... SI"-G ........................... iS-!LG ........................ --I-'-- ........................................ I-: ..........................

....__".Y_"L_.e_".cPP._9_cL_'L_......................... L.................. G .L: ]a 1KansasCityPlant

. Tank FarmArea .................................................. - 'G

.. OI d Rai!road_D0ck Ar0a ................................................ - - - $2, G -

North Lagoon .... ..................................... :-S2............................................................

.....i=ii;,,_Cri0iOu,i,.........................................................s2 _. .....................................:................ "........ii ..................................................................................................................................o, Hou=o S2 i:,........................... • s2 s2

::_,i,=_"_;o'2,X,"a...............................................=;.................................................................. ..........................:=2.....................................................................Sanitary lwor Lift Station S2 .................................... "4-.................................................. S2 ....................................................................................................................................................._]_............................ :_..................................................................................

LawrenceUvermom

...Area West of (.LNL .......................... [G ................... • ........ : ................ S2,...G_ ............................. "_.............

i =ui,din_sis£_a.................................. I .............. : .............. "............ s_,_,_ s=.........F Building 6(2Ya;d/Buildlng 5i4Area ................ I- ............... : ....................... J-........ ...... IS2, (3 .................. I: .......

F .......................................................................I:.................................:......................................I:...............................I=................................I ........................"- EasiT;afficCiicle Lar_liill ................................ -i .......................................................................... (3 ...............................................

I ' Taxi StrikoidsalvageYard Area= ........................... : .......................... : ............................ l: .............................. J= ................................ "................................................................................i.....................................................................................................I .......... ..Bldg.B34/BF_. C!rnplexes (£1te 300) ............................ - ............ - .................. • .................... £.2, (3..............................

_ w?s!!,;!!£Af0p(.S!!e._!)......................................................................................... ................................................G........................................................... Bul!d!ng B50 (300 Area) ..................................... • ........ G ............................

• BuUd'ng 829 BUm Pit(300A[ea) ......................... l .......... " .... $2, G

806/807 Waste Water Lago0n Complex (30._0.A.!ea! ............. 1(3 ......................... G ................ " ............. : ..................... G .........

_=,F,r'.0A=o<_00Ar--,.... l" _ .................................i.i....., .. .

10

.....................................................................................................compound-cl.,....................

Ketones [ Phthalates | PCB .ExpIoslv?s.] Pesticides J_._A/ky!Phosp.h?!eS_ _..............Ag_e.nt_....... _L.Orga.n!c.Ac!dp__ .....................o.!rmr ..................

$2a e, .......... :-......... :_ ...........................(3 s2-.......................... ' .............................................................. _(,:,.b,eJ)

_i_21_/_-_122-.............__L..........-............._-_..................:.....................................................................ii.-12/..,iii.//.-_i_;;.;;......G $2 .... G(a,b,e,J)......................................... [...............................................................G $2 • G(a,b,e,j)

s2 i-

G $2 . - e(a,b,e,J)

_ _ - _L_..... . - -i

52 $2 $2 ' S i -$t $2 -

.......................................... r;r: 1- _¼....................-.....................i/iiii21

................ - ,..........__-_.IL-III21--:-i........................ii ....................i_i--1121111...... ; ...... iT;-- i .... I ' .... _ ..... " L "

' i"

$2 .... ........................................S2 82 - ,-

• $2 ....

• .........................._/2Z-2111CIE_ii-ii_:iiiiii12.__iiiiii.iili: :._iiiiiiiii ii i-i /.iiii _iii.ii.iLii.il.................................................17

i................................-.....................................................:-:....................i.......................i.......................ti ............... -.-............... i .... ,

11

Table 3. Tabulation of Compound Classes Reported in 91 Waste Sites

i_ and Associated Ground Waters at 18 DOE Facilities (Continued)

" ........................ i TCJ ] j ! Chlorinated Fuel I

OZ' ! FacllltylSIte | Metals / Anions i Radionuclides/ Hydrocarbons i Hydrocarbons iIL0nAlam0sNationaiLai_0ratorY-............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................l

t_ .......................................................................................... j ..............................................]............................................................................. t

; Mat0r,,_lDIs_aa!.A,e}?T.(lA-21.!....................................................:...............................S}.;...........................]Sl.,S2 ...... [: ...... " . .i tL _, ' ,i: AreaL.(TA-54) S1,S2 S1,$2 • St,S2 /St,SU 1

Mound

Area B/Areas 2 and 18 I" I" [$2 _ l",,._,..,_._._................................................... ii_-,,,-,7-71_-,; ....,,, ............711................,--.............................................................................................................................i-....................................]:......................................i...........................................4-..........................................J:................................NevadaTestSite

--_;-;;i;;...................?i.......i................?-_ ..... 1_ I_.........7:.....7T?.T:-?,,.......,,.-,-i: ...............................7-?,,,,............. I............Io..........s, " t- tI[._,_u.,,!__si._.. _2.,LL_.I__;L.21722i_.i.21;;..LI._I_L.;12..................Ia..................f_ .............1:........... 1 ......i._i.i.....Bourbon...................................1:........................l:............. 1_.......... 1:............ 1 .....B,Oy 1" 1" 1S__ 1" 1"Can'brick ........................ [:: .................... [: ..................... | S2IG. ............. j_ ......... [. .........

OakRidge/Y-12S-3 Ponds G 81, G $1, G G G

Chestnut Ridge Security Pits G - G

N_,,HopePond S2,a S21C_ aChestnul Ridge Sediment Disposal Basin G G

S-2 Pond $1, G S1,G $1 , G

" Bear creek gurialarounds ........................ ....................... ISiI'G ............................. ]i .................................. Si.-G .................... ]Si-, G .................... [sl,a ...................... t

[ R0g,,;TQ<,_;_(Fi;;_;i;DiS_;;ii...........................................!-o.............................] °..................................:--................................t"................................i: ..................

' Low.Level wasteBu;;ai Grounds ............................................... ": ................................................................. G .................................. : ............................. -............................. |'

2_i_7'7'___LT-F--;i:.........?--2---i-- ...........-_Z-2 ....--2211:177-2117.-2L;?2[;LTL;_

i...:!:[!)i.!i:!.itBuilding16-1 .............................................................. Ga................................................................... =sz:...........................................................PinellasPlant

PortsmouthFacility

[. X'231B Oil PIo!s ........................................ [.(3 ................................ _[. ................................ ._i.S].,_$2 ........................ _ ................... J[ ........

. x:747U?wLev?)..Ra£,opc]*v2Wa_}.e.L22d.[_tL............................_LG_.................... S)_...........................isI................................l_G.....................................:.......................................RockyFlatsPlant'-£i _-47iis,de-;_;_a-................................ ] s_,_ • Fk,a lsik-E..................q:.....................................

• *3 Pad, M0undarld EaSt:rrenches ............................. :I-G ................................ Ii ................................... IS21-G ............................ I S2,G ................... 'I '_ ....................

Combined Phase il[Finai Meakure ......................... JS2IG ....................... S2',G .................. Ls21 G .......................... / S21G ................... IS2, G .........

SandiaNationalLaboratories,Albuquerque

_L._;i_ii;i'_w7S>..i_7<)'7L7_7?..._.T.-F-..--.-7?--7.-_s._-..-..--?..-.-;F-.--q:.......................F._IT-;-Z?;-_2_-7-_IsTLIIT-__ZZL-__ZL_IITLTF.-L;-_;17_;.SandiaNationalLaboratorlea,Livermore

iii>))._.i_o,ilsii)iLT-LLT?__77_L7-_Z__2Z.7_--.-L-;]_..................._T................._7-2_-__7;-___-_-__iT7_I:_-._?__.Z_i_i_.7_iW;]is.7;_i771;i.LTii.Z..7;;SavannahRiver

:' M:A;._as_i';,;__;,;;n...............................................................F-,.s2._...................I_i-:s2__..................I;,-.s_:-_.......................l_;;s_:-o....................I:.............................! CMPPiil .............................. IG ..................... s'i-G ..................... G .................. $1 G ........ Sl ...... ,

[ TNXS"_"age._".i_?S.............................................ii._...L;Is_,i,__LL.L__LLiis,_.t ..........................I-_-.._'-G...............................1:...........................1-.....................i 200F/200H Seepage Basins SI, $2, G /$1, G /G I G t $1

SRPSoo.agoBa_,ns S__ |S__ tt_ ISl,a - ,

"c2a| ;,eRun0"aaSinS,.........................................!gi:;....................--IG.......................!G...........................I-G.....................1:....................Melalh.lr.qical Lab Basin . " . jG i . . " tS ! "G " J" " . IS1,G . I $1 "

_()lhor compound cla._ses indentified are indicated as tollows:

a phenols c nitrita9 e, haloforms g amines i nitro compounds

b alcohols d, eslers f. ethers h. aldehydes I.P.ulfur-containlng compounrJs

12

iiII I ] l I " { Complexing I " I(....._to_"'s. J Phth,!ate,.1 pcb ...1EXp!O.'!vesl.Pe.'!_c.!de'_.J.__!kY_!P"°"PhPP"1.................Ag.e.P.tS...........l.°rg."n!°.A°.!d".............Ot"e.r;................

i

Jl

1,(b,f)G(a)

LLLI.,IIII..i ..]-............' ............................................................................................ .......................................................i..J

•LLIII......L.............I__i ....... • '-............. _, "............... ......

$2 '- - G - - " l"........................,_ t- t_" to...............t............................t........................................].........................................1-.............................t....................................I,-.........................L.....................Ii...............-....................[-...........................i:.............................].................................

"i..............................rl......................li..................._........................i .........................i...........................................:........................................i.................. ; .............................

............... ' .......................... I ...............................................................................

- . $1 SI,G - - -

_' S,...... 1,_, t,_,.

G. G S1,G - }- _l" :;I(a)G(a,c,d,I)

l ° t- I- 1 - !- ,_l(l)

.... _' .... 11 I' '

2G Ptibhshed (Jal_l _|rt._ ilv_lil[lJ_,l(J [)1"1(;(..lcorllr_lllorls (_1(';ont,_l_rllrl_mt,':.; ir_ _)ro_lr)d w_lh._r boh)w 0r _ldja(:r_nt b.) Ih(._ silo,

3S 1 [.)ocLlm_}rztati(JIz Ill(Jicil((_l.t (.:()IIIIHrIIIli'IIII.Ci_|S5 (JlS[J(Jfl_|J _|{ lh(_, _;ll6' M_'ly tr)cltKJr} irilormatJol_ oil quantitios (JisJ),'_._t(_(J

4S2 Publishi}d drda lifo avilil_t)lo (Jn con(.:_,_lr:-i11(._rl,_ (if (:orlhlrrlffl_-lrl(5 h"l .'-;(JiJs/,_od/,'llo_ll_ al Iho sil_).

13

sEc+,o.+Identification of t h:eMost CommonContaminant Classes

Table 3 10-13 identifies tile 18 D()E to the environment, soils and sediments tend m become

011 pages

facilities and 91 waste sites thal were included in enriched in immobile, recalcitrant species and depleted in

this assessrnent and surnrnarizes ird'ornmtiOll tm the dis- species thai have beell degraded or transported to

tribution of corrlpourld classes in soils/sediments and grotnld water,

ground waters at the waste sites. The table includes com- The compound classes most commonly repomed in

pound classe,,, that were reportedly disposed of to the site sedirnents (by facility) were fuel hydrocarbons, followed

(Sl) and those thai have been rneasured in soil or sedi- by ch[orinated hydrocarbons, metals, and radionuclides

cent (S2)* or in ground water (G). These data were (F'igure 3a). Less comrponly reported compound classes

incorporated into a computerized data base (Appendix B, included anions, ketones, and PCBs. Organic acids, phtha-

Tables B-1 and B-2)that was used for identifyir_g lhe lares, explosives, alkyl phosphates, complexing agents,

most common contaminant classes, and pesticides were reported at only two lo five facilities.

Soils/Sediments

Frequency ofCompound. Class _oo ,oo

Facilities (3a) Waste Sites (3b)

Occurrence in 90 "__ 9oSoils/Sediments _

Soil and sediment analyses, ii' _. ao _'g_x aoccwnplete, can provide agood assess- a: 70 ,,__ _ '+ 7o g

cent of the total chemical _' _ _ "_ 2 6o = _,,, 6o --I #. :_ _ _ :_,=.cumposition or wastes and con- _ r'-"_ g _, g g

t_.tlllirlttllls disposed of to the ground, a 50 ,_1i _,o g_o.g _g _, 5o 2:___ gm_ _"

Fh,wever, over lime and exposure + 40 " _.,_, o 4o °I ! ! > o

*llerc and (hruughout tim rc.purl, dw wrms "suil .... _ - R 30 _' _ g x_ "_ _,

+ - ,q. ,.a., (/i _," : ...J - > .iz _ cmeanings, S_il refers Iu near-surface geulogic __. _ ._ 20 ' F. u ¢_ _ o _ rm

II|alcrittl influenced by plillll ttlld inicrohi_dogica} __ "_ r_ _ _ ¢ .._acti','HY (,'\-B hill'i/_)llS). Seditntmt rclers h) i 'L I I I "" u, o _ m

• t I I--lo _ _ _ _- guncuns_didated geul.gic materialc.llectcd from 101 i 10 j I I I"--'lm 0. < a. o

I_eh,,,' the ,,,,ii/,,,,e (i.e.. ( ' h,,tiz,,,, a,,d ,'a,los,.' a,,d i l I _",ilttll+itlOd /_II[IU%J. NI)illlt'/llll[ WIIS lll+ItJt+'11)

dilIcretHi;Ih.' hclWr'ell tri_llllllllillitlH allalyses 0 _ ..... i O --- -

perhnllled ili ',,ill[lte,,+' suil tc\-1:_ htH'iAOll }, '+,tIl+St+il((' Compound Glassesht_l'i/(Hll, _+l vatlt+t,t;/_,attllated l.IHleIllittt'l'iills,

Atlalyscs tabtdatcd under the heatllllg _d I

st,il/',edimcnt arc sinh,,yt,mdchrl,m-'al Figure 3. Distribution of Compound Classes in Soils/Sediments at 18 DOEIll[!ilMIl'elll',.'llif.. l}crlt_rllVgd ill tlll',.'OllSldRlill.ed '.,(;.}RI-

phase ,nalerials ,,t w,resmal ,,rkein. FaciLities and 91 Waste Sites

15

_ In contrast to the trend for the I+)OEfacilities in F"i#urc andc'hlurintlttd hydrocurhons, foIl°Wed hy raditmuclidos,

3a, when the waste sites were evaluatedas a singlt ixq:mla- anl°ns, t'uel hydrcJcarhuns,and ketones, RUl_Cwtedwith

ties (Figure 3b), radionuclides were tile nlost frequtntly less t'rtqtlellcy Wtl't phthalatts, uxplusives, and organic

.b reported class, Although I'uel hydrocarbunswtre rtported acids. The lta,q Colnnloilly rtlxWtttl classeso1'CUmlmunds

for ali the t'acililics {l:igurt 3a), they al:_pearedlocalized to in ground water (pesticides, P('13s,andctmqflexing

a smaller subsetof wastesites, in COlltr;IsI,PCBs appear to agents)each _ccurred al o*lly one facility. The distribu-

be facility specific. (Note tile cllanges in order ranking o1' lion of compound classes was similar for tile 91 waste

these two conli_ourld classes, marked by asttt'isks, in sitt_ (Figurt 4b).

facility/waste mitecornponents in Figure 3,) Alttlougll alkyl phuslfllatts have been reported in soil,

none uf tile I_ I)()E facilities rtporttd tlleir presence in

ground wattr, This observation ctmlrast,4 with waste-site

Frequency of Compound-ClasA' Occurrence inverUories ;liar tlocumcrfl significant qUtultities o1'these

in Ground Water conlptmnds tlisposed of to tilt ground at IX)l:, facilities,

Compourlds detected in grcmnd water are ttlost that l;or examplt, til least 275,9()() kilograms (kg) of alkyl

were disposed of to the ground and subsequently lfllosfflmtes wert disposed of to thr grourld al tile Hanford

transported through the soil and vadose zone by water or, Site (Stenner ct al, I98bht; Apl+endix E), St)mu of thc

in select instances, by llormqueous liquids such as organic classes reported less frequently (l+iathaltttes, organic acids,

solvents, These corl_pound classes are generally thost tllat explosives, alkyl plaosffluttes, and cllehtting agents) are

exhibit high solubility in and luw attenuation from the car- not currtntly listtd by EPA as a primarilylxfllutant; there-

rier tluid plmsu, fore, they have ctmlmarlded little attention in nlorlitoring

The cornpourKt classes most cornrnonly reported l't, 13rograrnsdrivtn by the i;cdcral rcguhttc,y pr_cess,

ground waters of the I8 facilities (f:igure 4al were metals

Ground Water

100. Facilities (4a) 100 Waste Sites (4b)

90. "_ 90'_0 _ w

o_ ._'e 8o.o, :m _ 80- I

t_ 'E £ .T_. ¢-"• 60 < _ ° ° _

- -- x 60 -"-3 _

+ -- Q

so- --_- 50P, : --M

+_ 40- _ M, 40, (.,,+

30 - " _ r.fi 30 EZ{Dc cn

a. 20- _, u ,,,, .c _r. _ 20.lE '-- "1:3 Ca li t_ 0 ® " t': C Ca. I

lC,.. m 0 ._ _ E E ii u - _ E - a, c i--= m o m -£ _ 5+i10- I---I--7----Io _ o a. 10 II m .tz-& 0 +I I I io_cco s. II_ _ ,_g':_F ....I

1 I Z....CFF]+.,, --.-- o0 ............Compound Cla._stJs

Figure 4. Distribution of Compound Glasses in Ground Water at 18 DOE Facilitiesand 91 Waste Sites

?

16

Frequency of Occurrence ofContaminant Class Combinations

The of of specific mixtures of solvents each of with metals andt'rcqucucy oCCtll'l'ellce were disposed

tw,t>, three-, four-, and t'ive-compoutld classes radionuclides ,'lt3 to i0 waste sites (Table C- 1).

within the 91 waste sites v,,as determined by a com- The most common ternary (three-compc, utad) con-

puterized manipulaticm ot"the data base. "Ftaisactivity was taminant mixtures reported in soils/sediments contained

central to the identification of the generic chemical mix- metals, anions, radionuclides, chlorinated and fuel

lures for resc:,rch (discussed in Sections 8 and 9) because hydrocarbons, and PUBs in various combinations (Table

it showed which compound classes were most frequently 4). The most ubiquitous ternary mixture components were

mixed in DOE disposal sites. Complete tabulation of the metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and radionuclides. The

results of lifts assessment is provided in Appendix C, and frequency of occurrence for the ternary rnixtures was

selected results are described in this section. Mixtures of lower than that observed for binary mixtures (Table 4).

twos,three, und four contaminants were observed at 59, The most frequent combination (metals, radionuclides,

45, nnd 30 of the 91 sites, respectively, und PUBs) was observed tit 13 waste sites. Neutral or-

ganic contaminants, such as chlorinated and fuel

hydrocarbons and PUBs, were observed in combination at

Soils attzl Sediments seven sites, and ternary combinations of the neutral com-

The mo¢_tfrequently reported binary (two-compot,nd) pounds with ketone solvents were reported at five sites.

compound-class mixture in soils/sediments was metals and Metals, radionuclides, and inorgm-fic anions were reported

radionuclides. Eleven other commonly reported binary together at t_ine sites, and various ternary combinations of

- mixtures included metals, anions, racliolmclides, metals, anions, radionuclides, organic acids, complexing

chlorina'ied hydmcarbo as, fuel hydrocarbons, and PUBs in agents, and alkyl phosphates were observed al three tofive sites._ various combinutitms (Table 4). q'he frequency of occur-

fence for the,';e 12 combinations ranged from I() to 25 Mixtures of four or more compound classes were rela-

wasle sile'._,ti.lJ,_l5 to I J facilities. Radionuclides were most tively infrequent (Tables 4, C-3, and C-4). The most

frequently 'found in associaticm with metals, PUBs, anions, common components of these vJfixtures were metals, inor-

and chlorinated layclmcarbcms. Neutral organic compounds ganic anions, radionuclides, and chlorinated

- {i.e., chlorimlted taydmc;u'bons, fuel hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbons. Significant ccmdTfination!_included mix.-

PCl3s) occt!rt'cd as mixtures with emc _mother (Table C-1 tures of(l) metals, inorganic anions, radionuclides, alld

and with kett_ne solvents with relatively high frequency alkyl phc>sphates; (2)metals, inorganic anions,

(Table di. Binary mixtures cJl"metals and radicmuclides radionuclides, and org``mic acids; (?,)metals,

- with {wganic complexing ;,I.gelltS and solvents were radionuclides, alkyl pl l{_sphutes, and organic acids; und

reported bttl wci'c rare ('l'ablc (?-I). Al a mil_imum, organic (4) chlorinated hytlrocnrt_ons, fuel hydt'{_catbovls, P(.'Bs,

acids, c'olnl_lexin_ ;t_revlts,alkyl plaospllates, and organic and pesticides,

- "17

mm Table 4. Combinations of Compound Classes of Contaminants Reported Most Frequently in Soils/Sediments

__ and Ground Waters at DOE Facilities

"_ Soils/Sediments Ground Water(Jrr ....................................................................................................................................................................................

Class No. of No. of Class No. of No. ofSites 1 Facilities 2 Sites 1 =acllitles;

I.ILL.:.Ii. LII LII/.L.9-.LI Li.'.i . -i. .33.R.a__d.[gnuc]!#.es_..p.O_Bs..................................................................:.5........................4 .... _Antons_,.radIonuo!j.des......................... 33 10Chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel 15 11 Radionuclides, chlorinated hydrocarbons 32 10hYdr0carb.0ns....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

_Anlo___n.s_,__rad_lo_nu_clld___e.s......................................................._1.-4_......................8 Anions, chlorinated hyd_ro__carb_on.s.............................26............ 9.Radionuclides, chlorinated hydrocarbons 14 6 Chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel 17 7

h_yd_[oca__rb__on_s___.....................................................................................

_¢.h_!0_rLn_a!.e_d._._dr0_0_arb_o_n_sE0B_S_.......................................!_3........................_...__.Mot_!8,_tuo!.by__rocar_on_.............................................!.6......... 8.

M_0.!_a!s_,..a.n_!._.qns...............................................................................!2 ...........................7_.........M__e_ta)_,.k__e!£._n_es...............................................................!6 ....... 5MoLa_!s.fu_el_h_y_droc_Lbons..................................................._!_t......................9........._R_ad_lonu_o!ldes,_!uoL_hydro.c_arb£n_s.............................!6 ....... 6

A_n)_ons,chI_.qr)_nat_cdbydroca rb..on_..................................1...1........................_.6..........._Ch.!or!na!e_d hyd.rooar_bons:_k,orcne__....................... !6 ....... 5.

_Fuelh_y_d_rocarbons,PCBs 10 5 Anions, fuel hydrocarb__on____ss................................... 12 _....... 5_Met__s__r_dJon_u_c_,_do__PC_............................................t__......................4_........Mo!a_,_o_ns:..r__!o__UO__d_o__............. iiii-ii.[2-91_i-_1Metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel 8 8 Metals, radionuclides, chlorinated 29 ' 10hydrocarbons .......................................................hy._drocar.bons-...................................................................................................

'-Meialslrad-lon-uc]ideslchioiinate-d-................... 11 6 Metals, anions, chlorinated hydrocarbons 25 9:..h_y_droc__r..bonS_........................._...............................................................................................................................................................................................................Metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCBs 10 6 Anions, radionuclides, chlorinated 23 9..................................................................................................................................................h_ydr__o.oar__b.o_ns_..........................................................................................

Meta)s__._a.nl__o.ns_.r_ad_!_or)ucJ!des_...........................................9......................6...... Metaa!s_,oh_j_o_rjna_te_d_h_yd_r£oar__bons_,keto_?es ._. ! 6 ...... 5Metals, anions, chlorinated hydrocarbons 9 6 Radionuclides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 15 5...................................................................................................................................................._u_ej.h_roc_arbons...........................................................................Radionuclides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 9 4 Metals, radionuclides, fuel hydrocarbons 13 5PCBs............................................................................................. t ......................... _............ _ .........................................................................................................

Metals, fuel hydrocarbons, PCBs 7 5 Metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel 12 5.....................................................................................................................................................h_r_0carb.on_s....................................................................................Anions, radionuclides, chlorinated 7 5 Metals, antons, fuel hydrocarbons 12 5I,£cl_roc_arb_0ns..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Anions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel 7 6 Metals, radionuclides, ketones 12 3hzdr#_0_rbon__.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Radionuclides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 7 5 Anions, radionuclides, fuel hydrocarbons 11 4[u__e..!..hy_dr_ocarb___o_n_s..............................................................................................................................................................................................................Metals, anions, radionuclides, chlorinated 7 5 Metals, anions, radionuclides, chlorinated 23 9b.y.d_r0.c_rb0ns..........................................................................................................................hzd[oo...arbone....................................................................., ..

Metals, radionuclides, chlorinated 7 4 Metals, radionuclides, chlorinated 12 4h.ydr_o£arb9ns,..P_C13_._S.............................................................................................................hy_dro_ca.r.bon_s_,.[ue]..hY_d.[0Carbon.s..........................Metals, anions, radionuclides, alkyl 5 4 Metals, radionuclides, chlorinated 12 3.P_h..9_s..Eh_.a_!_es............................................................................................................................L._.h_.y.d_rg_(__ar_b_ons,,ke_!o..nos....................................Metals, anions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 5 5 Metals, anions, radionuclides, fuel 11 4.[u.e!.hy_d.r.9.car.bon.s_...................................................................................................................hy_d.rocar_bo_ns.......................................................Metals, anions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 5 4 Metals, anions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 11 3PCBs ketones

Metals, radionuclides, chlorinated 5 5 Metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel 11 3h.ydrOca[bons,fue_!_hyd[oca[bo.n.s........................................ ...................t_ydrocarbon.s,k.e!gr_es ...........

_Numberof wasleslles(outof 91) reportingspeciflcclasscombination,

_:Nurnberof tacllitles(outof 18)reporlingspecificclasscombination,

18

Ground Water Ternary compound-class mixtures including metals, _ I

The most frequently ,eported binary compound-class radionuclides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and anions in F,Ivarious combinations occurred at 23 percent of the waste ',-,'

mixture in ground water (Table 4) was metals and sites and 50 percent of the facilities (Table 4). Other tct'-chlorinated hydrocarbons; this mixture was present al 38

nary mixtures were observed with less frequency (Tables

waste sites and at 12 facilities. Other important binary 4 and C-6).mixtures were metals and radionuclides, metals and

The most common quaternary (four-compound) com-anions, anions and radionuclides, radionuclides and

bination in ground water contained metals, anions,chlorinated hydrocarbons, and anions and chlorinated

radionuciides, and chlorinated hydrocarbons; it occurredhydrocarbons. Ali of these pairs were reported at more

at 23 percenl of the waste sites and al 50 percent of the

than 25 percent of the _,_ste sites and at least 50 percent facilities (Table 4). Other important quaternary mixtures

of the facilities (Fable 41. Because PCBs, alkyl phos- included ketones in various combinations with (1) metals,phates, complexing agents, and organic acids were

radionuclides, and chlorinated hydrocarbons; (2) metals,inliequently reported in DOE-site groundwaters, they

chlorinated hydrocarbons, and fuel hydrocarbons; orwere not found as mixtures with other contaminants in(3) metals, anions, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. (See

ground water. The absence of data on alkyl phosphates, Table C-7 for details on minor combinatior|s of four-cornplexing agents, and organic acids is due to several

compound classes. )factors, including (1) the site-specific nature of the con-

Quinternary (five-compound)compound-class mix-stituents, (2)the lack of regulation, and (3) limitations of tares were limited to 9 to 10 waste sites at 2 to 3 facilitiesthe analytical measurement technique. Ketones appeared

(Table C-8); these mixtures were composed of combina-t'requently as a binary mixture with metals, radionuclides,

tions of metals, anions, radionuclides, chlorinatedor chlorinated hydrocarbons; fuel hydrocarbons appeared

hydrocarbons, fuel hydrocarbons, and ketones.frequently with chloritmted hydrocarbons. (See Table C-5

tk)rdetails on minor pairings.)

i9

°lldentification of the Most FrequentlyOccurring Chemicals

This section provides information on (1) the pertinent geochemical factors be found in tile refer-types may

of chemical compounds within each class that ences listed in Appendix A, For information on the

have been reported in soil/sediment and ground water at chemical processes in which some of these chemicals

1 the 18 DOE facilities and (2) their frequency of occur- were used, see Cleveland (1979, pp. 461-586),

rence. This report is not intended to account for why or McFadden (1980), or Appendix E, where selected opera-

how certain chemical constituents have been mobilized to tions performed at the Hanford Site are discussed.

ground water. The transport and attenuation process has

been complex, inw)lving various multicornponent

geochemical reactions, microbiologic activity, mass trans- Metals and Inorganic Anions

fer by water and nonaqueous fluids, and the possible The most commonly reported metals in ground water

contribution of mobile colloidal material. Many of the (Figure 5) were lead, chromium, arsenic, and zinc. Nitrate

species that exist in ground waters at DOE sites, iv_clud- was the most commonly reported anion. More than 50

ing chlorinated and fuel hydrocarbons, chromate, and percent of all facilities reported that 9 of the 12 species

technetium, are relatively mobile in subsurface systems, listed in Figure 5 were present in ground water. Most of

However, other constituents, such as cobalt, lead, and the metals and anions reported in Figure 5 are common

plutonium, exhibit highly variable mobility depending on constituents of wastes associated with reactor operations

the aqueous chemical (hydrogen ion activity (pH) and (e.g., chromium and lead), irradiated fuel processing (e.g.,

oxidation-reduction (redox) potential) and mineralogic nitrate, chromium, cyanide, and fluoride), uraniumproperties of the subsurface environment. The soil and recovery (nitrate), fuel fabrication (chromium, nitrate,

subsurface geochemical properties at DOE facilities span and copper), fuel production (mercury), and isotope

a wide range because the facilities are located in ali major separation (mercury) (Evans et al. 1990, Rogers et al.

geographic regions of the country (Figure 1). Because of 1989, Stenner et al. 1988a).

such variety, the attenuation of specific chemical con- The same 12 inorganic species were also reported in

stituents at different sites may vary by many orders of soil/sediments (Figure 5), although less information wasmagnitude. Furthermore, acids, bases, and other chemical available on the sediment concentrations. The most ft'e-am

agents that were often added to waste disposal areas quently reported metals were copper, chromium, zinc,could modify subsurface behavior. Approximately 100 mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. Consistent with the ex-individua! chemicals or mixtures (or measurements of tensive use of nitric acid and nitrate salts in nuclear fuel,_

chemicals) have been reported in sediments and ground reprocessing and fabrication (Stenner el al. 1988a), the-

water on DOE lands (Table D- 1); specific details on the most commonly reported anion was nitrate.sites where these contaminants were measureu and other

_

21

_ Radionuclides soft/sediments, uranium, plutonium, and cesium were

The frequency ot' occurrence of radionuclides com- most common.

mca to reactor operations and nuclear fuels production, Radionuclides relxn'ted with less t'requency ',delude

fabrication, and waste reprocessing is described in cobalt, technetium, thorium, and iodine, In some cases,

Figure 6, The radionuclides relxmed most frequently their presence may retqect problems at specific facilities,

from ground water at more than 50 percent of the as do the presence of iodine-129 at Hanford; technetium-

facilities were tritium, uranium, and strontiurn, in 99 at Hanford (Evans et ai, 1990) and Portsmouth (Roger

et al. 1989, Ewms et al. 1990); and

thorium-228,230, and 232 at Fer-

Ground Water Soils/Sediments nald (Solow and Phoenix 1987),

_a _ _a Other radionuclides, including

5 E americium-241 and neptunium-237,-"7 _= u

15 E _ _ 15D II}

_ _ g _ ,, have been identified in soils/sedi-_ : " -............ = meats at DOE waste sites that were

_ , , , .: ,=

Iii .......... _ not inch.|ded in this review (e,g,_,

, 9 ;,=:):);: :;"" :,'_'.,_ _ 9- _..E e,_ g Corboet ai. 1986). Many knowl-'::m '::;!!i% ._ ) _' _ e, '_ edgeable personnel inw_lved in

•::_!: = ,_ o ___ _ E chemical processing activities atz 8 ...."_i ._:_ 8 i,: _;i:l'!_iil:_:_l_, _ e _• :::::l _"_ [ ::;':_:i:; ''_',_:' '_"" '_ '- Hanford and other production sites

a i ii :i:.._:;'.:i:!:_( 3 have stated categorically that the"< /_ 4:;:i:ill_;i,!_!iiii'i,ii!i:,)i!_

' .i_i I: _:_'_ . frequency of occurrence of sucho ::.... i . ;_i' o i ':_":::_':'_"::::;'........." elements as neptuniun_ and ameri-

MetallicCationsand InorganicAnions cium in soils and sediments is

Figure 5. Frequency of Occurrence of Selected Metals and Inorganic Anions in higher than their absencet'rom thisGround Water and Soils/Sediments at DOE Facilitiesreview would indicate.

18 -- 18

Ground Water Soils/Sediments Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

5 - _5 - Nineteen chlorinated hydrocar-

E ._ E boas were identified in ground

_ _ '_ waters at DOE facilities (Figure 7).:_e12 - . 12- _ '-= E•_ : . E= :,.:::"_,g _. Some of these compounds are

...... : :!{! _ i:::::i_- ,3 abiotic transformation productst_ ) 2

o 9 - i "-- o - (Vogel et al, 1987) oi'chemicals' ::_.:::_" ............ _ that were used as solvents and

...... : :f _' ' I

I - : :"' g _ deoreasin- agents ill nuclear fuelsz g i _ _.:.. :.,.::)_:_.:,__

6 - '5 '2 _ 6 -, _. o _ [::_i/.' : .:"::::!:_;::::::'!4.:_ E E reprocessing and fabrication

. ..,lI..... • . ;! " I: :.: ::: o _ (Christensen and G(-_rdon1983,I ' .... ;_':' :::/ I_

" '" :;::;! .;!:£:'i Stenner et al. 1988a). The most

...... ......)!i!' I li _ t : :.: :" .=__= comnlonlyl'eportedconstituentsi .iI: "g (occurring al more than 5(/percent0 0of the facilities) were trichh:m_-

Radionuclidesethylene; 1,1,1-trichh_roethanc and

Figure 6. Frequency of Occurrence of Selected Radionuclides in Ground Water 1,2-dichloroethylene' andand Soils/Sediments at DOE Facilities

22

tetrachh.mmthylene, I, I-dichloroetMne, and chlorofornl, 'l'he fuel hydrocarbons found in soil/sediment im _ IFifteen chlorinated hydrocarbon constituents were eluded those found in ground water (Figure 8) and many _i::Iideniified in soils/sedinlents tit DOE sites (Figure 7). The sparingly soh.lble polyaromatic hydrocarbons (e,g.,

most commonly reported constituents (occurring til 50 phenanthrene, anthracerie, and t'luoranttlelle) that tire un-to

percent or more of the facilities) were trichloroethylene, likely to be mobilized to ground water in al_preciable

I, I, I-trichloroetlaane, lemichloroethylene, and concentrations. The aromatic hydrocarbons of higher

dichlomnmthane, molecuhtr weight were associated with only lwo lo four

facilities. Toluene was the most common{,, reported

aromatic constituent, followed by xylenes and ethylben-

Fuel Hydrocarbons zene, Likely sources of the high-nmlecular-weight

The fuel hydrocarbon constituents in ground water hydrocarbons tire coal and coal wastes (fly ash) derived

reported n,ost frequently were toluene, xylene, benzene, from the operation Of cot:l-fired electric power- and

and ethylbenzene (Figure 8). Low-solubility hydrophobic steam-generating plants located at many of the facilities

polyaromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., chrysene and (Rogers et ai. 1989, Solow arid Phoenix 1987, Dennison

benz(a)anthracene) were observed in the ground water at et al. 1989, Stenner et al. 1988b), Sources of COmloonetats

only one site. of lower molecuhu" weight include gasoline and otherpetroleum-derived fuels stored in

l leaking abovegmund or below-GroundWater Solla/Sedlments ground storage tanks (Dresen el al.

,_ _, 1986, Roy F. Weston, Inc 1989).i

_ _ r _ _ _ _ _" _ _ _ _ Ketonesta. o _ _ o) _

__,-.6___ _ ,_ _-'-._ r_•- __. o _ o . _ :.m

:_- _ _ , F__._._='"'_-o _ _s__ _ o _ _- _ ._o_ acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and

a _ _ a __:'_-.,_ ,nethyl isobutyl ketone (Figure O).o H!illTti:];!l!:i Acetone was als,, the most com-ChlorinatedHydrocarbons moIl]y reported ketone ill

soil/sediment, tbllowed by methyl

Figure 7. Frequency of Occurrence of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons In Ground Water ethyl ketone (Figure 9). Ketonesand Soils/Sediments at DOE Facilities

were fl'equently used in nuclear

_8 _8 fuels reprocessing. For example,

Ground Water SoU_/Sedlmenta methyl isobutyl ketone was the

_s ts preferred solvent used at HanfoM,_ _,

,z ,_ g g _ _ in processing to separate uranium

F _ • -. >.= _.

- --_ = _ _ _ ,__ _ _ g g o,e o products (Stenner el al. 1988a).×iu £ • _ _:t® g "5- --_ t ,*I I I I >',., _ 1: _:= lprI I I i'_ u £., % _ ! '_ ::i"r'-r?Vi,:'l-,::tt£ #I 16 a_ _ _ b ! _ _ It..

o I I. I 1 1 I 1I 1'i'.) [{[l o ............ , .......... ,,FUOI Hydfoc_rborl8

' ]Olal [JoriztiNO/fOlullritl/X_ill#llel

lolal 8enzone/loluono/ElhylbenztmolXylene

Figure 8. Frequency of Occurrence of Fuel Hydrocarbons in Ground Water andSoi!s/Sediments at DOE Facilities

23

I

m_ 18 .... 1B- Table 5. Chemical Constituents Reported for Less

Frequently Observed Compound ClassesGround Water Soils/Sediments .................................................................

ZO is - 15 Number of Facilities1

Class/ ....-Gr-0und................s01iSi..............wa__L'r_.......Sed_*ment.P._.= t2- 1_ Constituent

:_e ® Phthalates

_. _ _. BIs-2-ethylhexylphthalate ............5....................................3....................

I:./t _ _ -_ _" ;_ TotalPCB I......... 1..............[..................2..............

o -- ,o,o-"o, b-oi -hiori 4-8......................................)1.........- .......)l.......4........Figure 9. Frequency of Occurrence of Ketones in GroundWater and Soils/Sediments at DOE Facilities E._plollves ]

HMX [ 1 1

R-Dx..........................................]......,........I....'.......Other Chemicals and Compounds Tiin;-t-;oioiuene.............................................---

Table 5 lists chemical constituents witMn those con]- PETN 2 [pound classes that have been reported with less frequency Peetl¢ldee

at the 91 waste sites, Within "['able.5, compound classes En-dosuii-a-n[1............................................]..................i ...........i......... 2-..............are listed by frequency or occurrence, with tlm phthalates Cl_ioicia-ne.........................................]..............i .........../......... 2............being most common, Bis-2-ethylhexylphthalate was the -En_r-_n--_-.-`_`_._-2-._._._i._._2_[--_-_2_._[7_2._.2_.._._._/_i.ij._i_7_i.__2_.i2_i_i_2_i

most frequently observed phthalate, and possible regula- ----------------- ------0- -- - -_.Lin.da_n_e ........................................ 2 ..... I ...... -2 .

tion of this constituent, along with butylbenzyl-phthalate, Methoxychlor "............. _..... [ --:r*0xa-phene........................................... I ............l X " "

in drinking water is being considered (Federal Register )214-'6.......................................................i............ [........ .-- .......1989, 1990), Pesticides, many of which are regulated con- 'F-0-nt-h-ion-.....................................................]...................i.....................[...............2 ...............stituents, are routinely monitored as part o1'monitoring Aldrin 1 1

programs at the DOE facilities, However, pesticides are Benzei;ohoxaclii0ilde ...................... i.......... 2 - '

rarely observed at levels above detection limits, The oi'- .Heptac.htor............................................ !................ 7- .......

ganic acids include paraffinic derivatives (e,g,, pahnitic ..t?...!ca.m_.bo..........................................................................! ..............................-7 ............4..4'.DDT ........................ I .. 2

and hexadecanoic acid) that originate t'rom thermal E._!.hy.!para!hlon...... -- .... 1 ..decomtx)sition of hydrocarbon solvents used in nuclear M_ala.thi0n............. 1 --

fuels reprocessing and fabrication (Toste et al, 1988) and .M_.?_t..t)YlP_aLa!.h_[fl[a..............................................7-................. !..........

benzoic acid that results from the decomposition of or- D!eldr!n................... -- 1Endosulfan-2 _ 1

ganic material in low-level waste debris (Toste and ....................

Lechner-Fish 1989),

Historical records show that some of the minorOak R.idge, and INEl_,Cl'able 6), l)isposal of large quan-

classes of compounds (e,g., chelating agents and organictitles ()t'()rganic COml_t)unds(e.g., oxalic and citric acid)

acids) may be far more c(.)mmon than is suggested by the(Tables 6 and E-I ) and alkyl phosphates (Table E-1) thal

monitoring and characterization data from the 91 wasteillay facilitate metal/radionuclide migration in lhc stlbsur-sites. For example, records document lhc disposal of theface envir()r_nlerd has also been reporletl. These organic

chelating agent EDTA or diethylerletriamine pentaaceticchemical agenls have n()t generally bf'cn analyzed duringacid (DTPA) at waste sites at Hanford, Savannah River,characterizati(m activities al I)OE waslc siles,

24

Table 5. Chemical Constituents Reported for Less Table 6. Chelating Agents/Organic Acids at DOE z_ IFrequently Observed Compound Classes (Continued) Waste Sites II ............................................... Number of Facilities' Facility/Site i ChelatingAgent' Organic.... Acid 5

Class/ Ground Soils/ Hanford Site uJ............... i ................ l ..................... |......

Constituent Water Sediments a, 100 Area ...... ! Sodlurn oxalate{,.

phosphaie;.................. ] 200Area .... I Sodl.mox,a,eT;ibuiyi_hosph-aie-.....................................-- 1 c, 300 Area EDTA:' j Arnmonlumcltrate :_

r---------- --" " ----" "--IC..h..elat!ng..Agents ...... I/ Oxalic acid3

EDTA 1 --- t Hexadecanoic acid 3

Palmiticacid 1 ..... a, RadioactiveWaste EDTA4 Organic acids4........... ManagerTlent•Hexadecanoic acid .... 1 Complex

,Benzoic acid 1 . -:- b. ICPP ..... Organic acidsr' '[ .............................

lO_the.r............................................... lC. TRA . _ --- .......... Org,an!cacids6 ..Acetonitrile ..... 1

• Oak Rid.ge[N-nitros0diphenyl amine ... 1 .... a, BearC_aekBurial EDTA7...... Phthalicacidarrietllylsilanol , 1 .... Grounds

{2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 1 -- b, Low-Level Waste ! PhthalicEDTA8 acid8.... Trenches/P!ts...................... 1................................•2-Melhylphenol 1 1Savannah River

1Acrylonitrile 1 ...........................[ ForBromoform 2 ---- a, Old Testing and DTPA9 ........ mic aciil9...........

Experiment (]"NX) i2,4-Dinltrophenol -- 1 Basins iD

P-chloro-m-cresol .... 1 li .... Oxalic acld_

•2,4-Dimethylphenol .... 1 19,300 kg disposed to trenches, cribs, and basins (see Appendix A,3,3'-Dichlorobenz idine 1 .... Hanford; Stenner al al. 1988a).

.Cyclohexane 2 ...... "'134,000 kg disposed Io trenches, cribs, and basins (sea Appendix A,Harliord: Slenner el al. 1988a).

.Vinyl acetate 1 .....

Isopropyl alcohol 2 1 :_From 1943 to 1974, wastes generated from luel fabrication processes andcontaining these chemicals were discharged to Nollh and Soulh Process

2-Propylfuran 1 - Ponds (sea Appendix A, Hanford; Weakley 1958', DOE 1990c', Lee 1967).For example, autoclave solutior}s of ammoniurn citrate (13 Ib/90 gal

.rdmethylsilanol ., 1 .. ---- H;_O--17.3 ppl) and EDTA (0.8 lbl90 gal .... 1.1 ppt) were periodically

Tetrahydrofuran 1 1 disposed of to the ponds (see Appendix A, Hanford; Clemans 1988).

Butanol 1 1 4A total ot 1,287 (:jal el Versene (solution containing EDTA) and 1,287 gal oforganic acids we}:e listed as disposed lo Pit 9 (see Appendix A; EG&G,

Carbon disulfide 1 1 Idaho 1990a). Liquids (series 74,1 sludge)transferred from Rock!/Flats

4-Chlorophenyl-phenylether .... 1 Plant 1oINEl._ for disposal and containing lhese consliluel}ls were lirslsolidified in Portland cement prior to transport (sea Appendix A, INEL; Virgil

Ethanol .... 1 1989).

2-MettwI-2-1:_ropanol ..... 1 "Organic acids tentatively identified in ICPP wasle effhtenl and ground

Dioxane ..... 1 water (sae Appendix A; Leenheer and Bagby 1982).

_;Organic a(:lds tentatively Iderfiilied Irl ground water (sea Ai)perldix A, INEL;1Number oi DOE facdilies reporting rneasuremenls of this comt:)uund oi I._.:elfl_eel al_d Bagby 1982)parameler m ground waler arld/or soiis/sedimenls.

/Listed as beinq d sposed to Burial Groulld A - South (see Appendix A,2PETN--:2,2..Bis(t]ilroxy)nlethyl- 1,3-propanedJol-dir}llrah.,. Oak Fh(lge/Y- 1'2;Wallel el al. 1990).

%!I-)TA m gruund water near Pit 7 al cor)cerltratior_ level oi 3./x 10 / M (87pph). in a(Idilioll tu pahnitlc and phthalic acid, several unknown dicarboxylica(;lds w(,,m deflected (s_e AppeHdix A, Oak f-tidge/Y-12; Means at al. 1978).

,J (,[..ISlu t a,'-;b(,'lllg di,',p(.m(_dIf) Old rNX Seepage Basin (See Appendix A,Savannal_ t_tv(.,r I.'lant; Cl_rlstulL'-;en and Gordon 1983)

f_R

sE°+'°-...a"'-Concentration Ranges andRegulatory Compliance

Table 7 sumnmrizes me concentration ob- Radionuclides

I+iltlgeS

served in ground water and soils/sediments for theFederal guidelines for the reguhttion of radionuclides

most commonly reported constituents in seven compoundirt water include the National Interim Drinking Water

classes. The table also lists current guidelines forRegulations (EPA 1976) and DOE's derived concentra-

regulatory conapliance in water. This information istion guides. Tlm interim drinking water regulations are

provided (I) to display the high levels ot 'ontaminationmore slringent by n factor of 10 to 100. Tritiunl has ex-

that occur for certain constituents, (2) tct identify the con-ceeded both guidelines in ground water, as has strontium.stituents most in need of environmental remedinticmUranium lansexceeded the interim {lrinking water reguln-

because their concentratflms significantly exceedlions by ns much ns a factor of 10; cesium has exceeded

guidelines, and (3) tct provide guidance ¢m what cern-the interim drinking water regulations but not the DOE

cerLtration ranges arc appropriate for co-contaminantguidelines. Although significant levels of plutonhtm in

chemistry research relevant to DOE sites, lt is important soils/sediments have been reported, the reported con-

to note that, nltlmugh tlm ul+Per concentraticms <+1'many centrations in grcmnd water are below regulatoryconstituents in Table 7 are quite high, these conccntra-

guidelines, consistent with the strong attenuation notedtions typically represent isolated analyses in small, highly

for most valence states of plutoniunl on subsurt'ace sot'-contaminated areas, bents (Sanchez el al. 1985) or in subsurface environments

(Rai el al. 1980, Cowan ct al. 1985).

Metals and Anions

The highesl ccmcentrntitms reported for metal itms in Chlorinated Hydrocarbonsground water were for zinc, folluwed by mercury and

The highest concentrntior_s of cMorinated hydrocar-lead. At the lower ends of the ranges, ccmstitucnt con-

bon constituents reported for ground water were forcentrnticms in ground water were below rcgulnlory

dichh>ronmthnne and trichloroethylene, t'c>llowed byguidelines by a factor of I() to I,()()(). At the higher ends,

tetraclaloroethylene. At the low end of the concentrationrept_rted ground+water levels exceeded regulatory

ranges in ground water, constituent concentrations belowguidelines by as much as I()2 t<_105. Nitrate has been

regulatory guidelines by a factor of I()tct 1()0have beenrep_rted in gr(+und water at c<mcentrations as high ns I()

reported. Al the high end, the {ff_serve.dc(tncentratiolls ex-perccnl, which exceeds regulatory standnrtls by I()4, In

oecd the existing regulalc_ry guidelines by ns much as as¢>ils/sedimenls, levels ¢>fl't>urmetals (lead, chrcnniunl,

factor of l(I5 {i.e., trichlot'_mthylene). In soils and sedi-zinc, and rnercury) have exceeded emc ppl.

merits, levels of three eompottnds (Ifichhwoelhylen¢,

1,2-clichlorc_elllylene, ;.tilt[telrachlorc_elhylcne ) have ex-

ceeded _me ppt.

27

i mm Table 7. Concentration Ranges 1 anc_lGuidelines for Regulation of Most Frequently Reported Constituents

in Ground Water and/or Soils and SediLments at DOE Facilities 2

Class/Constituent Ground Water Soils/Sediment Guidelines

Metals .......................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................OilS-to.t20,000 1,000to6,900,000 :'0;450;Chromlurn " 0,42 to ,9'0i0 . 5,1 t0 3,950,000 3100;450; 5100Arsenic 0,3 to 3:2,100 100 t0 102,000 ;15

zinc 1 to 697i000 150 to 5,000,000 65,000

copper 1 to 3,3.00 30 to 550,000 "_1,300;51,300

Mercury. 0.08 to216,900 0.1 to 1,800,000 :32;42; 52iCadmium 0...005.to J,60.0.............................................1.00!.o3..45,O.00.................... 35;410; 55Anions

Radionuclides

Tritiuni................... 7313to 20'._:'00000,000 " "z7.8t0 124,000,000 "20 000; 92,000,000 ' 'I 1 6 ....Uranium _°0.001 to r.700,O00 I 0.2 lo 1 ,000170.02to 22.7(_0 J'20.06 (O 18,700 95"500tO600

Strontium 170.051o231 (,_00 1'30.02 to 540,000 r_8;91,000Plutonium " 170.0009to 1;:.8 } 130.00011to 3,500,000 9300 1o400Cesium 170,0027to 1,t!:]30 " 1i30,02 to 46,900 18200',93,000

Chl°rlnated Hydrocarbons

.................................................................................................................................................[%......................................................................................1,1,1-Trychloroethane 0,2 to 16,600 1 to 200,000 14200 ,:.l,2-Dichloroethylene 017to 50,000 " 10 to 1,000,000 j a'_'70(cis);&_lO0(trans)

tetrachloroethylene 0.18 to 272,000 1.3 to 2,045,000 130;%1 1-Dichloroetl'lane 10.3 to 7,800 27,000 to 84,000 ..... l-- "

Ch.0ioform...... 0.3tO2070.... o.3toi13o0........... ",Di.chlo[0methane ........ " .o:2.9to 2,400,000. " 6.i0890 .... . ...... 30;..ia ............Fue! Uydrocarb0ns ...................................................................................... .........................................................................................

Benzene 0.01 Io 46 000 0.3 to 310,000 45 ,:

Toluene O.19 to 26,000 " 0.3 to 2,000,000 :'2,000; "2,000Xylenes 1 to 14,000 0.3 to 2,800,000 310,000;510,000Ethylbenzene " . 1.5to 540 0:7 t070,000 " 3700;5700. .Ketones

Ac-eione...............................................................[3to 24,500 ......................................i3 t0350,00o ................................[. ...........'........................Methyl ethyl ketone ]4 to 1,500 19to 470 1....Phthalates

Bis:2iethylexylphthalate .. " 12 to 1,050 " ........ . ..... 1200to 57,000 i30; 54

fMicrogramsperliler(Hg/L)andmicrogramsperkilogram(Hg/kg)unlessofilerwiseindicaled.

2ConcentrationdatasynthesizedfromrelerenceslistedinAppendixA.

r_ProposedU.S.EPAMaximuI,lContarninantLevelGoals(MCLG,Hg/L)indrinkingwater.

4ExistingU.S.EPAMaximumContaminantLevel(MCL,Hg/L)indrinkingwater.

_'ProposedUS. EPAMCL(pg/L)indrirlkingwater.

_'NonenforceableU.S.EPAsecondarylevelstandard(Hg/t.)basedon taste,odor,orappearanceguidelines.

/Picocuriesperliter(pCi/L).

_NationalInterimDrinkingWaterRegLilations,TableIV-2A(EPA1976).DerivedGuidelines(pCi/L)basedorl 4milliremi-illrlHald()sl:_totargetorgan.

_DOE-derivedconcentrationguides(pCi/L)basedoneffectivedoseIimilnot to exceed100millirem/year.DerivedfromDOEOrder5480.lA(JaquishandBryce1990).

lOMJcrogramsperliter(Hg/L)

I_Microgramspergram(lig/g),

WPicecunespergram(pCi/g).

_:_Picocuriesperkilograrn(pCi/kg).

28

Fuel ttydrocarbons Phthalates z)Bcn/,cnc,tcducne,andxylene,sarethefuelhydrc_¢'ar-. 'l'hcI!I.'Ahasl_mpt_._cdanMCI, c_l'4_.Ig/I,ibr O_

boll ¢{)nstil.l.letl[,',;with the highest rcp_rtecl cc)ncentrati_)ns I_is-2-ethylhexyll',htl_ahtte, 'II'his c_nccntt'ati_,n level has

ill _gl'_,_tllldwater, followed by ethylhen:,cne, Maximunl beenexceeded in gl'(H.llltI water at l)()['] facilities hy I'ac-

¢oncentratit_nsrep_rted I't_rs_ils/,sediment,_were ap- t_r,sexceeding I(}(}, ('_mcenh'atic_n,s_["thi,schetnical in

Im_ximately I1)tt_ I()()times higher tllan what wa,_ xcJil,s/,sediment,sranged I'mnl 2(){)Ic_57,(){)(}Fig/g,

rep_rted I'_r gmtind water, in grt_undwater, benzeneha,_

exceededrcgulat_ry guidelines by a I'actt_rt_t'1,()()(),

Pl'¢_pt_s_,Iguidelines I'_r l_luene and xylene,shave beenex-

ceeded by t'ach_rs_t"as much as 13and 1,4, respectively,

i

KeloHes

C_ncentrati_n ranges l'_r acettme in grotlnd wa{erand

soils/sediments were 3 I_ 24,000 ,ttg/i.,and 1"3to

350,0()0 }.rg/g,respectively, l:k_rmethyl ethyl kelp.me,cCm.-

centratkm range.,;in ground water and sedimer_tswere 4

k_ 1,500_.Lg/l.,artd 200 to ._i?,()(){)Jig/g, re,,;peclively.

Neither of these chemical,si,,_a primarilyp_tllutanl, hul I-,_th

are listed as Apt_enclix IX c_ltslituenl,_;, ',

29

I Iii i I II II1 --

Identification of Priority ClassMixtures for Subsurface ScienceResearch

J

Section 5 documented that many t:onlpound Nature of Co.Colttaminant Interactions

class

mixtures exist in the ground til 1301!1facilities and Research has shown that lhc fllllclwing eel-waste sites, The existence of these mixtures is significant

contaminalil irtteraclic_ns can alter lhc geochemicalin that certaill components within these mixtures nltly till- behavior cit' individual contamiuants wlieJl those con-dergo chemical interactions that either facilitate or relard

taminants are present in mixtures: competitive sorpticin,their ellvirclilnielital disseinillation alid tralispcirl, These il'l-

¢(Is(llvatioil, atltleCitis colriplexlili(In, aild coscIrplicIll,lL;l'Cclillllllliili.llll i'e_lcli(In,_ _.i1'¢iernled "c(i-CCIlltaliliilalll

These iiliel'aCliOllS are riot well uilderstocid with I'eSpecl IciillteractiOllS," Wiihiil I O1:, s Scibstirt'i.ice Science Pro-

the dynailiics (li' c(inlaiilinlllli nlixtures in the Sklbsurfacegl'i.illl, the (o-L( illl.llllin_illl (_,heinisir 7 _ul3lTir(igl'l.illi is

envh'onillent, alld their investigilli(lil t'cli'lllSthe basis cii' co-l:_erl'ol'iliillg research (in the gecic'helllical behl.ivior of con-

CC)lltalllinl.inl chenlislry resetirch iii the 1)()I7, SI.ibsurl'acetaillin[iill illixtures, Si.lth research is necessary because

Science lh'(igranl (I)()17_ 1990b), in tile l)aragrilphs Ihlil tid-(1) cci-c:tlntanlinal-II iilteracti(ins a.regeilorally Ic,ss tinder-

low, these c(i-u(lliliiiliiliaill inleraclions are tlel'incxl andslilild than the gcclehenlieal behavior of the iildividl.ial

brie('ly disc'l.isst;d wilhin lhc C(llllexl ()(' 1.)()t_ cciilllilllina-c'(lllll)(ikinds, (2)c(_-c{inlamiilani intel'_.lctiilns inay t.'xl:lll.iiil

ticin ilroblenis,ca,,,;¢s(ii' eilhailc'ed c()iltaliliilliill mt_hiliiy al !.)()i_ siles

(MeaN,'-;el al, 1978, Killey el al, 1984, ()lsc,n el al, 19X6),

alld (3) ali ellllallced cllldcrslalldillg iii" c(i-c(lillalliillalll i11- Cotnpetilil, e ,_t'orpliott Aqtiecius s_)ltlleS with similar

teraciillllS illay be usclul iri ideiltifying iilll)r(ived c'cliiCel_lS chcn_ical pr(ll_erties S(ll'h tct the s_iillc' types _ll' sui'l'ace gilest(ir iii sitl.l i'Olllediati(lll (ii c(liltailliliatiCili arclund 1)()t'; (iri solid lli_liei'ials. In StlbStlrl'ace lllalei'i_.ils, lhc iiicisl illi-

wasl¢ siie,_ (li(iii 199()h). pcli'l_.lllt sLirl'aee sil_s f'or SOl'l)li(/ll i.il'e fixed-neg_.iliv¢-

Nell ali clmtaillinai_ts init.:racl when prc_enl iii mix- charge sites on hiyer-lalticc ._ilicale,<,,hyth'cIxylaled silt_,_

loire,s, In fact, c'(i-conttilllillanl interacticins may be Oll ii'oil aiid aliilllinl.llll llxidcs (ii' lllint.'rals c(intaillillg th_.'sc

signilicant Iii lhc _Llrt'ticege_chcn_ical behavior (ii' _lnl 7 a colnponenls, SLIl't'[Ic;I.'.lallicc _ll' kink giles (iii sail-type'

Sl.ll'Jsclcii' llle lllixttlres identified in "l'ahle 4 and Appendix illiliC'l'als such _iscalt. iLIlll carb(lllale, hydl'lll_hol_ic

(', The l_l_ieclivcs of ihi_ ._ccti_marc' to (I) define lilltl dcinlaillS (iii (li willlin Cil'glillit.' lill.ilt.'l'ial, lilltl cai'l_lxylaied

d(iclAIli¢lil the lypcs tif c(i-c(lillliiliiiiaill illlt.'l'aClillils lh_.il siles till lii'gliilic lilall.'.rial (Sl_C_sit_1914,1,('tli'tis t_,lal. ItJlq(_,

nlay be ._igllitic'aill (li1 1)()1:! laild,_, givt:ll lhc illixllliC,_ Kc'nl c,l al, 19XI,Ii. Wlll.'ll _l)lllle lllixltlleS c'(lllt_lc'l ._(ll't_ing

idc,.nlit]ed iii Scc'li_ln $ aild Al lPeudix (', alld (2)idclllily, iiiiiit'rlil _tirl'ac'c'.,,;,._iirlact., ,_ilcs c'ail I)l.,t'llillC _iilllialed with

hascd (iii t:LIII¢Ill sci¢lllific I.Iridcr_,laildirig, which _1' ihc'._c ad_li'l_cli k(lllllt:._ (Zac'llara c,I al. 19X7, ('liW_ili c'l al. 1991 ),

lllixlurcs are Iikel 7 i_ exhil_il c(i.-CCilll_.lliiiillu/I ililerac'lillil_,, alltl lhc.' illtlivitllilil Clllllalilillalil,_ al'C'l'(ircc,cl I_lt,_liiillc'lt_ I<lr

31

_ ,_Llr['l.lC¢sites. Coml'_etiliw,' s_rl_l.ion el'l'ecis haw been _h- tllermudynanlic properties uf timic imlrganic s_lules

served for _.lrmmber o1's(lluie combinaiic.ins relew.ml I_ (!!siesu el iii, I OI,,19,I_eytlu, lds and l)llvis 199()) llll_.lde-

DOE, including metal cation,'.; and anions (Cawlllaro tu_d I_resse,_tile sclrl_li_m ut' iunugeniu _rg_mic cornpilunds tlull

McBride 1978, BowIll_.ul el _ll, 1981, liilrashidi and surb in cumPclitiun wilh in(_rglmic ilms (Zllclmrll el ill,

O'Connor 1¢)82, Zachtu'a ct al, 1989) and ionogenic Cir- 1¢)88), The I_l'c,_cllcu _lt'tniscil_le (wgluiic solvcnls in wilier

g_anicconil_ourids (Zachar_.l el al, 1987, Jifl'vert el til. zlt'l'culs file ,s(lltlhilily cfl' tnl_rgunic und Illillerlll .sl_lids

199()). C.ompelitive sorplicm tills not genel'illly been ul,i- (Popuvych and T(_mkin,_ It)XI), s(wptiun _.mdi_mox-

served t'_lr hydrol_lobic orglmic UOnllW,unds in t.'()lllltcl clmnge _,1'tnlwguniu sulul¢,'.; (l:essle,r and ,Slrobel 19f_3,

wilh Iligll-organic-carbon null nmleriuls (C Ill,lt el al, Mo_ady and Tllunlus ItJ_,,_,I_l-Prinue and Bal_cuck 1975,

1%13), btll il may occur lo a limiied extent in nlineral. Slleel and l_'uller 198(_), and suM'ace l_rl_l:_erliesul' nline.rlll

dominated surl_e.nis (M_aclntyre and de l::ur 1985), The m_.uurial (I.,oepperl el ul, I_-)7t_),()nly lillliled eXl_erimun-

m_.lgnilutl¢ i:_t'Ctmll:_e.lilive SOrl:_tiunfor Ilydri_l_llllbic or-, I,'.11dalu represerfl eilller lilt el'feels iii' c_,solvents _m the

gm_ic cl_ernic_.ils,nle.lal icru.'.;,i_l"rudionuclides ix nul yel SUl'plilwi ul' meta.ii i_ms (_rradionuclides or Ihuir cumplexes

prediclal_Ic,Cumpeliliungenerallyleadsi_isuppres,,,ii_il wilh urglmicliglmds,

iii"lhcsurpiionofthe more weakly l_indingconsiilue_i,_ Cosolvaii_mul'l'eclsmax bccxpcclud inconlaminanl

and enhanced suhsurfacemobility, mixlurusuI'(I)waler-soluI_Icoi'glmicsuI_slanccslsulvenls

Compclilivcs(irptiunel'feelsmay thereforehe ox- wilh spuringlysoluhleui'ganiccontaminant.,.;,such as

peeledinmixluresofconlaminanlslhalhave similar l_(i'13s,if111ewaler-soluhlecomp_menl rellches'ucim-

i_hy._icuchemicalprc_perlie.s,such as (1)melaIIiccallings cenlralionoi'Ipercenland (2)w,.aklyhydraledcali_m_,

_md caiiunicradilmuclidus;(2)anionicmeli|l._,anioniu such _iscesitlm,i_runionicand call(mitInelulsand

rndiunuulides, and anionic ort, anic ,solutes, and (3) tlt,utrifl rudionuclidc,s with ulcotlol or ketone solvents,

organicCOlnl_oundsinCOllti.icIwilhlow-carbonsubsur-

facesorbcnts.

Aqueous C'ot#tplexatiott Two or nnorc aqueous species

tlm associate in solution iii Form a complex. Thu,s conv

C#solvation AI high c(inccnirali(m._ (ppl), dissulvcd uF- plexus can Rirm hetwcen ilal,rganic and urganic c_llions

gllnic substl.u_ce,ssuch iis kutone iii' lllt'lihol solvent,_ ultei ° and anl(ms (ligands), between ionllgcnic and nctltrlil cir-

lhc lhcl'llllidynlllllJu I-Ir()pcMJus cii"W;.IICI' (J,e,, i.lieleulri0 glillJc UtilliVg(Itlll(.I_ (such liS between PCI]s lilld ii hl.lllliU

con,_lanl and illl¢rlacilll lcnsJon)und ils solwiling i_ropei'. ,Stlbsltinct: iii' anltllllc stH'l'a¢llinl), tiild b¢lwien nculral cii'-

lies l'(ll' Il(llll iiliii(ir illOl'gallic lind cit'gallic s(lll.llcS tl)' giilljC COlllllOUildX (such i.is hclwr:cn PCI]s l.lntl ii niillJOilic

lunclJOlljng _.i._u c()-sol\,cnL (lhlpllvyc, h lind 'l'<lnlkJn._ surl'LlCll.illl), Aquc/itl,_ U(ilill_lixaliIII1 It_.id,_Io cnhl.iliC'cd c(ul-

19t,11),<Solvalion/disoiw.lii_m rclic'li(m,<_¢cmirJbi.llU ,sig. lliininaiil solulfilily (see Clli(ltl ul _.il. ll)147, Kilt' iilld (ihJilu

nJl'icantly ici lhc (wcl'all cn¢rgclics, nlugililudl.', and Iri89 (iii ural.lille xillull, s), 'l'hc: ,_/li'plilln lind li'_.insl_(Irlhr.,-

kinetics til' hulh soltlii(in _.lndNuI't'LIC¢I'CLIcli(lllS, Thurcl'_U'¢, hilvJllr til' i.lqtlCOtlSC(llllplcxis cii" illlll'giinJc J(lllS iiU.ly Ilu

u(i,_(llvalion tan t:xci'l u nl_tj(w inl'lu¢llCC tin ;,iv;.il'Jcl7 _lJ' va,_ll 7 dJlTcrcnl I'i'tlnl ltlOsU iii' lhc i_i.ircnl i(lll,_ (l!,llil_i iilld

l'Ctic'lilUlS, illCltldJnB aqueous ¢(Inll-_lcxiilion, ,suli.ibillly, ]ltltill_t 1979, li, Iii(lt lind I)Clln¢ll.y 19b12,Ntis(ill u.l iii,

anti SOl'pli(lli, lhl_l c(inli'(ll c'onl;.ilnJll_.lnl c(incinlrl.ilJ(lll,_ ii/ IU85, I,iil,'lUlnlliC i.Uld Mtlrriiy 1987, t-[Liiln_ ¢1al. 1988,

lhc SLibsurl'ilc¢ ClivJrllnnlinl, ('hliii'JilchiiJ iilit114lit:l-lie 10tj(ii, l;(ll' Jll,W,llincu, uqut.'.(ll.l,_

Wilt'n i)l¢,_unl iii vuiy hJTh (l:_Ul'CCnlliTl.')cllilCullliiilJt_n Cllllll_lcxulJ(in will (ll'll,n r¢ildur ii l'U'llilJvt.,ly ruu¢lJvc'., Jill-

It:vi'Is, iniscihlc ,<q>lvcnlssuch _.lxalc'llhols illitl kchml.'x ii1. illllt_jll., UUllslJluClll ,hJgllJl'jcalillY IIl(ll'¢ lil(ibJlc (lltilllur ul

Cl'¢lis¢ lhc s_lltihilil.y i>f I1.ydr_ll_h(ihJc(llf_illlJc C_llilp(lUlld_ iii, 191qX),I lrailJuln liili 7 bi cjll_'d iis Jill uxlililllJ¢ bit'iiusc,

(Pinal c'l al, 199())and inarkidlv tl¢ur¢iisn lhuJr ._(li'plitm ulliilplcxillj(m I_),uurh(miilc will ,_ignJl'icniill 7 tll.,l_lt_,ssii,_

(14u(i ¢I al, 19_5 lind 19{J(),Nkcdi-Kizz_l ol iii, 191q5, S_ll'l)lJ(ul ;,ii Jlilirlnctljlilc iilitl hl._ht.'r pII luw.'ls (llsi alicl

Wallir,_ and (JtiJSUl)l/J-I{lJo l l)lqtq), A rt:sull J_iili JllCrej,_u l,iul_.tlnuJr 1()145), In iitldJlJ(in Iii xtit, h Jn_ll'7_ulJt;IJgillltls _is

in ih¢ lllllbilil 7 cii' lt-i¢ (lilTiillJc' C(lllllinlJnlli_l (NkuclJ-.Kj/z;,i hJclil't_liUilu, sull]ilc,, iilltl I_h(_,sl)llalc!,(u'TiillJc C_llnllh-'xJng

oi iii, 1989), 'l'lic prcscncc (_1(u'gl.inJc xl>lv¢iilh lille, r,<,lh c ;.iTl_'lilX(sill.'h il_ _liglinJc, iil.'Jtl,s,niliJii(i c!lil'lll_xylJc ilc'Jd,_,

32

and nttturtd urganic ctmH_uundm)t'unction as in|per|trot Conzpound.Class Mixtures Likely To Exltibil _ imtff_ilizing agents fur many catiunic |metals al.td Co.C, onlamilzalH Interactions Iradh>nLiClkles|>slD()I!, i£mtJsLllld ill gruLmtlwater (Means This sectic>n identil'ic,'.;the c()mputlnd-.¢lann IIIJX|LII'CS

ct al, 1978, (qcvcland and i;',ccs19XI, Killcy ct al, 19X4, tlucumcnted in Scctiun 5 thai m'c likely I_ untlcrgu si_-()lscn ct al, lt)Sh, l-t_trtmuncl al, 199{),t-tc_lmand('tlrliss nificanl co-c_mtajl.tjnaltl inlcracliuns in lhc ,,_t_hsurl'acc,

199()), Susie radi_nuclides I'urm [mrticuhwly slrcm_c_ml- This tmalysis was httscdun the assulnl'_ticmtl.tal lhc ccd-

plexus with i.taltlrttl Ol'gttllit: I.ttalter _llld rtaltlt'_ll _+l'gitllJC t.'C)llllHllilltlll|interact|ummtlimcumscdin li.tcprevic_un

ligm_ds (Nelsun el ztl, 19X5, Muulin ct al, 1!)87, (,achcris subsectitm m'c iml3urtant uses Li.tatt>ccur ut i)()E silos,

trod ('hoppin 19X7, Kim ct al, 19X9), The clTcctmut' l_xpcrimcntatiun _1'additicmtd litcndm'e review ttlayaqueous curnplexa|iun may bc IImst signil'icant in mix- reveal that _|hcr cu-ctmlmninant in||.;factionsarc ttls_)

tures ill which urganic waste materials I'nun extraction mignil'ican|,

and decunlamination activities (i.c., urganiu acids, The culnp_mnd-clamsI.tliXttll'Cm ul_servcdell I)C)I,_amim_carhuxylic acids, and alkylated phusl_hatc._)were lands (Table 4 and Appendix C,)wh_mcmuhsurl'auuccmfl_incdwith metal and radiunu¢lide uuliuns, gc_uhemical helmvi_r _nayhe inl'lucnccd hy cu-

ctmlaminant illlCrllclJc>lls_tl'Csumn.tarizcdin'l'al_leI_,

ScvcnLl cl.tcmical interactions, thcmgh nut ¢li,'.+uussudprc-Cosorption Certain prt_cems-rchtted urgtu_ic chcrnicalm

vitmsly, rnlty uccur in the ctmtlXmn¢l-class mixtures,present in DC)E waste Jnalerials, amwell as a variety o1"

Themeinteract|ims it.toledo co-i)recipitatiun, m_litll-Jha_cnatural (_rganic COml>(>unds'st_chas ht_ntic substances,

n.tt_dit'ication, solvent-st|ft'trce intcnlcti()nm, and i'_tutsccontain mt|li|plt functiunal grm_l:>S(i,c,, carhoxylaletntnmfcr, (!u-precipitatiun is the t'ormation ot' a mixc¢l

gx'uttl+Sand I.tydrcq'_h_ff>ictlumain,_), 'l'heme l_<_lyl'tznclic>nalsulid pl'msu, in IItimcase one intvolving hutl.t un_:talion tmtl

cCmll+tmnds(I) I't_t'mmtmrtgcumplcxe,,.; with certain dim-sc_lvctl cu_ltaminantm (Nt:ls<.mct til, 1985, Gauthicr ct +41, radionuclide cunstitucntm, that behaves its ii ther-.

_nodymlrnic entity distinct t'ront the I.ttm.tugcncuu,xsolid191,,17,l-lulnt and C'urtims 199()) and (2) can sorh tr,+mtn'-

l'uct:s ot' mineral ur c_rgm.ticl-mrti<:lcsin the muhsurt'ttce phases eft'fttc individual cunstitucntm (Spore|tc>19_,4),mc>lidI+l.tascnt_dil'icatitm ix lhc dimmultttiunot' sit, ural

envircmrncnt (,lardinc ct Ill, I989, Murl>hy ct Iii. It){)()),s¢flids/mc>rhents(c,g,, iron _xides)hy ,,.;tnmgorganic chelat-

Llnt_ccupied sites _m these sttrl'acc-assuciatcd, poly ft|nu-

li<real t+rgttnic muhstltr_ccmmay hind or cosorb ing agent,'.;al.tdorganic acids (Chang alld Mati.jcvic ItJX3,l:llemact al, 19/,14),S_)lvcnt-mttrl'accinteracli_>n,',;inw>lvc

cc>nlarninanls in c_mtpetitiun with tl.tc untlcrlyir_g solidli.tcaltcl'aticm of the surface prUl_crticmand ._¢_rptivity_1'a

suhmtratc, l tydrc>l_ht>tfic_rganic c_mtp_:_undm(Kettle|anst_litl phase fur ccmtarr_irmnts |lmu result _d IItc presence ot'

and ('url 19t"19,Murphy ct al, 199()), metal calitms (l)avis

1984, Zachant ct al, 1991 ), and radic>nuclidcm(11_>and lt watcr-st>luhlc _wgltnic ttgcnt, muchas ttkel|mc (1,t_cppertct al, 1979.), Phase In|nrel'ct ix the imrtitiuning uf |:un-Mille| 1985, AIIm'd ct ttl. 19X9) Inity he cc_sc_t'l+edtt_tam|nan| species he|wecs liquid plmsc.'+in it hil_lt+.txicnlineral.-h(_und humic substances, SInaller nnlltil'uncti(_n-ct_-contanlinant mixture, sttcl.tas in a nlJxture c_l'wlttcr

al t>r_+.llticligands (1)avi.,.+altd I,cckic 1978), st|rf act|mis

(Rea and Parks It)t)()), und certain ltir>|'gallic ligantl,_ and trichl¢>rt_cthylcnc,An atlclnpl warnmarie t(+assign research pri¢+ritics t_+

(Bcn.janlin anti i.cckic IUX2)can also>l>rt_ln_tcc_s_t'l_-.

tits _t im_rganic ictus t_)illjncrttl ,'<url'acc.,-,. these nlixtures ('l'ahlc 9), using lhc I'_fllc_,,vin_ct|lcr|a:

C'_sr_rl>ti_mctfeet.,.+may hc cnc_unturcd iii tllixtttrc_ _1 (1) I't'Ctlucncy <_f_hscrvali_m, (2) prc>hal'_ilily_>1'Itlc c_>-c_mlar_limt_ltin(eracti(nt al'l'ccting _v_igtali_ul,(3) cxt¢_ll _t

Illclal i_m'.,and/_w raditmut.'lJtlc,hv,,ith t_t_lytuncticmalcim|-research Jnl't>Milalit_xlavaihll_lc (1litilt ia_tcracti_t_,and

plexir_g ak_unt,h,(>rganic acids, t_t n;ttt_tal |>rg;mit'..+tth_lancc_,l_umd il_.,.,t_hst_rfaccenvir_mnlcnlm al I)( )!,__ites, (4) iml'_t_t'tu_cct_l thc _it¢ where tilt i+lJxture Ims hues

rcpurted and prit_rity _>Ithat _ilc I'_n"+'clual_tnp,'l'husc

critcriu were givc_l a thrcc-I_int rav_kinl_<3, 2, _t_tl I, witll

I_ci01_r.thu Ili_llt.',htpri_rity),

33

Table 8. Compound-Class Mixtures Expected To Exhibit Co-Contaminant InteractionsCompound-Class Mixtures Co-Contaminant Interaction

eZ 1, Chlorinated hydrooarbolls-fuel hydrocarbons Compet!ttyesorption oosolvatlon, phase transfer

2. Metals-radionuclides Compe/i,_',,o_.':_rpllon,co-precipitation3, Chlorinated hydrocarbons/fuel Cosolvatlo,',

hydrocarbons/ketones..PCBs4. Metals/radionuclides-organic acids Aqueous complexatlon, ¢osorptlon, competitive sorption, solid phas_

modification

5, Metals/radionuclides-complexing agents Aqueous complexallon, cosorptlon, precipitation, competlllve sorp%n,solid phase modification

6, Metals/radionuclides-ketones Cosolvatlon, solvent-surface Interactions

7, Metals/radionuclides-organic acids/complexing Cosolvatlon, solvent-surface Interactions, phase transferagents-ketones/chlorinated hydrocarbons

Table 9, Prlorltizatlon of Generic Mixtures for Research

Mixture t Frequency of Probability of Scientific Site PriorityObservation 2 Effect 2,3 Uncertainty 2'4 Importance _'_ Ranklrlg

1 3 2 2 3 2.50

2 3 2 2 3 2,503 2 2 2 2 2.OO........................................ i .......

4 1 3 3 2 2,25

5 1 3 3 2 2,256 2 2 3 2 2.25

7 1 2 3 2 2.00.......

_Numbers1through7as shownIn Table8,

_'Priorityranking:3=high,2=medium,and1=low,

:JAqualilallveassessmentof whetherco-contaminantinteractionsinlhc mixlureareexpecledlo causeasignificantmodlflcallonct Individualcomponentbehaviorbasedonknowledgeofcontaminantconcentrationsandthestrengthct theco-corltaminantInteraction,

'_Asubjectiveappraisalof thestatusct scientificknowledge,A ratingofhigh(3)Indicateslimitedknowledgeonwhichto basequantitativeenvlronmet/talpredictions,

5Sitessuchas HanfordSavannahRiver,OakRidge,Fernald,andRockyFlalswereconsideredmosthnportanlInthisassessmentbecauseoithemo,anitudooftheirin-groundcentarninanlInventories,acreageoi corltaminatedland,andpriorityforcleanup,A ratngoi high(3)hldicatesthemixturewasobserver]'almultiplewastesitesonmorethanoneof thesefacilities.

The souring ii_r probability eH'effect and scientific un-

certainty was .,;ul_jective, An twerall priority ranking wa.,.;

calculated by giving euuh critericm equal weight

(Table 9). Using (tlis apf_rcmctl, mixtures _d'(l )

chlorimtted and fuel hydrucarbons and (2)inetal_ und

rudi_muclide_ were given Ilighe_l prk>rily, tiHl_wud by

C3) mixtures c_l"nletal_ and radiunuclide_ with urganic

acids, cllel+.ttirlg ugcnls, and ketones. However, tile

f_tiurity rankings for all the mixtut+es are similar, indicut-

ing that t'esettrch on till tile mixtures is watt'unfed.

34

++]Chemical Mixmres for SubsurfaceScience Research

nl'orm_tliun un the Inost t'rcquenl chemical cim- ¢oml_tmnds sclectecl l'ronl both indivh.luttl classes, tu sutlstituents observed within each compound class lhc hyl_c_tlleses and ot!jcclives ot' the individtml inves-

(Figures 5 tllrotigh 9) was integrated wilh inft_rrnation on tigatur, The data for ground water il_ Table 7 suggest Illat

those comf_tmnd class mixtures believecl to have l_Otenti_ll co-colllalllillallt studies are warrantecl over a wide ccmccn-

l'<+lrca-contaminant interitctitms (Table 8) to yield seven trathm range, beginning at trace levels and extending to

generic mixttlres for subsurface science rcscarclt (Table cuncuntrathms nem' the aqueous solubility tri' the com-

1()), Euch gullet'lc lllixture rcl)rl+'S¢lltS ti illellU (ii' c(im- pounds, The rcic+cried high concentrations til' certain

pountls or el¢lll¢lltS whose Jll+lpt+l'tant+'.cto DOE is .justil'itd COllll:_(>tllIdsiii ,'+(>ils/sedil+litnts tj,e,, trJchloriiotl'lylone,

by their high fl'eqUelicy iii" l)CCUl'i'oilc¢ within tile 91 1)Ot7, tetrachlort)ethylene, toluene, xylene) indicitte the pr¢lb-

waste ,_itesewtltiatetl, The list cities not ,_uggest thai till able uxi,<+ti;llCCof free t)i't, liliic liquid (i,o,, irichh)rethyh;no

ctiillptltilldS identified within each generic i11J×tLire,_huLild (TCE) or fuel) iii the poi'¢ spe.tee0This (ibs+rvtilh)il stlg-

he used within a given +_tudy(ii' by ii single jrivestigttt(ir, gests thai ,<+ttidlest)t' phase transfer between the liquid

Rather, tilt illvestJgtitor tc'tillUlltlOse ['i'onl alliollg those organic: phlise rind watcl' [ti+fDWtitTailtotl for dissolved oi-

cil11117>otitldstel estahlish ti dt+'fcmsiblu C(llllpOtilil1111Jxttli'e gallh.' ct)nstiii.iellls pi'eSelll iii either phase,

for re,<+ual'chjllttl the subsurl'ac¢ I_lchavi(ir til" C()lltlinlilliillt Metal ions and i,adi(lllUC'lide,_ we.re disposed o1'

nlJ×tui'es f(itind (ill DOE situ,<+,The b,eilerJ+ lilJ×tui'e,_ Ctili Itik&+lhcr al inany wttstc sites and were selected as a

als_l be titiglllCllted with itdditJonttl Jntll'ganh: (ii' ofgallJC gtn¢i'ic ici×lure tri evalullt¢ niultispecics .mrption iiil(.l ct>-

ctlnstitucnl+<;, til the discretion (ii' individual Jilvc,_itJL4al(/rs, l+recipitation, Au shown in Table 1(), a vai'icty of metals

lo tesi specit'J¢ scJontit'ic hypl)tlleses <+ii'tri hi'<+llidonthe and raditlnuulides can hc,justit'ied l'(>rrt_slDiii'chbased <+li1

l'tlllg,t: iii' chelllJcal l)r(ll;Jei.iJes,,+pltiilled hy +ililiXlLli'+, N(I iii- fl'equellcy til" (>CCUl'rCllCt;:,The rec'(Iniillt;ilded research sub-

tciTIpt has hel+'nmade to i'tink either the generic IllJxtLii'e++ .louisare biliary, liltd l+U,_,_iblytil,<+<+)lOrllliry lill(i qtitilOl'iitiry,

Ill +lhc spe:cii'lc species within tile till×till'eS i.i+J+/il'dili_ l(i lilJXttil'eS (it' c:titiolijc metals itlld radionuclides for study-

perceived l+rj(IrJty t'(Ir research, ing (1) ctlinpetJiive ,mrl+ti(irl on sUt_,'.iLil+fac:l_niiricral

phtist:s and ht:tt:l'ligellOOus i11Jnei+ali/latoi'Jal and (.'7+)c'.o-

prucil:_Jiltti(in btllli iii ll(ini<+>L-s,erii)tis ,<+oluth/nand iii

Description of Generic Chemical Mixtures SLIt'lsUI'I'act:I11alel'Jal, (TatJOll Illixttil'Os IlitiSt fie carefully

Chh/rJllaltd hyth'(icartmilS and fut.'l hydr(icarh(lil,_ selected, based (iii firili ,_¢ientit'ic hyl_(lihe,m<+arid

weft: chmen li,_a inJxture to he tisell in ru,_ettruh (iii ctml- knowledge (ii" the chenlJslry til +the iliettll ion, l;or ex-

i+ctJtJvi., ,_lii'l+lJt>nhclwr;ell hydi'tlphtlhiu solutes itlld tililple, IllJ×ttirc,_ tit' lead iilld thtifJUlll, 7,Jilt and cobalt, and

c(is(llvtttJt_l_ in ,_uhstlrJ'acu n+alci'i+tls i'ul_re,<_cnlalive(ii' I>ai'Jtil_llind +str(ll_tiunl/cc:,_Jtin_i't;l+lresenl l<+lgiclil I+illltr 7

1)()i{ _iiu+_,'l'he,_u l+hl.:il(llllL:i_ti llltiy I'1¢studied with I_il_i+tt'y, illJ×ttir_,_ I_¢<.'aLi+_c,_iillillil'JlJ+D,_in cholllJctll huhavi_lr exi,_i

tt_liltiiy, iintl highc'r (irtlei l.,(lllil+l(itill(l iili×ltircs, with I_l'_>bo within c_Itl.'ll()1'thc,sec;(lllll_(luild l_tii'ings, M Jxlui't_',_(ii'allhlilJc cl>ntainill_illl,_ ,_hl)tild t'llcti,_ iii1 lhc c(liill-)ulilJve

35

_ Table10. Generic Chemical Mixtures for Subsurface Science ResearchCompound-Class Mixtures t ......................................................................................................................................t........................................................C-omp°,u nd'.C,!a+ssc°m+pPn e-n-tS ....................................

M!xturel ............................................. ! ............................................................................................................................................

¢} " Chlorina+ hydrocarbons ..............] ]

_> T;ichloroethylene, tetrachioroethylene, chioroform,carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene

with

Fuel hydrocarbons } _:+ j Toluene,benzene, ethylbenzene, cyclohexane

-_x_-:++_i............i...........................................2Z4/;i_2//i i.+-2_iL_i_ii2L-21111_2* _iiii.i.i__II_+_/+I.L.L-................................2a, Cationic metals _ +Lead, zinc, copper, barium

with II

Radionuclides U..> /Thorium, uranium, plutonium, cobalt, cesium/strontium........................... + .......... _ ...... . ........

2b. Anionic metals u.> IChromate, arsenite/arsenate, cyanide, fluorineI

with 1Radionuclides _ _Pertechnetate

Mixture 3

............................................................................]"_'+......T;i/hioroethyiene, iet+;achioroethylene .........................................................................Chlorinated hydrocarbons

or IFuel hydrocarbons _.. Toluene,benzene

or

Ketones u.,> Acetone, methyl ethyl ketonewith

PCBs _ Arochlor 1248

-,++X_U+;;:+.......................................ii.+i_I-I+II_-_Yl.J...-_ILI[++-+I-i+__`_L_L_/_/_/_L_L+_+_+_y.._i-.I.II.++/IY_++-YIIII-/.+ii-i/ II+II+.I++II.IYlMetals / u.> Lead,chromium (111),chromium (VI)

or I ' lutom cobRadionuclides j _ Uranium,P 'um, strontium, alt

!

with ricOrganic acids t t__c, Oxalic, cit ' , formic, phthalic

Mixture 5 !.........................................................................................................................................................................................Metals _,* Lead,mercury

or i I

Radionuclides i u._> ,Uranium, plutonium, strontium, cobalt

with I i

Complexing agents _,, i EDTA DTPA, NTA, tributylphosphate

Mixture 6 ....................... l .......................Metals u4, !Lead,mercury

t

or !

Radionuclides _ i LJranium,cesium/strontium

with +{ I

Ketones :--> Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methy isobutyl ketone......... + +

,_,X+.uro.Z..........................................................+......]...............................................Metals or Radionuclides i -.4, +Lead,cobalt, uranium, plutonium,strontium

with

Organic acids or Complexing agents _-> EDTA,oxalate/citrate, tributylphosphatewith

Ketones or Chlorinatedhydrocarbons .--_. Acetone, tr=chloroethylene..,

+M!xture8 ...................... . j ...............

Metals or Radionuclides :.4, Lead,cobalt, uranium, plutonium, strontiumwith

Natural organic substances _ Humicand fulvic substances low-molecular-weight organic acids

36

influence of trace(i.c., arsenicand chronliunl) and major behavior. For chromium, experimentation f'orbolh the m I(i.e., fluorine nndcynnide) anion contaminarlts on pm'tech- chromium(III) nnd clmmlium(Vl) valence statesin con- Inotate (Tc(.)4) sorption. Concentrations of the metal itms tact with orgnnic ucids is neededto evaluate aqueous

and some of the radionuclides in both ground water and complexation and competitive sorption effects, respective-

soil/sediment are quite high (Table 7), indicating that re- ly. Choice of un nl_l'_ropriateand environnlentally relevant

search is needed on both adsorption and solubility metal/radiormclide-ligand concentration ratio is n m_.Ljorre;-tctions in metal/r'ldionuclide l]lixttires, consideration in tile use of inixttlre_ 4 ;-lnd5 [11Table 10

According to the reports, PCBs were f|.equently dis- because thal rntio may determine whether tile metals and

posed of with chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel radionuclkles exhibit metal or ligand-like behavior. Unfor-

hydrocarbons, or ketones at DOE sites, causing concern tunately, lhc concentration range data in Table 7 are

thal these compounds could facilitate PCB migration inadequate to estimnte the met_tt/r;-tdionuclide-lo-ligand

through cosolvation. Therefore, mixtures of these com- ratios tilal may exist in tile ground al DOE sites.

portents in various combinations offer an excellent Mixtures of metals/radionuclides and kelone solvents/,

opportunity to investigale hypotheses regarding complex at DOE waste sites were also reported with some freqtlen..

cosolvnlion effects on the solubility and sorption of oy. The ketones vary in their water solubility, ranging _.

hydrophobic solutes, li is important to note that the from miscible (acetone) to relatively insoluble (methyl

ketones, which are _niscible in water, may enhance the isobutyl ketone). Hydration/delaydration reactions and

solubility and aqueous concentrations oi"both tile solvation forces exert a strong influence on metal

chlorinated and fuel hydrocarbons (which arc partially ion/radionuclide interf_tcial reactions on subsurface

miscible solvents} as well its the PCBs. miner;-d sorbents. Therefore, the presence of dissolved sol-

Metal:; _mdradionuclides were disposed of with both vents such as ketones thai change lhc solwlting propcrlics

organic acids and chelating agents at a number of DOlE of water may he expected to influence metal ion or

waste sites, As shown ill Table 10, generic mixtures can radionuclide subsurface behavio|'. Mixture 6 w_lsproposed

be justified For lead, uraniuna, plutonium, st|'ontiunl, tc>evaluate such phenomena. Expe|'iments are expected to

cobalt, and chromiuna in contact with organic acids (mix- commence with one metal ion and one of the ketone sol-

ture 4) and complexing agents (mixture 5). vents varying over a wide range in aqueous concentration.

From these series (mixtures 4 and 5), various com- These simple mixtures could he contacted with subsurface

hinations of call,ms and {_rganicligands can he minerals or materials with varying properties to test

establ ished for investig_lting (1) tile influence of aqueous hyp_theses regarding cosolwltion effects on different sot'p-

complexalion on metal/r;-tdiomlclide sorption, (2) the sorp- lion mechanisms, such as ion exchange t_rsurface

ticm and microbit>h_gic degradztti_m oF ol.g;-l|]ic-|netai/ coordination. Subsequent sludies could focus on the com-

radionuclide complexes, and (3) other scienlific issues [mrative effects of the differenl ketone solvents and

related to solubility a.tndndsorption behavior of competitive sorptkm from diflbrellt cosolvenl IlliXltlres.

cation-lig_tnd complexes. The recommended research The final proposed generic mixture of"I)()E con-

focus is otaspecific cation/organic ligand pairs or multi- taminants is a cornplex ternary mixture c_mlainil_g

species combinations tl-ultcan he justified based on the tnetuls/radionuclides, organic acids/complexing agents,

charge nnd stability C_nllSl;-ll'llSof the resulting complexes, and ketones/chlorinated hydrocarlxms (Table 1(}).This

For example, LJOee+-oxnlate (log KMI=6.36) ;-rod('o 2_- mixture would allow ewduation t>l"the influence _>1'of

El)TA* (l_g K_ll=17.2)are complexes with high stability ganic solvents, which are present as dissolved alld

c()llSttlnls _.tlld reas{mahle treqLlellC'ies ()1 ocCtll'l'ellCe, lwl_ free-phase Ct)lllp(/llelllS, ()II lhc stlbStll'f;lce ge()t.'ht.'lllit:;-LI

l'/tct_}rs thai justify reseat'eh irllo their geochemical hehnvior _1'c_rganic ligand-metal/radicmuclide complexes,

Neutral c_m_plexcs ct_tJltlpartiti_m inl_ Free-phase orgnnic

s_lvenls, while Iniscihle s_lvent c_m'Jl'Umentsc_mld alter',\llht_ug, h lilt' sht_rl Ii;til hie _*1 _"'('_ _ 5.27 ._c;tlsl It_wt.l-s ils _vt!l;tll pri_lil.,, _ls ii

I,,nu-leiH_ u',,t_tittlHIlalllt art I)( )l'. sites, ii,, th,cttlnelflt'tl Illt,bihls, III ,,elcctcd v, atslc the stability C_)llStilllls, i_tcrtacial behaviour, aral

sltt'S and II,, t'llllS_.i"ll ,,I }tl/2h cllelb, y _;llnnlll lad_ati,,ll ,,rake _1 ,I rch'v;mt ;rod micr{>hiol_>l!ic st_lhility _f inorganic-_l'ganic __>lnplexcs in7 Illlil' Pl {(I]11 ( t Itlk * ............... _ ......

_

- 37

_ the aqueous phase. The complexity of the potential co- UsesJbr the Generic Mixlures

o ctmtaminant interactions mandates that research be The generic chemical mixtures in Table l()wereinitiated with just simple ternary mixtures ofonecom-

primarily selected for research into the subsurfacepound from each class, in which the organic compounds

geochemical behavior of mixed contaminanls (i,c,, co-and the metal or radionuclide Ilaw:,ali been selected based

contaminant chemistry research as det'ined by 1)O!);on their known cllemical properties and a valid

(I 991)b)), 14owever, tile mixtures also rel_resent defensiblehypotllesis of behavior. For example, the mixture

experimental materials for research into subsurfaceuranium, tributylphosphate, and acetone or methyl

microbiological stability, transformation, and degradationisobutyl ketone and the mixture cobalt, EDTA, and

of mixed contaminants (i,e,, biodegradation/microbialacetone can be justified from this standpoint,

physiology research as defined by DOE (199()b)), TheAnother mixture that is fundamental to the under-chemical nlixtures ¢otlld also be tlsed to study such

standing and prediction of contaminant mobilization and l_henomena as---migration at I)OE sites is one with cationic and anionic

metals and radionuclides in combination with natural ox'- • Degradation rates of chlorinated or fuel hydrocarbons

ganic compounds (Table 10, mixture 8), Natural organic in complex, multisolute mixtures,

substances, derived primarily from plant remains, are • Effects of aqueous complexation with metals and

ubiquitous in soils, subsoils, and ground water at many radionuclides on the rate of microbiologic degrada-I_)OEfacilities. Natural organic substances modify the tion of organic acids and complexing agents.subsurface behavior of b_th inorganic and organic con-

taminants by ( 1) complexation and cosorption with • Intluence of sorption to tile solid phase on tile rate of

cationic constituents and (2) competitive sorption with microbiologic degradation of metal/radionuclide-anionic metals and radionuclides. Research on tllese mix- bound organic ligands.

lures containing natural organic material ix warranted • Effects of dissolved or free-phase organic sulvents on

because many of tile details regarding nletal/radionuclide tilt rates tri"microbial degradation oi'organic con-inleraction with naltlral organic stlbstallces and their in- taminants or tile wdence transformations of

fluence _m other geochemical reactions are not well polywdent metals or radionuclides,understood. The recommended initial research using this

mixture should target ( 1) tile interactions of a singlernetal o_ radionuclide ion wittl one or illOle natural _)r-

ganic substances and 12)tile effect of Stlch intcractitm on

sorf_tion or solubility reactions, The natural organic stlb-

stancesand their concerltrations sllouh.l be justifiable

witllin tile context (li' geochemical conditions on D()E

sites: riley c_mld include such materials as humic and ful-.

vic acid reference samples from tile International Itumic

Substances Society andh)r natural, fractionated, or ex-

tracted organic matter from DOl!:.-site soils, subsoils, or

gr<mhd water, with their attendant site saturation by

indigemms ions such as l::e3_or AI 3'',

38

SECTION 10 of • g_ IBoundaries the Co-ContaminantAnalysis

he dmvacterizatit)n data used ii} this report came monitoring progran]s and is taking steps{o strengthenfroln truly 3 percent of the waste sites that exist them. The improvements include incorporation or mcas-

on I)()E lamls (91 ()tilof approximately 3,000), Although urements, using methodologies with documented

these 91 ,vasle sites were deemed important with respect sensitivity, t'or organic chemical agents thtlt Imve been dis-

to their size alld prit_rity for cleanup al the larger facilities posed of to the ground and exhibit potential (o m()bilize

(i.e,, Hanl()rd, Nawmnah River Plant, Oak Ridge National metal ions oi"radionuclides,

l..,ab_)rat()ry),they nmy or may not be representative of Two other factors have also affected tile breadth ()1"

DOE's entire ,,vastc'complex, tT,qually important, how- the data base and the comprehensiveness of this assess-

ever, is the f,ilcltill.lisonte chemical mixtures that exhibit ment. Many of the organic cl'temical agenls used in

strollg irtteracti(ms (i,e,, daelating/complexing agents and chemical processing on DOE lands and disposed of to the

metals/rnditmucJides) may occur infrequently but still, in ground pose challenges for envirorlmental nmastiremenl

fact, may bc significant facl(,'s at a large number of sites _.mdanalysis, As a result, past analysis arid measurement

when tile lolal waste site populaticm of 3,000 is COli- methodologies may not be sensitive ()r precise enough lt)

sidereal, accurately 1lleasure, mOllilor, ()r eVell detc'cl the presence

The ctfllccti(_ll of data on the identities and concentra- of these constituents in environmer]lal samples wilh c(ml-

tic,ns ()1theistical c(mstiltmnts in DOE waste sites has plex chemical rnatrices, i:"irtally,the identity and

been driven prilnarily by,regulatory concerns, As a result, concentrations of elements in weapons-lesting sites and

allalyses [i;.t\,t.'ii()l beell perf()rmed for many other impor- the environmental COllcentralions of certain radionuclides

tan( clacn_ical agenls lh_tl have been disposed of to the have been labeled "classified" by the Federal Govern-

ground. I.or eXaml)lC,data {mthe subsurface concentra- ment and either are not or have not been accessihle for

titres of imptwlallt ()rganic substances (such as chelating scientific review,

agents, {)rganic acid c()rnplexants, and alkyl phosphates) The assessment l)erl'ormed in this tct)orr can be ex-

are limiled, Il(_v,'ever, rect)rds al many of the sites, al- paraded as additional data are ()btained on tlm lltlture and

though inc_)mplele, indicate the disposal of large concentrations of chemical contaminants (m 1)OE lands, '

quantities of these claemical agents to the ground (see Meanwhile, the generic chemical mixtures identified in

Tabh.'s ()a]nl I!-1 ). 'l'hcrefore, the lack of subsurface con- Section 9 are .justified f()r research, given existing ctala,

centrati()n data l'()vchelating and complexing agents and this justificati()n is n()l likely It) change with new in--

results _}()1t'r(}lJ)their absence but frt)lll the fact that they l'ormation, Basic research (m lhc stlhstlrf'ace I}ehavi()r ()f

are urlrtrgulaled clleJl/icals a11darc r,ot routinely measured these mixtures will pr()vide I)()E with ztn-luch 1|ceded un-

as l)arl ()f ma','ir()}}n}clllalc(nnpliance programs at DOE derstanding of cornplex co-contalllinant ge()chelilical

facilities. 'l'he lil}litati()IIs ()f awtilable analytical measure- interactions to improve predictions ()1"subs((rf acc i_ligra-

mer_l tcchniqtics iJ_lluence the acquisition of data for such (ion and devehq)better reslf)ration lechuiqucs.

substnnces, l._()l{rc,.:¢,gllizes lhc ]irl]itations oi'existing

39

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Stenner, R.I)., K,H. Cramer, K.A. Hlgley, S.J. Jette, in l,estigation/Feasibility Study Work Plan./br the

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45

_m Walter, K,A,, R.K. Willie, (;,R, Southworth, I:,R, Zaclmra, ,i,M,, (',(', Alnswm'ih. R,I,, Schnlhli, and

()'l)onnell,and (,.('.'l'rllvls.1990. AmUy.vi.v_!I' C,T, Resch, 1988."llllItlcilc'c_I('_,n_,Ivc'illnt_II(.)(liiic_lilw

0 l'.,vt.( 'l.stlrr Allvrmllil'r,v,/br the lh'ur (.,reek Burial S¢_I'pII(_IIfly Suh,_llrl'ilcc Miltcriill_ _llltl ('lily._," ,I, f '<ml_ml,-Jt

-' ( ;r_mml,v ./ I/i_' I'..12 l'Imll, (hlk l_id,tle, "l'¢,nnessee, l-lvdrol, 2;343..3(_4,

()RNI .llVl-I(I,-15, Miu'lin Mitriellll l:{Hergy SysleMs, lllc',,Zaehara, ,I,M,, ('.C, Aln,_worlh, (',I,'., ('()wan, and ( ,,T,

C)ak I:,i(l_e, 'I!N, Reseh, 1989, "Acls_rl_li_ll ¢_I'(!llr( _tnillu ILv Stil_surl'lw¢

Wiillt, rs, R.W., and A. (;ulseplil-l,31e, 1988, "Sorptltm Soil Horl/,_ms'," Soil S_,i, S:.,. Am, ,I, 5.:_:.II_ _ ',

_I 2,3,7,_ll..'l'elr_ichl_r_dihcnzO-l_-dii_xin t_ Soils l'rcml ' T S ' _1_2.Zliehiirii, ,I,M,, (., , Iiest!li, lin(I, ,( , Siiillli, IWillcr/Melllilnill k/iixitll'eS," li'lit'ii'oil, ,S'_'i,"l'r['ll/lo/,

"lni'ltil.;llCC ()1' Iltilllit, SilI)sllillCt!,_ _)ll (il_ :'_ ,c41_iliiil_llby ii

I()"U75t)Tt)' Substlrl'lice MillCl'lil _eplll'lll¢ iilRI I1,_M ilit'l'till_b, ic'

Vi'ellkley, I,],A. 1i)58, 7'rf'llliol(Jgy (f/'llie /tAP() (t iu/l/'ord C()llil}Olit_nls," Stll}lilillctl li) ( ;('o{'/Ih#l, ('¢Lq'lllfJf'/liill, Al'Irl,

AIoItII'<' I_rf_dt.'l,_' ( )I)t'I'tIlioIIS) l,e.d Dip li'ltel l'_letnenl

('<tmii##_,t'#'<.'vss, I IW-SH I 15-1)H., (]encral Electric

('llllll)illl)', 14ic'hlillltl, WA,

Ziicluirii, ,I,M., (',C, Aln,,.iw(irth, C,I,], Cowlul, and B.L.

Th(niiti.,.i, 1987. "S(_ll_lion tit' l]iliat'y Mixlures of

,,\r(_llllilic' Nitl'_gcn I ictcr_lcyclic (?(milx_unds (_ii

."quh_urt'act., IkOatcrilil,,.,,"l:.'nl'iro#t, S_'i, 7'e_'ht.U,

21:397 --1()2,

46

Appendix A < JSource Documents i

ills al_l_eNtlixI_rusents ii list _.d'the ,,.;ourccdocu- Gels, (;,i,,, and C,,A, I_o,jek, 1988, Feed MaterialsInents t'r_ml I)()[!. I'acillties used to idclltil'y l-'rtMt.'liml ('enter, l':nl,irmum'nlal A4mUtm'ing Ammal

contaminallt classes, cl_ntamiruint class mixtul'es, and iri- RelJtJrtfor IC;87, I:;MI:'('-2135, Westingllouse Malerials

d/v/dual ctlntaNlinanis iii 1)oi£ waste sites, Ctlmpany of ()hi_, (Tillcillilall, OH,

Gels, G,I,,, M,L, Grib,/rod ,I,S, ()berjohn, 1989, Feed

A rgontle National lJlbor(ttory (.4 NL) M.terial,s' Prmh.'litm Center, En virtmmental M.ni.JringAnmml Rel_ort,ft.' IC;88, I:MP('-2173, Westinghc_tlse

(;olehert, N,W,, and T.I., l)ufl'y, 1989, ,'_rgmme Materials Comically c_t'()hies, C!ilwinnati, OH,Nat/mini Ixth.rat_ry-I'.'.sl Site En i,irqnnmcntal Rel_ort,f.r

(.'.h'mlar Year 1!;88, ANI.-8t)/8, ,,\rgonne Natkmal Sedam, A,C., 1984, Oc¢'m'rem'e t!/'l/r.nium in (;rmmd

l,abt_ratory, Argt_Hrle,!I_,, Water in tile Vicinity _!/'the U,S, lh,l,arlment ,!/'EnergyFeed Materials PrtMuctitm ('enter, I"crnahl, ()/lit),

D(JE/OR/20998-'I'I, I.J,S, l)cp.'lrtment _1' i:';llergy,

Brookhaven National Laboratory (,BNl.,) C.oltttrlbus, OH,

Mtltenberger, R,I',, B,A, Royce, and ,I.R, Naidu. 1989, Solow, A.J., and D.R, Phoenix, 1987. Charm'terizatirm

BrtJokhavcn Nat/mini l.al..'tm.'v Site fCelmrl,f.r hti,estigati_m Stttdy, V_)I,2: ('hemi_'al .ml RmlitUtAt.,it'al

(.Tah'nd.r Year / 088, BNI.-52207, Brookhaven Nati_mtll Analyses r?/'the bVa,,,'leSlt.'a,_,,ePits, I:MI:'('/Sub ()()8,

l.,ahtwat_wy,[Jpt_II, NY, Vr)l, 2, Feed Materiid:; lh'_dticlilm C'cnter, WcstitlglitluseMliierials Ccmlpany cd'()hto, C_'il_cillnati,()tl.

' _ohiw, A,J., lind I).R. lih(ienJl. 1987. (,'harat'lerizatitnlI ermdd-I eed Materials l'roduction Center(FMPC) /,Ive,vtigatiml Study Vr,I, 3: I,'.ditdt,,_it'.l Sttrl't'y _!I'

Sttr,['ace Soils, FI'MF'C/Sut_008, V(ll, 3, I:ccd Materials

Ai/s, C.A,, ILl ....|of/es, lind R.W, Keys, 1986, l"eed l'r(xltlcti(lll Ceiliel', Wesiillghousc Materials ('(lilipaiiy (ii'

Materials l#'m/t.'li(Jll ('('lll('r l;'lli'irotlOl¢tll(l/ t_40llil{)#'itl,i; Ohio, CtllCillilaii, OH,ill/lIt(II/_(_/.)ol'l,/i)r / 98.47,17_1P(7-2047,Weslirlgll{_u.se

Malcrials (/_lllllJllny tit' ()llil_, ('illclllilllli, OH,

A/is, C,,A., S.,J.(;',lelnenls, (;.I,, (;els, i/lid tJ.A, lal,jek. #tat4/hrd Site (HS)1987, /"ccd k'htterial,_ l"rtJtlll('lioll (;'elller, [.;'nl,ironlllelll(l/ Bryce, R.W, 1988, lhuf.rd Site (;r.tttu/-l, lialcr

Mt.litre'/rig Att#ttttt[RelJtJrt,fiJr 1_)86, 1;MP('-2()76, Mmiit.t'itt,t4 Data l.ixtittg, ,hult.lry I thr<.q;h Marf'h 31,

Wcstiliglltltist: M_llel'illl_ ('llnll)ill_y cii'()hi_, 10<77.I'N1_-(_(_54,l"acil'ic NtlrlllWe._l l,llhilrlillwy,Cil_Cillnali, ()t[. l,_ic'hlalltl,WA.

47

I_ (_'.line,C,S,, ,I,'I', Air,gcr, I.N, l'rater, P,,I, Mitchell, and Nehalhl, R,, R,W, Wallace, R,I. Aaber_, N,I', Airhart,

t. s s

,I.R, Rllylllllilll, 198_, (/rolllh/-W(lltr Mollilorillg al l/W l),J. l|lite,_, J,V,M, (),lu'll,_h.,,(., ,g (lint, I),i, i)elllll,_(lll,

l.ho!liml Site Ii.' ('Y 198.1, I'Nl..541)H, Pacil_cNcu'lhwe,sl M,I), li're,_hley, P,R, Huller, !,;,,I,,It,nsell, K,il, ()isen,

l_abural_Kv,Richlr,'_d,WA, R,(;, Parkhursl, 01.T,i{legel', and E,,I, Westergard,1988, hlleHnl C'httrm,lerimlion j'_.' die .¢00,4rea 19'm,_,s,_'

l)enl|lsol|, !),1,, I),R, Sherwood, ao,I ,I,S, Young, 1989,?'rem'/u',s',PNl,-67 I{_,Pacit'i¢ Nc)rthwe_t Iml_{,rat{>rv

Slams h'eporl o. Remedial/llv,'sli,l,,atim_ q/'lhe 3()0AreaI_.icllhmd,WA,

/-b'en'e,_'s/-'ore/s, PNI,-6442, Pacil'ic Niwthwes{

l,abtwtmwy, I{ichlaml, WA, Stenner, R,I),, K,It, ('l'lllllel', K,A. Higley, S,,I, ,lette,I),A, Lamar, T,,I. Mcl,aughlhh ILl{, Shel wood, and

l,_vans, ,I,C,, R,W, Ilryee, ill|{I I},R, Sherwood, 1989,NoC, Villi Houten, 1988, l ht;',ard I_emkin,qSvslcm

Ihtt{/i.'d Site (;roum/-Water Mottiloritt,q,,/i.' ,hmttary1'2vahtalio. o['('I,'.R('I_A htm'lil'e Waste Sites al Ihtq/i.'d,

lhr_.tgh ,Ittm' 198',%',I:'NI,-(_886, Pacific Nol'lhwest

Lalx_ratury, Richland, WA, I_N1_..6456,vol, 2, Pacit'i¢N()rlhwesl l.al_(wat(wy,l_.ichltmd,WA,

Evans, ,I,C,, I),1, l)ennlson, R,W, Bryce, P,,I, Mitchell,L.S, I)el)artmt, nl oi' Energy (l)()li'.), 1988, Ihm/i.'d

I),R, Sherwood, K,M, Krupka, N,W, Hinman, E,A,Site Samldilo.' ¢mdAtmlvsis D.la Doctmwnt,

,lacobson, and M,I), Freshley, 1988, thtqli.'d SiteI)',GG-I?,S-7t)53,U,S, l)epartmenl of I:(nergy,

(;rouml- Water Mottiloring,/hr ,hdy thrmqlh I)e_'emberP,ichhtrJd, WA,

1987, PNi.-6315-2, Pacific Norihwesl l.,ilbor[ltory,

l;.ichltmd, WA, U.S. Ilepartment o1' li',llel't/,) ' (i)()F), 1990. Remedial

htve,,,'ligaliott/Fea,vibilily Slttdy Work Plan,Ii.' theEvans, ,I,C.., P,,I, Mitchell, and l),I, Dennlson. 1988,

300-1:t"-5 0lwrable Uttit, l h.{/i.'d Site, I{i{'hhmd,tlaq/'r.'d Site ( ;rottml- Water Mo.ilorittg for Ai)ril "ttroltgh

,hulc 1988, PNl.,-.6315-1, Pacific Northwest i,alxwatory, Washittgtott, DOE/P,L 89-14, U,S, l)epartlncnt _l

Richlltntl, WA, Energy, Richland, WA.

l".wms, ,I,C., R,W, Bryce, D,R, Sherwood, M.I.

Kemner, and I),R, Nev,'comer. 1989. l.htt!/'ord Site Idaho National Engineering Laboraloo,?

Grotuld-Water M¢.tit¢,ritlg,/br ,hdr thrtmgh De_'ember (INEL)_11 -i

1 88, PNl.-712(}, I'acit'ic Ntwthwc,_t imboratory, Chew, I(,,W,, and R,G. Mitchell, 1988. 1987

Ricttlltnd, WA. E11viremnlental M¢,titorin,l,, Prog/'(l/ll h'el,,'l/i)r III1'Ida/lo

• I oii;vans, ,I,(:., ll,M, i"ruland, li,W, t,lover, lind Natimlal l:'tlgim,erittg lxtboratorv Sile,

C.Veverka, 1989, l.'imtl h'el._tt So//..Gas Sttrvev al tile I)OE/II_-12(182-87, Itlahl_ National l".ngil_ueri_lg

,S'edt'dWaste l.am(/ill, PNi_-7 I,:1.7,Pacific NIwthwest l,ahonltlwy, ldalu_ f:all,,.;,ID,

1J.ihc.wlttiwy,l_,ichltmcl,WA. E(_&(;, Idaho, 1990a, RI/I"S We,'k /.'Ian e!/'l/tc

Riley, R,(;,, I.A. i_l'olillllllllt'l ", I),A, Neltzel, II.M, Std_._l.:liu'e l)isl._sal Are., Ita¢li¢_et_'lil'eWaste

Bean, illld ,J,M, Thonu|.,,i, 1986, l)islrilmtiotl 0/' Memetge,lenl ('o,ll)le.v etl tile h/all¢_Nali¢,lal I:'nt¢im'crint¢

l'rdv_'hle,'itlated llildlcttyl.v iIft'B) in .",'/tt.'/i,,t'eSediments 01 l_at,,'alm3,. I:Z;(i-\VM- 877fl, E( ;&'(;, Ithihl_,lilt'.,

(;al_h' Mrmnt.in I'emd, I'N1,-5625, I'acit'ic Niwthwcsl Idltlll_ I"alls, IlL

l,ilbi_l'all_ry, I_.ichlalltl WA l,{,&(,, Idaho, 1990b, I'ltas'e I I¢1/I.'S IVr,'k 1'Ian etttd

Riley, R,(;,, I,,A, lh'ohainmer, I),A, Neltzel, ii,M, /_ddemhutt /'r." the Warm Waste I'¢.1d ()lu'ml,h' I/nit _tt

lie/till, l|nd ,I,M, Thollltls. 1986. hl i'¢'ltlorv _ttt(I t/tc 7'¢',v1I?,t'etz'torA reafor l/le ld_tJtoNetliomt/ I,.'ll,l.l'm'_'ritti¢

('llemi_'al Anetlv,si,s¢!/,S'editm'tlt,S/i'¢mlI/-P_.ld ¢tttd ,h'-19 I.al)oral¢.'v, t!( i(}- WM-S8 I,'1,V_l, I ilt_tl2, I';( ;&( ;,

Pc.ld: A Slalll_/@/.,rl I_elter RelxWt, Pacil]c Nl_l'thwesl idalll_, Inc',, Idall_ l"alls, II),

l.ltlx_rlttl_ry, I,_icl_l;tl_tl,WA,

48

irl

l,eenheer, ,I,A,, and J,l., Baghy, 1982, Oj:_,,..ic,Sohm,s l_.(lwrellce [.;ver.tore Naliollai lxll_ordhJry[11(;l'OIIllcl W<I[¢'I'(11111¢'lt/ii/lO N.liml.I l".,tti.uuri.,q (H.,NL)

/../.,r.lm'v., I.I,S, (ie,,It,git.'_dSttrvcv.Walcr l_,es<,urce,_ Brekke, I).!),, i,I,C, tlolland, M,(,,' II,',,wn, alld 'I',M, o.i_Invcsligalic,n I_2-15, II)()-22()61, Idaho,National ('.arisen, 1988, l,.wru.,'u l.il'crn..'_' I\I_III'(HIII/

Engineering I ,al_uralt_ry,Itl_lllt_l"idIs, II), Ixll_ur.lory, li'nl'irmllplmlhll l?_'IJr.'l,/i,r I _),'_',_',

Mallli, I.,J,, and I.i., Knob{,I. 1987, I-'.rt,,u.hh, L_(..RI,,-5()I)..7-SHI.,awrt.,llCeI.i_,'t.'l'lllt_l'e,Nali_ll_ll

()l',q_lll[_'('Olll/_Olllh']Sill (1'/'OIII1(]I'l/tlll't' til I/H' hl.h_, l_.aburatt_ry,l.ivcnn_rc, CA,

N.tim.d 161t,,i.ccri.g l.al..'aluo', hl.ho, LI,S, l)resen,, M,I),, F. HolTmatt, aud S, I,ovejoy, ,lr, 1986,

Gt.._lugicalSurvey ()pen I:ile Report 87-776, ,S'.lm.fi.'e Ifislril.lti_m _!/'llvdr_.,.rl.,.,v i. lhc Ihfihli.t,,

D()[i/11)-22()74, ldallt_ Natit_nal Engineering l_.ahoratory, 403 Are. t!fl.I.Nl,, tlC'l[)-2()7_l, I._twr_'uct'I,ivern_uv

ldah_ I:al Is, II), Natitmal l_.td_urat_ry,IAvunl_rc, ('A,

Tkachyk, ,I,%'., P.I), Rltter, and R.N. Wllhelmson, l)resen, M.I),, and li..M, Nichols. 1986. l)i,stril,.timl _!/'i 9_8, l"Itl'irollltl_'tll_ll ,_'llrl'eill.ll_'u,fur I/le I¢.'C]& (; Id.h_ VO("x i. Eh'mind W.tur Wus/_¢/I.I.NI., II('11) 2()_)17,

R.di_._,tit'u Waste A'/CI/I_I,t_'IIIU/II tll'('(t,_' (!/'l/IC' hl.tu_ l_awrcncc l.ivermorc Nati_lal l,ab_,l'al_ry,N_lliomll l"l_t_l'necrill,t_/._lb_!r_ltol3',Anlltt,II R¢l_orl-10_t¢7. Livermore, C,A,E(3(i--255(),l,;Ci&(i, Idallt_, I_c,, Itlah_ t"ldls, lD,

Holland, R,C., and I), Brekke, 1988, I,.'._'ir_,mm,.l.I

Tkaehyk, ,I.W,, K,(?, Wright, ILl), Ritter, R,N. Mmlilm'i,ug .I lhu I..u'ru._'u I.i_'ur...'u N.li_..lli, _ .},- i..

Wllhelm,,a)n, and W.M Hetleson, 1989, Em'irmm.'nl.I Laburalu,O' l@l;Vn'l/(gA'7, [J( RI,.,5(}()..1._1, I.awrclwe

Mu.ilm'i.,t,, /i,r I,'(;cr.,(;I,,I.lu_ l"._'ilili,..',s'.I lhc hhllto l..ivermcu'eNaliolull l,at_wal_ry, I,ivt, n_,c, ¢'ANational l:'.,t,,i._'m'i.t,, /xll._or(ll_13',Altllll_l/ I¢('l;orl- ] O_t_,E(;(;-256-I, I'X;&(;, Idaho, lhc,, Idah<_l"alls, II), Isherwood, W.I,',, ('.,H, Hall, M,I). l)resen, A, lloegel,

.I. Danlels, R, l)evany, I,..Nichols, I), Rlce, R, 'rhorl_e,

Vlrgll, M,,I, 1989.._'.l_,_.rli_cc,l)isl._s.l Are. (SL)A) ;nd B. Toler, 1990. ('I,.A("'I,A Ig,.vilfililv ,_'l.dy,li,r lh_W.,vh'hh'.li/i_'.limt ( I _.)521_-)70I'.'.ll_lt.,_'is), l./.NL-L.i_,ernl,_,.'uSih', V_d,I, l'.'._u_'.lil'_',_'mm_._m',l!i(;(i-WM-_727-1_cv, I l_iCl&(i, Idall_, lhc I ' .' " [. ( RI,-AR- I()4()4()[I )n_l't), l.;_wI'u_wcI ivt'u_l_I'_'

Idah_ l"alls, II), National l_al_oI'at_wy,l.ivern_rc,, C'A.

Rugglerl, M.R., I).W, (_arl)enler, N.B. ('r_m', M.J.

Kansa,s' (._.'ily Plant (KC! "_) 'l'atTet, ,I,A, ()l)er(Iorl'er, and A,I,, I,amarre, 1987,I.LNi. ,S'il¢300 l;'nvirmmtcnl_tl Inv_',slit.,atl_,n._;(,.)II_II'I_'I'I.V,

Brown. I),E. 1988. Apm..I Sih' /"llvirmmtu.t.I RUl.n'tL.JCAi_,-.1()194-H7-3. l .awrt.'llt't' [ ,i'¢t,llll_rt, NiIIi_,tl_l

.Ibr ('zth'mhtr)'car/_),'_'7, I]I)X-613-39 It), Allied-Signal

Acr_Sl_acc ('_l_pa_y, Kausas ('ii,,,, M(), l,ah(_rat_ry, I,ivcrnl_rc, ('A,Weiss Associates, 1_86. (;r(;tlll(/ _V_tl_'rI,_','slit.._ui_,, _ll

lnlertmlional Technology (!orporatiotl. 199t). R('RA/xllt'rctl('u I.ivcrlnort' N(lli(;mtl I._t/.;r_th _rv,/,tl'_'rul_n'_',

I"._'ilitv htvu.sti,t,,.timJ( '_,rru_'lil,uA'h'.,s'm'u,s'Slt.[y.l'ur the

Al_mtd_.tcd Indimt f 'ruul_().!/itlI, Vul, I mu/2, ('.li/in'nia, /_mlt.tl /?_'/.;r/ /i_r /,'i_ _tl )_',t_ I_),_'.':,.

Allictl-Signal llw., I,¢ansa_,('ity, M(), i.awr¢llt.'c I.ivclrnt_rc Natit_utl l.al_,rat_u'y,l,ivcrm_rc, ('A.

li.S. l)eparlmen! ot' Energy (I)()E). 1989.

l;'_tvir_)tm_c_tht[/?c.sh_r_ttt'_,tl'r_.t_r_ttn."K,n.sa._ ('ily PIculI,

I)el_.rllm'nl _!7 _lm[l_4i.s('c//_lllC(;llSI'f 'B ,_'I'HJ,_,' 1?("'RA

I"._'t'h'lv ht_'_',sli,t.'.li_.t(RI"I) I?ul,ort, l'relit_imu'y I)rat'l,

t l,S, I)¢l_arl_wnl _1 l!l_crgy, /\ll_tttlt_erquc, NM,

49

i _ Los Alamos National Laborato O, (LANL) U,s, Deptwtment of Energy (I)OE), 1986b, lfi,stdts c_/'

' Area L ,S'Ilt_[(I¢'_¢ imlmttttdmettt Charm let iz¢ttiott, Los

l)evauvs, M, 1985. ('m'c Am tlvses am/()l_survatimt Alamos Naliomtl l.xtbot'atory, HSE-8-86-1298, U,S,Well l)¢tlct [),_.lt Mc,si;. _h,I litter Waste l)isl._S.I At'eas

st/Icl itr ,,'_t!/._'ettt ('attvotts lx),v ,'lhtltlo,v N.tt'_,mll IDel_lWllllellt o1' Ellergy,

l..horatm'v, t!tq_ttbli_,dlcd t'cptwl, l_(_s Al_imc_s, NM,

l)ewmrs, M., and S, Bell, 1986, I¢es.lts o,f htitial lh)re Mound (MND)

(/as '¢amlUi. t,, ('_.tdtt_ ted .t l'e_'h.i_'.l A rea 5,1 Waste Albuquerque Operations Office, Environment, Safety,Ikislms_tl A r_'a,v 1. _tml (;, Lo,s' A htmos Natiomtl and Health Division, Environmental Programs

Lal_oratm'v, l_.t,.l)_i'lI.,A..t11(.-86237(), l,os Ahmlos Branch, 1986, Comprehetisive Ettvivotmtenlal

Natii)rlal I,tda(_rtttory, Los Al_m_(_s, NM, Assessmetll aral Reslmttse Program l_hase 1; hi,_'lallatiott

l,]nvh'onmental Survelllance (;voup, 1987, Assessmettt Motmd, Draft report, U,S, Deptwtmeilt of

t6t viromm'tal.I Sttrvcilhtm'e at Los Alamos dt.'itig 1987, Etlergy, Albuquerque, NM,

LA-113()6-liNE, I.t)s Aliltn(_s National l_abt)rtttory, L()s Carl'ayno, I),G,, and B,M, Farmer, 1987,

Alaillos, NM, 16zvirom.ental Mottitorittg at Mound; 1987 Report,

Envlronmentl|l Surveillance {.v( up. 1988. MLM-3492, Monsanto Research Corporation,

li'.vironmenla/ S.rveilhm_'e ttr Lt),s' Alamos dtlritlg 1988, Mtamisburg, OH,

I.,A-Ii 628..1,'.NV, l.¢)s t\lmilo._ Nati(_mfl Lttborat_wy, Los Slought, R,L., D,A. Edding, and D.G. Draper, 1988.

A I_irilt_s, N M, The Mound Site Survey Project fi)r the Churtu'teriz, atio.

Huyakovn, P,, ,I, Rohev|son, ,I, Kool, and 1), Back. of Radioactive MateriaLs' in Site Soils, MLM-3517,

1989, l'.th w:tv A tmlvsi,s' .t M.terial l)isl._S.I A rea 7; MonslmtoResearch Corporation, Mittrnisburg, Ot-1,

1,o,_;,,_lttltlo,s iV_ttt'olt_t/ lxtl_t'(tl(srv (1_,,_NI.), Los A l¢ltttos,

New Mc, vi_'(_, W<wkiilg tlHlt't, (ic(llogic lilt,,

i-turild(,ll, Vi\. Nevada Test Site (NTS)

International Technology ('ovporilthm.* 1987. Buddemelr, R,W,, and D, lshevwood, 1985,

tlydr_t,,e_U_tt_h' ,,'__,se.s,snlcttl e?/"l'e_'lltti_'.[ Are. 54, Are<ts G Rtldiotlllc'lide Migration Project 1984 Progress Report,

.ml I,, Ix,s ,._hmu),s N_tliomt/l..l_orat_.'v, l:_r_)jccl N(_, UCRL-53628, Lawrence Liverrnore National Laboratory,Livermore, CA,

3(11()17-(12, lIItcnlati(_tl_ll Tuchtl()lt)gy Corl_tiration,

Rocky Mounllfin Amdylical l.aboratory. 1985, Gonzalez, D.A, 1988. Onsite E. viro.me.tal Report fort/te Net,ada 7'est Site, DOE/NV/10327..39, U,S,

_ Res.Its _/V_U.tih' ¢)r,_¢atli('A#t(tlvses, l.cttcr rcic)orr thttcd

Sul_lctlibur 2,1, It_5, Department of Energy, Las Vegas, NV,

! U.S, l)eptlrimcnt _lt' l,;liel'g)' (I)()E). 1986a. Qtmrterlv Raymond, J. R,, P. A. Eddy, R. W. Wallace, M, (;,

h'el_t)rt: lic.sttlts (¢/Mar_'h ._.1Alwil 1()86 Pore (hts Foley, W. H. Blerschenk, and R. P. Htu'rlson. 1989.

SttmlUittL, ('(mdm 'ted til l cclmi_'al Arc. 54 W.ste Review o,f h(/'ormatio, on Hydrology _llld lCadiomu'lide

l)isl,<_.s.l ,.'1r_'<t_I. _md (;, Ix_,sAhtmo,s Nati_m.I Migr.tiott al the Nevada 7'est Site 1976-19(5'8, trodAmtotated ltit_h'ogral_hy, PNl_.-7 I()l, Pacific N()rthwest

l.al;..at_uv. [ llll)tlbli_lwd tCl)_)rt, [I.,q. [)tgl)ttl'tlll_2nl

_ll' I;'.ric,l'_:.)', [_,til._ortltl)l'y, Richland, WA,

"{ 'lit!Hilt iii (lill,I iii Ihl_ It'lclcll( i' ',llllillldll/t' dillil _'l_llilllll_ll Illllli lllllt'l Ic'lt'tt'llt;t!'_

lilldt' II1_' J I_., AI,i_lill', _'_,illl_ll_iJ J _ih_liil(Ir$ Ii_llll I, fl ii 11; Ib_(lill I _( )1{ ll)_(di;

I It!_,lili-. ltir',. [ h'_,iill,, ,tlill I_ell llJ_f_, f(_t L_ kltllllihilll ,'\lliil)'llc'ilJ I.i'h_tlill_l)

Itl_fil l l,il,l_ II!'_l iii lhl. il'l_l_ll llnl [.li <' \liilllII <, ._'Tiilll_llill I ,il_itldlllr) Wt'ii_ l_i_'.t'll

I'ltllil Ihl c, Ic'It'lirli ('

50

Oak Ridge National Laboratory/Y-12 Plant Pantex Plant (PNTX) _ l

(ORNL) Laseter, W.A., and D.C. Langston. 1988. _"ICarmichael, J.K. 1989. An lnvestig,atiotz of Shalhm, Environmental Monitoring ReportJ_,r Pcmtex Plant

Grmmd-Wetter Quality Near East Fork Poplar Creek. Covering 1987. MHSMP-88-19, Mason and

Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Water Resources Investigations Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc., Amarillo, TX.Report 88-4219, U.S. Geological Survey, Nashville, TN.

Environmental Restoration Program Technical

Itoffman, F.O., B.G. Blayiock, C.C. Travis, K.L. Support Office, Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Danieis, E.L. Etnier, K.E. Cowser, and C.W. Weber. 1989. Remedial Investigation Report, Task I, Stage 1,

1984. Preliminary Screening qf'Contaminants in Pantex Plent. Amarillo, Texas. Draft, U.S. Department ot"

Sediments. ORNL/TM-9370, Martin Marietta Energy Energy, Albuquerque, NM.Systems, Inc,, Oak Ridge, TN.

_leans, J.L., D.A. Crerar and J.O. Duguid. 1978.Pinellas Plant (PP)

"Migration of Radioactive Wastes: Radionuclide

Mobilization by Cornplexing Agents " Science CH2M Hill. 1987. Contamination Assessment Report200:1477-1481. .fbr the Pinellas Plant, Northeast Ground Wetter

Investigation. FC22049.AO, CH2M Hill, Tampa, FL.Rogers, J.G., K.L. Daniels, S.T. Goodpasture, and

C..W. Kimbrough. 1989. Octk RMge Reservation Klein, R.O. 1988. 1987 Pinellas Plant Environmental

Eilvironmepltal Report for 1988. ES/ESH-8/Vol. 1 and 2, Monitoring Report. PEPP-EM-1114, U,S, Department of

Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN. Energy, Albuquerque, NM.

Tennessee Valley Authority. 1985. lnstreant S&ME, Inc. 1986. Contanlinant Assessment Report

Ccmt',mtinant Study, Task 1." Water Sampling and GEDOE Largo, Florida. Job No, 1175-85-1344, S&ME

Atlal\'sis. DOE/DR/21444-T2, Office of Natural Inc., Atlanta, GA,

Resources and Economic Development, Tennessee

Valley Authority, TN.Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP)

Tennessee Valley Authority, 1985. hlstream

('ontam/nant Study. Task 2." Sediment Characteri=ation. Rogers, J.G., R.L. Grant, W.E. Wiehle, B.L.

DOE/OR/21444-T2, Vol. I and 2, Office of Natural Valentine, T.A. Acox, G.A. Goslow, A.K. Bracknell,

' Resources and Ect:nomic Development, Tennessee F, Homerosky, Jr., G.A. Timmons, R.A. Strange, K.K.

Valley Authority, "['N. Keller, R.H. Snyder, C.W. Broughton, and C.J.Vanmeter. 1989. Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant

Waller, K.A., R.K. White, G.R. Southworth, F.R. Site Enviromnental Report,for 1988. ES/ESH-8/V4,

O'l)onnell, and C.C. Travis. 199t). Analvsi._ of POEF-2()I(), Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.,

t_'rolJo._edPo.rl-_'lo,vureAltermati_'es.for the Bear Creek Oak Ridge, TN,Bttrial G'rot,tds at the Y-/2 P/trot. Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

- ORNI_/M-1(145, Martin Marieua Energy Systems, lhc., Rogers, J.G., W.E. Wiehle, B.L. Valentine, T.A. Acox,

" Oak Ridge, TN. G.A. Gosiow, A.K. Brackneli, F. Homerosky, Jr., G.A.Timmons, and R.A. Strange. 1988. Enviromnental

White, R.K., ,I. Shireman, G.R. Southworth, F.R. Surveillance of the U.S. Department of Energy

O'l)onnell, D.A. White, and C.C. Travis. 1989. Porrvmouth Gaseous Diffusion Phmt and Sl_rrotmding

-" ,4ttalv,vivo['Pt'ol_O_edPost-('lo.rure Alternative,_' at tile Enl'irrms Dto'ing / 987. DE88-01 e,749, Marlin Marietta

}'-/2 Phmt, ()ak Ridge, 7),Hm,.v._ee.YfI'S-529, Martin Energy Systems, inc., Piketon, OH._..,w....;_,,,., iv............<,_,.t,,m,. In,. (}ak Ridt,e. TN.

51

I _ Rocky Flats Plant (RFP) Sandia National Lztboratory. Albuquerque

" (SNL4)E(;&(; Rocky Flats. 1990. U.S, I)epartment o]'Enet;tLv

Ro_'kv l"l.ts /'/ant, Olwrabh" Unit "l'e_'hni_'al Descrilnions, International 'l'echnology C,Orlmralion. 1985. R('RASite Relea,_c lhtla,/i." I)()I:'/ItAZWRAI', F.G&(] Rocky interint ,_'latH,s'(;l'otlltdwal_'/' Mcmit.ring Plan, ('heroical

l:lals, (;oi!lc!, (.'(). Waste lxmd/ill. S.mlia Natiomd l.ahoralories.

Alln_querque. Ne_l' Me.vi_'o. Prc_jcct N_. 651(){)3,

Rockwelt International. 1988a. Solar Evaporation International 'l'cchnology (.'orporati¢m, Alhttclucrquc, NM,Pond,s', ('l,,sttre I"hm. U,S, i)cpartmcnl of Energy,

Golden, Ct). Millard, G., P. i'ei, S. Felicetti, (?. (;ray, I). Thompson,

and J. Phelan. 1988. /987 i','nvironmental Monitoring

Rockwell International. 1988b. Present Landfill, Report, SAND-S8-()697, Sandia National l,aboralories,C/!)st!re l'/tm. LI.,%'.l)cpartmcnt of Energy, Golden, CO.

Albuquerquc, NM,

Rockwell inlern'.llion'.d. 1988c. Rocky Hats Plant Site

Environmental Relu>rt./br I c)8S. 13.S, I)cpartmen! of

Energy, (;olden, (,(). Sandia National laboratory - livermore (SNH_,)

Rockwell lnlernationai. 1988d. RCRA Post-Closure I)ev]in, T.K. 1988. 198715_l,itvmmental Monitoring

Care Permit,4l_l.,li_'ati_m for I].S. DOl'; Ro_'kv Flat,_"Plant Report. SANI388-82()6, Sandia Natkma! I.ahcwalories,

ilazardrms a/td Radiom'ti_'e Mi, red Wastes. U.S. Albuquerque, NM, and l.ivernlorc, t:'A,

l)cpartlncnl t_t Energy, (;t_ltlcJ_, ('(). Roy F. Weston, lhc. 1989. Remedial Investigation

Rockwell International. 1989a. l_ropo.s'ed Interim Report, Sandia National l.abo/'alt)ries, Livermore Fuel

Mea,vttre,s/Inlerim Remedial A_'tion Phm and I)e_'ision Oil SI)iii, U,S, Dcparlrncn! _t' l'_ncrgy, Albutlucrque

l)or'tmle/tt, _)()._Pad, Mmmd, and l:.'ast 'l"re/l_'hes Area,v, Operations Office, All_uqucrqtlc, NM,

Medium Pri.ritv Sitc.s. tJ.S, l)epartmcnl ()t"Energy,

G()hJcn, ('().Savannah River Plant (SRP)

Rockwell lnlt, rn.'llional. 19891). l)rafl Ba_'kgrotmdChrislensen, E.J., and C.K. 3rendell. 1981.

(;eo_'ttemi_'_tl ('/tarm'le/i::aliolz Report. U,S. Department"('hh)rinalcd S_Jlvcnl Releases I_ M-Area Process

_l l_llcrgy. _'h_ldcn, (;().Sewers," Mt'nlorandul_l t_ !!, B. ,";hcld_m, Savannah

U.S. l)eparhnenl o1' Energy (I)()E).* 19911a. Dtc(/t River l_ah_walors,, Aikcn. St',7)'eatahi/it v .S'lttdie._ I'hm. I'_Hvirrmme/tlal Restoration

Pr(),_,,r(tm, I".f;&(; R()cky l:lat,,,, (;()Men, Ct). Christensen, E.J., and I).E. (;orclon. 1983, 7'e('hnical,_'IIIHI)ItII_V Q/'(]l'Olllld-W(II('I' Q/.tlity I'r_)te_'tion l'ro,_fram

U.S. i)epartment ot' Energy (I)()E). I_)Ob. Rocky at ,_)'(IP(ltlllClhRi_'er Phmt, Vol. I." Site (;eohydrole_,t O' and

Fhtt._ l'lanl, f/olden, ('_d<_rado, l;'nviremmental Solid Iht:,ardotcs Wastes. i)PS'1'-83-.829, Savannah River

As,_e,_.vmcHl f_r SS/ Iii//side t/ti,_,,h l'rioritv Sites)Interim l.aborah_ry, Aikc_, St'.

Remedial ,4_'thm, 1].,%.I )t.'l_arl_ncn! {>t'Energy,

(;olden, ('() Mikol, S.('., 1,'1'. BtJrkhaller, ,l.l,. Todd, and ILK.Marlin. 1988. ,S'a_'amuth Ril'er l_hmt I:'n_'irmmu,ntal

U.S. l)elmrlment o1' Ener_,y (I){)E). 199()c. Rocky Rel)ort-Annmd Rel).rt/i_r 19,_7. I)PSiq ]-.88-3()-I, V_fl. I

l:lal.v t'lattt, (hdd¢'n, ('_d_rado, Intcri#t Mea,_'ttre,_/htterim and 2. ,";awmnah River I.al)_)ral_ry, Aikcn, St',Rcmedial ,,'t_'ti_m l'Ian cmd l)c_'isioH I)._'ttment, 881

Ilollod, (;.,I., I.W. Marine, H.W. Bledsoe, and J.P.Ilillside Ar_'a, ¢)pcrahle 19tit N_). 1. I1.,%.I)upa_lmcl_! _fl'

!!_lcrFy, (h_hlcl_, ('(_1. Ryan. 1982. Metals am/()r,t_,ani_'s itr the Soil Belmaththe M-Area Settling Basin, l,cltt'r i'ep_r: t_ 1<. I". Bradley.

I)PS'1'-_2-721, Savanmth Rivcr l,ab_ral,wy, Aiken, St'.

-- i( "Jlt'llllt iii _Jill_l III lbl', It'lt'll'll_ t' ',HIIIllhll I/t' (JHla t _llll_i]_'_l [11)111 ()lJlt'l IUILHelIUt'",

IIll(J(.'l lilt' I(()Ci,", Illtl', I'l,llit Jl,llll!! I )ilia t/lit'([ Hl IIll', It'p()rl 1(_1 [,_()ck',' I'lab, I_[alll

Wt'II' liI_,t'll II(_ln Ihp, lt'Jt'li'lit c

- 62

App.ndx8 iiCompound-Class Distributions

The tables in this appendix present tile frequency of occurrence of the compound classes atthe 18 DOE facilities and 91 waste sties.

B II

Table BI1. Distribution of Compound Classes in Soils as a Function of Facility and Individual Waste Site

z Facility No, of Distribution (by % of Waste Sites ',2of Compound Classes 3,_ Waste ....................

m Sites' 1 2 [ 3 4 5 6 7 8 I 9 10 11 12 13

Argonne National 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] 0 0 ! 0 0 0 0 0Laboratory i .......... i

0 "Brookhaven National 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 " 0 0 0 0 0 0Laboratory

Fernald 11 72 9 90 45 27 .... 9 -1- i00 ............ !............................0 I O 36 O I . . 0 0............ I................. ] ............ 4

Hanford Site 7 85 42 I 100 28 14.. 28 L..1_4...... 0 . 28 0 ..... 28 .} 0 ..... 7!.Idaho National 6 50 50 I 50 33 16 16 ! 33 0 _ 16 16 33 16 16EngineeringLaboratory !

.............. i .................................. I

42 .......... 14 0 . . . 0 0Kansas City Plant 7 57 0 0 57 ........... 0 ..L.... 71.... 0 0 ...........L_w,e_oeLJve,_o,e_2 0 0 0 41 0 0 16 0 ....0.1 0 0 .....0National Laboratory 16 I .......... 4

Los AlarnosNational 3 33 66 66 33 33 i 33 33 0 33 0 _ 33 0 33Laboratory I ...._ ..........................................................

Mound 2 0 0 100 0 ....0 ......... 0 ! .... 0 ...... 50 .... 50 0 ' 0 ......... 0 ..... 0,

I o o .... o.I......o............o.... o _ o i......o........o .oNevada Test Site 6 0 0 50 " 11 22 11 33 0 0 0 11 11 0

Oak Ridge National 9 33 22 44 [ . 1Laboratory .............................................................................

( 6 /

33 100 ...... 0.. 0 0 0Pantex Plant 3 0 0 0 .... 6 ....100 O I 0 ..............................................

i .......oi .........o.....o o o oPinellas Plant 1 0 0 0 i 0. " 0 0 0 ;Portsmouth Gaseous 4 25 25 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0- 0 0 0/Diffusion Plant

...................I.....................................0o................................o o oIRocky Flats Plant 3 66 33 100 I 100 33 0 0 0 .....i .......0 ..... 0 -io0 ....,Sandia National 1 100 0 0 t 100 '100 ..........0" ......0-" .........O-.........

tAlbuquerque ........0-..........0.......................... i............J.............................................................

Sandia National 1 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 ..........-0.................0'-i .........0--Laboratory, !Livermore .... i .........................................................................

SavannahR,ver 9 66 66 33 , 55 ! 33 0 ( 0 33 .......0............22...... 11 11 11Plant '_ . i ..... l ........ .J............1......................................................

_Numberof wastesite,,;evaluatedat aspecificfacility.

2Percentof wastesitesat a specificfacilityreportingaspecificcompoundclass.

:_Cornpound-class_ndex:

1 _--melals 6-- phthalales 11= alkylphosphates2 = anions 7 =-polychlorinatedbiphenyls 12 complexingagents3 =: radionuclides [3 = explosives 13 organicacids4 := chlorlr_atodhydrocarbuns 9 =: ketones5 :. tuelhydrocarbons 10=: pesticides

54

1 ITable B-2. Distribution of Compound Classes in Ground Waters as a Function of Facility and Individual Waste Site rnx

Facility No. of Distribution (by % of Waste Sites) _ of Compound Classes :_ zi.uWaste ' I _"Sitesl i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 _.<¢

ArgonneNational 2 - 00 100 100 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Laboratory j

] 1Brookhaven National 4 25 25 100 100 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Laboratory

1Fernald ..... 1 72 90 81 72 72 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 0I

Hanfo[d Site ._ 7 I 71 100 . 100 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0[

Idaho National 6 50 50 50 66 16 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 33Engineering

.Lab0rat°[Y. ]

......... 7 . 0 0 0 28 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0Kansas City PlanttLawrence Livermore 12 16 16 16 66 16 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0National

,Laboratory I !Los Alamos National 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Laboratory

t-M°und 2 n_ I .........0 I[............0 T......_,o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0_NevadaTest Site 0 0 0 0 06 ]. 33 , _ 50 ,. 83 0 0 0 O 0

'lOak Ridge National 9 77 [. --33 i 44 ] 77 22 22 0 0 55 0 0 11 11ILaboratory

i _ ! •IPaniexPiant 3 66 " 66 i 66 i, 33 33 0 0 66 0 0 0 0 0

Pinellas Plant 1 i 100 1 0 I 0 i i00 '' . . 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0Portsmouth Gaseous 4 100 0 50 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Diffusion Plant

Rocky Flats Plant ...........3 100 I 33 100 , 100 , 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Sandia National 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Laboratory,Albuquerque

....................................................................I..............o..............ISandia National 1 100 0 _ 0 10_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00Laboratory,Livermore

i ,. ,Savannah River Plant 9 ! 88 _ 1 ,..... 88 . ! 77 . 77 ..... 0 11 0 0 11 44 0 0 0

_Numberofwastesitesevaluatedat a specificfacility.

2Percentof wastesitesat a specificfacilityreportingaspecificcompoundclass.

3Compound-classindex:

1 = metals 6 = phthalates 11= alkylphosphaleS2 = anions 7 = polychlorinaledbiphenyls 12= complexingagents3 = radionuclides 8 = explosives 13 organicactds4 = chlorinatedhydrocarbons 9 = ketones5 = tuelhydrocarbons 10= pesticides

- 55

Appendix C IFrequency of Compound-Class iMixtures

The tables in Ibis appendix present the fi'equency of occurrence of mixtures of compoundclasses al the 18 DOF_ facilities and 91 waste sites,

"""-

Table0-1. Frequency of Occurrence at DOE Facilities of the Most Commonly Reported Pairs of Compound Classes

In Soils/Sediments

z ................................................umberof................................................'_ Class Combinations Waste Sites t Facility Frequency of Occurrence 2

Mela.ls_radionuclides................. 25 ...... +SavannahRlver(3l,+Oak.B.!drje(3)+,Han.!orcJ(6),Portsmouth(1)_Rocky Flats(2) Fernald(B),INEL/2)

Me.lals,.FC.B_.......................................................1_8................Oak..B...[d.ge{2)4.H.an!ord(1...).LKansas.c!!y(4)..Ferr]a_td.(8),INEL(2), Los Alamos(1).Radl0nuc!!des,pCBs ...................... ! 5..... Oak Ridge(2),Hanford(!.):..Fe.[.n.ald(!0),INEL(2)Chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel 15 Savannah River(2), Oak Ridge(1), Hanford(1), Rocky Flats(1), Sandia-Albuquerque(1 ), Pantex(2),hydr0_carb0ns.................................................... _La.wrenc_e_L!v_errnt!_e(_!),..K_ansaS_.0!.t_y(.! }, F.ernald(3).,INEL(l), LosAlamos(1)Metals,chlorinated hydrocarbons 1,1 Savannah River(2),Oak Ridge(I), Hanford(2), RockyFlals(2), Sandia-Albuquerque(1 ), Kansas

..................................... C!ty(.2.),!=ema!d(.3)+:.L.os.A!.a_m.0s_(_!)....................Anions, radionuclides 14 Savannah River(2), Oak Ridge(2), Hanford(3), Porlsmoulh(1), Rocky Flals(1), Fernald(I), INEL(3),

........... Los Alam._0s(1).........................Radionuclides,chlorlnaled 14 Savannah River(1), Oak Ridge(1), Hanlord(2), Rocky Flals(3), Fernald(5), INEL(2)hydrocarbons ...............................................................

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCBS.. 13 . Oak R!dge(1),Hanf.0[d.(!).__KansasCl!y(3), Fernald(5), INEL(2), Los Alamos(1)

.Me!a_ls_:anle.ns........................................ !..2............ S.a.va!ln_ah.Ri.ve[(.4).:Oak.B!d£e.(.!.),.H.a_n!e.[d(2.):.Ro£ky.Flats(! ), Fer[_a!d(1),INEL(2},Los Ali:,mos(I)Metals,fuel hydrocarbons 11 Savannah River(I), Oak Ridge(1),Hanford(1), RockyFlats(1), Sandia.Albuquerque(1 ), Kansas

City{3), Fernald(1), INEL(1),Los Alamos(1)......... t ...........................................

Anions chlorinated hydrocarbons . 11 Savannah River(4), Hanford(2 ), Rocky Flals(1), Fernald{1), INEL(2),Los Alamos(1)

Fuel hydrocarbonsl PCB; ....... I ...... 10 oakRId#e(2i, Kansas cit_(3)i- Fernald(3)[lN+E+L(1),L0s Alam0s(1)Chi0i;na-t+ed-Kydic;caibor;s:keiones+/ ............. 9.......... t_ia;_iord(2},RockyFiaisii i,-Sa-nd/a.Ai-I_uque;que(i)[ Pan(ex(2il Kansascity(1), INEL(l), Los

I Alarrlos(1)Anions, fuelhydrocarbons ........... j.......... 8 ............. savaiinati Rlver(3), Han;orcl(i)+iRoct_yFlats(i), Fei+na+lci(l+i,lN EL(l), Los Alamos(1)Radi0nuclides,0rganic acids .... 8 .... savannah Rlverii}, Hanf0id(5il iNEl (i}, L0s Aiarnos(1} " '

Metals, alkyl phosphates 7 savannah River(ii, 0ak Rldgeili, Hanfoid(2), INEL(2), Los Alamos(1)

Metals, organic,acids [ ......... -7....... S.avar_nah.Rtv_e.{(._l}, H+a.n.[o[..d(%Sar]dlff-A+lbu!que_rq!.)e(!}, INE+L(!)

Radionuclides,'uel hydrocarbons 7 Oak Ridge(l), Hanford(1}, Rocky Flats(f ), Fernald(3), INEL(1)

Metals, ketones ' 6 Hanford(2), Sarldla-Albuquer(tue(1),Kansas City(i), iNEL(l), Los Alamos(1)

Anions alkyl phosphates I " 6 [Savanna_-hRiver(! ),0ak-Rid,gaii), Ha,f0id(2), INE!_(i)I.Los Alamos(1)Fuel hYdrocarbonstk.etones 6 Hanford(1) Sandia-Albu[4uerclue(1) Pantex(3) LosA!amos{.1)..... ............... t ...................................... !............. !

Metals,pllthalales 5 [Oak Ridge(1), i-lanford(2), INEL(1)tLos Alamos{! )Anions PCBs 5 Hanford(1), Fernald(! ), INEL(2), Los Alamos(1)

_,nionsorganic acids 5 Savanrmh River(+l),..H_a!_!ord(_.2),!.NE_L(1..),L0s-A!arnos(1) . .

:ladionuclides. ketones 5 Hanford(2), Rocky Flalsll)_ INEL(1),.Mound(1)Radionuclides. alkyl phosphales 5 Savannah Rtvor(1)_OakRidge{I), Hanford(2), INEL(l)Chlorinaled hydrocarbons, 5 Savannah River(1), Fernald(3), INEL(1)peslicides

Phthalates,PCBs 5 IOak Ridge(I), Han[o[d(!), Ee[t?al.d{.!),.!NEL(1),Los A!amos(1}

PCBsl Pes+tic;des.... 5 tFerni|ld(4), INELii)

Anions,phthalates 4 i Hanl0rd(2), INEL(1), Los Alamos(1)Anions,ketones 4 j Hartford(2), iNEL(1i, Los Alamos(1)Radionuclides,ph!halale s...... 4.. Oak.R!dge{1}, Ha[fford(2),!NEL{1} ...........

RacIionuclides,peshcldos 4 Fernald(3), INEL(1)Chlorinaled hydrocarbons, 4 Hanlord(2), INEL( 1), Los Alamos(1)phlhalatesChlortrmtedhydrocarbons alkyl 4 Hanford(2), INEL(1), Los Alarnos(1)phosphates

Fuel Ilydrocarbons, pesticides 4 Savannah River(1), Fernald(3)1

.P.hthalales,ketones 4 Han!0rd(2), INEL(1.),L0s Alamos(1) .!

PCBs, ketones 4 t Hanford(1), Kansas City(1), INEL(l), Los Alamos(1)

Meta!s, peslicides 3 Savannah River(1), Fernald(1), INEL(l)

.....Melals,.com_plexlr_t:gagenls 3 . .. .......Savannah Rlver(1), Oak Rid(Je(1), INEL(l)Anions,pesticides 3 Savannah River(1), Fernald(1), INEL(1)Radionuclides co,nplexing agents 3 Sawtnnah River(I), Oak Ridge(2), INEL(1)

58

Table' c.1, Frequency of Occurrence at DOE Facilities of the Most Commonly Reported Pairs of Compound Classes Xo IIn Soils/Sediments (Continued)

I.................................................... 3 ........... Savannafi River(2), l_awrenceLlverrt,ore(1)Chlorinated hydrocarbone,ie_xp!9._S_!ves..............................................................'Chlorhlaled hydrocarbons, organl0 3 ...............I_li;nford(1),Sandia-Albuquerque( i ), INEL( 1) <iacids

Fuel hydrocarbons, alkyl 3 Hantord(1), INEL(l), Los Alamos(t )p[_osp_ha.tes....................................._l=.u..e!.!!ydr.o.c_a_[bo!:_,_£rgan!c...a.ol_d_..... " ..... _.i 3... ii.]Han.!or¢j(]),aar[dlaTAIbuquerque(i), INEL(1)

Ph!h_a.!.a!es:_a.!ky!,p.I]9__pl:!a!9_ .......................... ..3............ _Hm!!0[d(2)+L0sAlarnos(1).P__o..B_g,a.!k.y.!.l_h_0s_P..t_atg,......................... 3 ..... Hm.ff0r.d(!),.!NEL(!), L(_)SAlamos(t)

Ketones:._!.ky.!..Eho8p_b.aLe_..........................................3..................Ha_0_o_rd.(2LL0.__AZ#m?_.(!)..............A!kt,'!P.ho.sP.h9!eff.,grg.a.n!fi_.a..°!ds................... 3 ........ savanna..hR.Ive[(!), Hanford(1), INEL(l)

_Numberof waste sites (out of 91) reporting specific class comblnallon,

2Facility freqLtencyof occurrence Is lhe frequency at which a particular class comblnatlen appears at a particular DOL:.facllily.

I II

Table C-2. Frequency of Occurrence at DOE Facilities of the Most Commonly Reported Combinations of ThreeCompound qlasses In Soils/Sediments

....................................................................... Number of " 1

Class Combinations Waste Sites 1 Facility Frequency of Occurrence ;_'

Melals,iadionuclldes,PcBs ........................................ " " 13 . Oak Ridrde(2>,Hanford(1), Ferr,ald([I), INFL(2)Melals, radionuclides, chlorinatedhydrocarbons 11 Savannah RIver(l), Oak Rtdge(1), Hanford(2), FlockyHats(2), FerrlaM(3),

................................................ INEL(2) Alamos(l)...Me!a!S...ch!or!n.a).ed_!}ydrog_a.rbgns.,_PCB_ ..................................... 10 ...... O.ak.R!dge(1),Ha qf0rd(1), K,_ms#!s.C!ty(2), Fernald(3), INFL(2), t.(.!sMetal's,anions, radionuclides 9 Savannah River(2), Oak Rldgu(1), I-lanford(2),Hooky Huls(1 ), F:erHakl(I),

INEL[2)i_etals, ,;]ions, ct-;Ioiinatedhydi0carbons ....... i 9 Savannah River(2), Hanford(2), Rocky Flats(I), Fernald(tj, INEL(2), Los

........................................ } Alamos(1)

Radionuclides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCBs I 9 Oak Ridge(1), Hantord(I), Fernald(5), INEL(2)Metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuelhydrocarbons / 8 Oak Ridge(I), Flanlord(1), Flocky Flats(l ), Simdia-Albu(luer(luO(I), Kansas

1 City(1), Fernakt(1), INEl_(I), LosAlamos(1)

Metals, fuel hydrocarbons, PCBs " " 1 " 7 Oak FIId[Je(1),Karmas City(3), Fernald(1), INF:L(I), Los Alamos(1)

Anions, radioniicildes, chiorlnated hydiocarbons I 7 Savf3nnah.Rlver(l), Hanford(2), FlockyFlats(l), F(,rnal(t(I), INEL(2)Anions, chlorinaled hydrocarbons, fuel hydrocarbons 7 Savannah River(2), Flarfford(1), Roo'kyFlal,_(l), FurnaM(f), IN[ii. (1), l..os

Alamos( 1)Radionuclides, chlorlnaled hydrocarbons, fuel 7 Oak Ridge(1),Hanford(1 ), Rocky Flats(1), Fernald(3), INEl_(I)hydrocarbons

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel hydrocarbons,.P.(,!Bs 7 Oak Ridge(1),Kansas City(1), FernaM(3) INEL( Ij L(.mAlamcL_;(l)Metals, anions, fuelhydrocarbons 6 Savannah Rtver(1), Hantord(I), Hooky Flats(I ) Fernald(l ), INEL( I ), Los

Alamos(1)

Metals, anions, alkyl phosphates . 6 .... savarlnah RIw-_r(1), Oak Ridge(l ), Hanlord(2), INEL(t ), Los Alamos(1)

Metals, radionuclides, organic acids 6 Sawmrlah River(1), Hanlord(4), INEL(1)Melals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones 6 Hanford(2), Sandia-Albuquerque(l), Karma,+Cily(1) INF.I(1), I.u_;Alamos(lMelals, anions, PCBs 5 Hanford(1), Fernald(1), INEL(2), LosAlamos(I)

Metals, radionuclides, kiel hydrocarbons .5 o{-!k Ridge(1), Hanl0rd(I), Rocky Flats(1), [:_Jlllal(l(I), INFL(1)

Metals, radionuclides, alkyl Phosphates 5 Savanrlal; River(l), Oak F{i(lge(1),Hanl(>rd('_),INEL(I)

Anions, radionuclides, alkyl phosphales 5 Savannah River(l }, Oak Ridge(1), HaJflord(2),INt.!I.(1)Anions, radionuclides, organic acids 5 Savarlnall Rlw;,r(1), Hanford(2), INEL(l), Ixm Alamos(1)

Anions, chlor(haled hydrocarbons, PCBs 5 Hanlord(1), Fernald(t ), INEL(2), Los Alamns( I }Radionuclides. fuelhydrocarbons PCBs 5 Oak Ridge(I), Fellufld(3), INEl.(1)

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, luel hydrocarbons PCBs 5 Hartford(I), Sandia-Albuquerque(1), Pnntex(;.), l.o,+Ahun_).';(l

Me!als, anions, phll_alates .... 4 Hanford(2), INEL(I), Los Alamos( IMetals, anions, Ketones 4 Flanford(2), INEL.(1),Los Alarno!_[1

Melals radionuclides, phlhalates 4 Oak Rldge(l ), 14anlord(2),INF-I.(I)

Metals chlorinated hydrocarbons, phlhalates 4 Hanford(2), INEl.(1), l+()sAlamo_HI

g Melals, chlorinated hydrocarb(ms, alkyl phosphales 4 Hanford(2), INEl_(1),I.(mAlamus(1Metals, _hthalales, PCBs 4 Oak Ridge(1), -rafter( (I), NL:_(.(I),I.us Alamo.s(II

Melals, phthalales, kelones 4 t h-ulford(2),INEL(I), l.o,_Ahun(m(I)

Metals, PCBs, ket(.)I_es 4 Har_lurd(1),Ki-mslu;(:ily(I), INt.:[ (1), I (mAbuts+m(I )Arlions, radionuclides, fuel hydrocarber_s 4 Hanford(1),Rocky Flats(1), I-urHahl(}), INI:I (I)

59

li Table C'-2, Frequency of Occurrence at DOE Facilities of the Most Commonly Reported Combinations of Three

Compound Classes In Soils/Sediments (Continued)

Number ofClass Combinations Waste SitesI Facility Frequency of Occurrence ;_O

A,il(,ns, ,,.,dionuclMu,',, I'(;l.l,, 4 ._ H,_'lr!tord{1)i Fernald(I), INEL(2}

Anions, (',hl(.)firlah_(Ihy(.hocarhon,.;, phlhahdos ,1 Hanlord(2), INEL(l), Lo,,; Alamos(I)

Anions, (;tll()l mal()d hy(.h()('.arl)urls, kok)n{:m 4 Hantor(::l(2), INEL(l), Los Alamos(i)

Aniont-;, (:hlorulahxl llydlo(:all)ol),,}, alkyl t)hosphak)s 4 Hal!for(.t(2 ), INEL(I), Lot} Alamo,,-;(I)

Al/lolls, t)hthahd().';, kl)loll()t; 4 kh;ulk)rd(2}, INEL(I), Lo,J Alanlo_(i)

Fla(:lionucltde.s, chl()lillal(}(I hydlo(;llll.)(.)ll._i, kl.}t()rlos 4 Hantord(2), Rocky Flals(1 ), INFL(1)

I:']adiOllHulid(}s, (:lll(;,lillillo(.lllycll(::,(:arb()l_._?, t)esli(Jiclos 4 . !:err!l:lld.(3), INEL(1 )

Ftadk)Hu('lid{_.';, P(;l:l_, I_uSli(;idu.'-; ,1 Fernald(3), INEL(l)

ChluiInilhJ(I hy(:lrt)cm b()l i[,, I)htllah.lh._s, kelonos ,1 Hanford(2 ), INEL(1 ), Los Al_.lnlos( i )

Chlormalod hych()c:al I)(_llb, t'CI]!,, k(:vlone.'_ ,1 Flanford(1 ), Kansas Clly( 1), INEL.(1 ), Ims Alamos( 1)

Chl()llnSh:_(j hy(.hoc:_lll}()lltL F'C[I.q, i)(}slictdes i ,1 Fernald(3), INEL(l)

Metals, anior m, I)o'dl(;l(:l(:),_; ] 3 Sawlnnah River(1 ), Fornald(1), INf.:.L(1)Metals, illll(lll_.,, ()l(.Jillll(; ;l(;ids j 3 . SI]V{lnl]Elh River(1 ), Hanford(1), INEL(l)

Metals, ladi()rllu::li(lu'.-;, kul(Jnos t 3 Hanford(2), INEL(l)Molals, r_ldionu(;lidus, c_)mt)l,-!xirlg agents ...... 3 .. Sa.v.annah RIver(1 ), Oa k Ftldge(!/, INEL(l)

' Molals, (;hl()rlnal,t,(l hy(ho(:;llh()n[;, ()rganic acids 3 Hanford(i), S_.ll]dla.AIbLiql.lerql_le(1 ), INEL(1)

Mel,:lh_, film hydf(}(:ml,Ol,_i, koloIIoS 3 Hanford(1 )i Sandla-AIbLIqUl:)rqlJO( 1), I..o.(iAlmllUs. l)

Mehd,';, fuel Ily(h ouarl:)orv.;, alkyl I.)h(.)st)halo,_ 3 Hanford(1), INEL(1 ), Los Alamo,,_(1 )

Melals, hl{li hydmcarhorm, ()rgarli(" a('kls 3 ....... Han!o.rd{!), Sar!dla-Albu(:luer(lue(1 ), INEL(i)

i Mohlls, i)hlllalat(),,, alkyl idl(.).,-;i)halu,,._ .. 3 H_.!nlord(2 ), Los Alamos(1)

t Melals, t'(:;l:_m alk._ t_lt{mpllal(,,_ 3 Hanford(!), INEL(l), Los Alamos(i)

'Metal.'-;, k_)loH{m, alkvI i} iosphulos 3 Harlford(2), Los Alamos(1)

Murals, alkyl ph(),;I,l,,,lu_,, o,gani(; a(:ids 3 SavannahRiver(I), Hanlorcl(1), INEL(l)

Anl(Jim, ladl(-)f,Llcli(llm, i)lllhillahF.; 3 tdanford(2), INEL(l)

!iAIIi()Hs, Hldl()llIK:h(l{,'.(L k(.'l()fIO.'-; ....................,'3 Hanford(2), INEL(l)tAnlorl.',, lu(;I l ly(llr)(;arb(Jns, I'CI-L'; 3 Fernald(1), INEL(1 ), Los Alamos(1)

[ I .......

i Al_l(I)n.'-;,lu(.,I Ilydl_,(:alh(_lL,;, alkyl ph(:)._iphatos 3 Hanford(1 ), INEL(i), Los Alamos(I)

Anion.',, I.,htludal, m, I '(;I._m 3 .t-larlford(!), INEL (1), Los Alanlos(I)

I Anion',, l,hlhalah,,!;, ,dkyl i)h(L,_phal_,; . . 3 _. .t_-!antord(2), Los Alamos(1)

! Al}lons, P(.;I L'-,,k ;li IICL_ 1 3 F!anlord(1 ), INEL(l), Los Alamos(1)

i Arlior m, F'CI.}s, alkyl l)l_()sl)hal(L_; 1 3 .Harlford(1 ), INEL(1 ), Los Alamos(1)I

I Anlnr}f;, kld()llc',;, alkyl i_ho!il_hal(m 3 .F.larfford(2), Los Alamos(1)o

, Ani(>rm, alkyl Ifll(L'-;I)llal{;_-,,ol(.;InlllC_lCl(:ls 3 .. _:._av_:lr!nal)R!ver(1) Hanford(1) INEL(I)

, Radi()r_u(:lid(.,_, (:htorm_d_Mhyd_ocarborls, i)hthalales 3 Harllord(2), !NEL(I)

' f:_l(h(.}flli(:h(h'L";.,rIii() Ifl;lll I hy(.ho(:,;Irb(._rl.';,alkyl pho,;phales 3 Hanford(2), INEL(l)

' Itaclic_lucli_lrm, tirol IW(h(;c;alhHns, t)_mticirh:)s 3 Fernald(3 )

[ I-{il(_lio;_uuhclu!;.ptdllahdt _s. PCt:h{ 3 Oak Rl(:lge(1), Hantor(:l( I ), INEL(l)

i Fla(:lm_lul;lidu.';. i)ldhahlt{_;, Itulu_les 3 Hanford(2), INEL(l)

i [-:la(ilunu(;Ikh;:_,, idkyt t" ("_t)llah s, ()rgan_c _l(';i(:ls 3 Savannah River(i), Han!ord(1 ), INEL(I)

i (:.;hlorlll_-ilud lly(ho(:arl)(.Jrl_;, fHol hydrocarbon,s, pesttcidr_s 3 Fornalcl(3)

{ (:;ld(_rH_ah:d Iw(h,_r:art)(_r m. hml llydrQr:_:lrl)(.)n,,;,alkyl 3 Harlford(l), INEL(l), Los Alamos(1)[ l_tIO,(;t)hato_,

i Chl(mruth;(I lly(ho(;;ifl)orl!;, hml hydrucarbolls, organic [iCldS 3 Hr:lrlford(1 ), Sandla-AII)l.J(:ttlor(tuo(1 ), INEl.(I)

! Chlorlr_ah._(:lt_y_h()c, Hl,,(_nr,.i,Idl _ah.d(m, i"CI3s 3 Hanforcl(1 ), INEL( 1), Los Alamos( l )

i C;hlrJrirliducl I_v(h(_(;H_b(,ll.';.I)tdl,HI;d_s, alkyl l)llOSl)hnlos , 3 . I-lanford(2), Los Alamos(I)

i Chl(.)rll_ah.,d hy(h()(:_lrlK,ii.%. )(.:1.,1_,alkyl i_ho._-;|)hal(Js i [-} Hanford(1), INEL(1 ), Los Al_lnlos(1)

! Chlorlr}ah.,d tlyrh(}{:,ld}{)rl:,, M'd()r_i)s,_tlkyl t)lln.'.;phates i 3 Hnrllor(J(2), Los Alamos(1)' i 3 Fomald(3)i F:unl tlWJrr_{;,llt)lHIh. I'(;I}_.,, I)l;_;tll;idc".; !

, F)hlllahm:,,. I'(:1_, k{m_l,,,, ! 3 Hanlord(1), INEL(i ), Los Alamos(I)I'htl_alah_.,, k(d()rm',, idkyl i)tl{_,;l)llah_; ; 3 Hanlurd(2), Los Alanlo,';(1 )

_tqulnbur _)f,,,v_,lr_ ,,m.'_,(()111,_l _11)I{_l._()lllll(I .';lmcilic _:lass conlhin{-ilioll.

"l-;ileitily h_(iH,q my _)I _(.(.l_rlull(;lt I!; lhu fr_qHun(;y iii which _1I)illli(;tllar (;lass conllJirlalion ilpl:JO_llSiii _1I)ilrlictllm [)(:)l.:. hmlllly

6O

OITable C.3, Frequency of Ocourrenoe at DOE Faollltles of the Most Commonly Reported Combinations of FourCompound Classes In Soils/Sediments

NumberofCla_sCombinations WasteSitesI FaollltyFrequenoyof Ooourrenoe_

iMolal.'_ anl(,_,L Hultnnu(;lldcu_, ¢:hlorlnalod hydrou_lrbon_ 7 SIWEInn[-lh FIIver(l ), I-II|nford(2), Hooky Flal_(l ), Forl]tlld(I ), INEL.(2)

iMolal,,_ racllr.,utc:lklo,L ehlorinaled hyclrooarbor),,J, PCB_ 7 Oak Rlclgo/1), i-Innlord(1 ), Forrlald(3), INEL(2 )

tvlotal,4 anlumL radionu(_llde,a, alkyl phos pl]aloE_ 5 S(wt.lnnah Hirer(1), Oak Rl(Igo(1), Hanforcl(2), INEL(I)

lvluh'd,.._,aluon.,.L cldoflnalod h_/drocar boll_, fuel 5 |-htllflord(I), Hoeky Flal_._(I), Ferlll_|lcl(I), INEL(I), [..oHAh.lltln,_J(I).by(li (JC[|I'_I(IIIB

MOtaI'L anu._n.'Lc,hl_utnaled h_'drocarbon_, PGI39 5 -lanlord / I), FornEflclI t ), INEL/2 ), Lo_ Alamo_( 1)

MolahL uulff_nu('lidut_, chlorln[lled l_y(lroc_:|rbons, luol 5 Oak Ridge(1 ), Ht.lnlord(1), Hooky Fk118(1), t:um_._ld(1), INEL(l)11ycl ro(.:tlr b(.)li,J

Molal_L chl(_Hnalod h vdro('ar[)on.,_, fuel hyclrooarbol_, PCB_ 'I 5 Oak FIid_e/l ), K[ms_.l_City(1 ), Fermdd/1 ), INEl.( I ), Lo_ Alamos(I)l-ladi(,_ue, ll(lu,,L (_hlorinal(_d hydrocarbons, fuel I 5 Oak Ridge(1), Fernald(B), INEL(1 )hy(trocl,qlbOll_;, P (;I],,_ 1MutaL'i. tm_uns, raclk_rluc_li(-le,_,luol I_ydrooarbon_ 4 I:!_n.[1.lgr(l{!): Rpoky I_1[_!__(1), Fornt.ll(l{1), INE[II I )

...... i .................................

MolaI,'L ankm,,i radi(_nucll(le,L PCBs ,l Halllord(1), Fe[na!d(1 ), INELI2 )

lvlotals, an_ont_ chlorinnlod hydrocarbons, ph(halalea ,1 Ha!ltorcl(2), INEL(l), Los Ala_!_QS(I )

Metal'a, ahfr)ns cl)lorlnaled hydrocarl._ons, ket0ne,a 4 Fla!llord(2)., INEL( !), LoS Alnmoa[1.)

Melals. aulons chlorinated hydroc'arb0)!s _,alkyl pl.!osph.a!e_ ....... 4 ...... H_a__n_(9(d.(2),!N_E!:(I.), _L.°s__!{l.[[_0__..[.!)...........................

Mulals. anlOlffl, phlhalales, kelol_e9 1 ,I . .. H_nfold(2), INEL(:I ), Los Akm]oa(I)

: Mulals. chl(,rlu_lod hy(Irocarbonl], pl_lhalatos _ko!0[]eB ,I Ht_rllorcl(2 ), INEL.(1 ).,..!.oaAl_.unos(I)t

chl(,Inalod I)ydrocarbonB, PCB_. kelone_ 1 4 Harlford{1)., Kt._nsa_OI!y(1), INEL(l), Lo9 Al_lmos(1)tvlulaL'L

_Anion,; _adlonucllcle.,] chlorlm_led hydrocarbons, luel ,1 H_mford(l ), Rooky FIllip(I), Forn_dcl(1), INEL(l)i

I I)Ydr°(;arb°n!_ l

, Ar_icms radl[_i_H('ll(lus chlorln_fled hydrocarbons, POBs , 4 He_nlor.clI1), l:el.n.l.lld(1), IN.E.L_(2)

i Anlon,q ('hloltnalod hyclr0carl:>or),J phlhalalo_ kel0ne_ l ,I H_n.!0rd(2). .INEL(1 ), I..o_ Ale_rnos(I)

, Ha(lkmu(,lidu,._, cl!lgr!r!(lled hyc!rocarh_t._ - pc..Bs.pO_l).e,lc!e_...l ,I F.o!.!.!.a!d.(!!),!N.ELIJ_). ......................................

:iMolal!i, anluH_, radiunuc:llcles, phlhal_llOS . l " 3 -- Hanford(2) _!NEL{1.) . .

Morals, alu()ns, radlolu_clides, kulonea 3 Hanlord(2), INEL(l)

MoIaI.'L iUilUn,a, radlol'_uclides, orgel|lO aolcls ' 3 Savfiril;ilh RlV0i(li, Hl.llllo;d(1), !NEL(l)

Molal.'i. t1111Olffl, fuel hydlooarhons, PCBs 3 Fel:n_l!d(1)_ !N.EL{!)., I:.:o_!.g.l{!11!o_(1)........... 1..................................

Molal,;. aluun,;, luol hydrocarbon_,_, alkyl pl_ospl_ales 3 H_mlo[d(1)._ INEL(! ), Lo_ Ak_mos(1)

Mulet',. al lures. I_l_lhifl[ltu,,L PCB,_ I 3 Hanlorcl(1 ), INEL(1), l.oa Alamo_(I)

Molal.,; m_unt;, phlhalalos, alkyl ph0sphalos , 3 I--lantord(2 ), Los Alamo.,1(1)

M_'qld';, ,uu_,m_. F'CBs, kolones 1 . "{ . . . !-I{iq!ord(!),_lNEL(l)_ LO# Alarnot_(1)

Motal,a. alu(,_,'_, PCB_, alkyl phosplmlos 3 Hllnford{1 ), INEL{I ), LOBAlllmo8(I)

Ivlola_.; aruon5, kelonozL alkyl pl_osph_:do'J I 3 Hanlord(2), Lo.'_Alamos(1)

Molal_i, nluons, alkyl phosphates, or(janlc aclcls , 3 Savannah I--I!ver(1), Hilrflord(I), INEL(l)

Mulal!_. radionuclldo,,i cl!lorlnatod hydrocarlxmB, phll_alalo.s, 3 H.anlor_d(2), INEL(1 )

Mutal_ _ad_ul_u(',lldus chlortnalod hydrocarbons, kelonos , 3 H[mlord(2), INEL(1 )Mol_fl._L_adlOllU(_ltde'a chloflnalod hydrocarbor_s, alkyl 3 Hanlord(2), INEL(1 )

pl K).gphillo,a

Motal_ ril(llorltlC.lldo5 fuol Ilfcl[o(!url:!on.% PCBs 3 Oak Rlclge(!)_ Fomalc!{ l)_ INEl. (I)

Molal'._. _adlorluc.lldu5 phtl_.llatos, PCBs 3 Oak Rldgoll), Hanford(1), INEL(I)

M_dal.,;. ra(llol)L_(;llclo,_ phtIlalatos, kolonos 3 Hllnforcl(2), INEL(1 )

tvloh_l!, _adl(muclldes alkyl phosphalos, Or_larflc acids 3 Savanr_ah River( 1), H_:ullor(l(1 ), INEl..( I )

tvl_dal,q _:hlorlnalod hydrocad:_ons fuel hyclrocarborB 3 Hanlord(1), Sandta-AIb_Jqt_erqtlo(I), Los Alamo.,l( 1)k_Hutm5

M_IaL'_ _;hlutmale_l hyrlrormhons, luol I_ydroc_rbons, alkyl 3 Hanlord(1), INEL( I ), Los Alalno.'_(1 )

Mol;fl_; (;hh)rlr_illu(l lly(.Iro('arl)or_':, luul llydrocarl)olls. 3 Hi_nfor(l(I), Bandla-Albu(luOrquu(1), INEl.(I)()l (JiI[_IC ilCl(JS

M(llah_ clll()ru_ato(I hydro(:arbor_,';, pl_lhalale,,L PCBs 3 Ha_'dord(I ), INEL( I ), L.os Al_lmO_(1)

Mol_fl,_;,_;hlurmal(_(I hy(ho(-ar!._ont_, phth_.lhdos, alkyl 3 Htlnlord(2) I..o,_lAlamo_._(I1I)110,_;l;i lilIlP, i

l'A|Jti|h,. _:lflC_rlllalo( I ,/drl)l:_irl)on._.;,I'(313.'Lalk_/l id_o!_pllalos 3 Hanlorcl(1 ), INE!..(1), l.os Alamu,'_(I)

Ml:,lill_i (;ldo_irlalnd r_y(Irocarl_()lls, kolol]l:J5, illkyl :I Hardor(I(2) [..o_;AlillnOs( I )t)l I(_il)llill(l:i

MUIHI',_ l_hlhalahm I'C, Us ki_l(_Is 3 Hanford(I), INEI..(I ), l.o,_:iAlam(_i[1 )

/vhdal_, i_hthHl,:it(_,'i kiflollo_i _ilkyl l)hO,,;Dhlili-ltl 3 Hanford(_:!), Los AlillnO,4( I )

AIII_,/I:, l,;irllf_lllli;llrlo_;, _;hlolu_aludhydrc_(;arhori_ l_hlhahlto.£;, '3 Hald(_r(l(2) INEL(I)

61

Table C-3, Frequency of Oeeurrenoe at DOE Fnollttles of the Moat Cornmonly Reported Combinations of FourCompound Classes In Soils/Sediments (Continued)

Number of

Clnr_ Comblwatlona Waste Bltoe _ Fnolllty Froquonoy of O(]oLirrenoo;'AnlcJfm,ftl(llumJullch_!_,I_lll(_fl,ltll,)¢lhy_lf_lc_ul)(,m,kul(m(m 3 I-hmhJr(l(2),INI:I (I)AnioN_hrltdic, luclhhu,u chloHil_d(_dhy(Imc'_tvl_(_fm,tdkyl :1 I tlml()r(l(;t), It,li:J(l)

AnlOlh'b,rlldionuc,lllh J_i,i_hlhidldu.'ukuh,m.,t 3 IhHflcHd(;!),INI.J.(I)

AIiIonm mdl(,lucll(lun, tdkyl i)lm,_l)h_d_uh(Jl!.ltllli(: fl(;t(hl 3 B_lWlmltlh Iltv(_l(l), I hulhml(I), Ibll I (I)AIII()I_[_, chl()ilf_ifl_jdIlydm¢:,ul)l_fm,lu(fl I_yCh'_)clul_utm,I'Clht ;I Fumldcl(I), INI;I (I), I._mAhuv_(_'t(l)AI]lc)lm,(:hlorlll_ll()(IIty(ll()(:tlrl}{)ll!i,bmi I_ydlul:ud)ollmtllkyl 3 I-hltll()f(l(1), INEl.(I), L()_iAhllll(i_,(l)

Anlomuchlcmi_i_l_dhydmc_uh_m,,_,l_hllmhdu_-_,nlkyl ;I l.hulf()_(l(',J),I(_Ahu_(_(I)

l_h°_qlhi_h)!l tAnlon.'h(;hh)rln_t_dhy(Ir(_c_uhc,m,I'CI I_, lud(,_u!_ 3 _iihullo_d(I), INI-L(I), l.(mAlmwo!_(I)

ArflomuMlluHl_tlh)clhy_h(_(:_ul)(_l_.I'( ',1_, _dkylpho,_l)llt_I(_ 3 IH_mh,(l(I), INEl (I), Io_ Ahum_( I )A_lton,uc:hl()r,_al_.:dhv_ho('.i_rl_ulm,k_dollo.'halkyl :1 ithmhml(2), I.(mAlamo!l(I)l)hc)_l_ll_d(_'_ i

Anion,'uI_hthuhdmuI'CI h._,k(dc,m!, 3 iI.hmlof'U(I), INI!I.(I). l.o!-iAl_um_!_(I)

Al_lr_ll,'_,Phllluhll(_.'_,k_._lc_l_._!_,alkyl I)ho.'_l)huln!._ 3 'I Fhll|lol(I(2), I.(mAlilmcm(1)F_[Iclh.)ml(:liclu!hc;lll(_IHi_flodhyIhc)cluhcm,,ufuul 3 iFI,rlilld(3)hyc.lrl_i;llrhon,u,I)(mllc:i(h}!tI]lulioml(:lido!_,(',hl_rllml(_(II_ydr_H.:fuhc_m,,i_lllhiflldmu 3 !t hudo_cl(2),INlfl.(I)kc)loflu.*_

Hllcll()mtcliclo.,ubmi hy(Ir()cml)on;i, I _(;',IL,i, im'_lici(.lu_ "1 F,)r_ml(l('l)

(_;hlc)vlrlah._dtly(h_)cml)ur_fui)l_lhalid_mPCI]It, kcvlom.m 3 H_ulh_rcl(I),INEL(I), L.o,_Alamc.),'_(I)

Chl{_iIltltudhyclrc_c_lfl)()rm,i_l_ttml_I().'_,k(.)to_m.'i,_llkyl 3 H_mh)r(l(2),I.o,,.iAlllmo_(1)ph(_:tl)hido,:.

_/,flmlhuroi wil,'_l(),'lilfm(oul ¢)1_,.tI) lUl)olllncJ'.ilmclli¢"c',l_t_i_._(:olrll:)l_till(m

;'FIl(:tllly Irf)ClU(_rl¢;yoi ()(;('ullftM(;oi_iIhu fMKlUOll(,yiii wlli(.;ll li pLirlicllliir c;Ifl',l',i(:Olill)ln_llloN[llS_o}lM]III tt Imrli(;uhtr I)Oli fllciltty

62

Mo.,Co.b,n ,,on.o,F,veTable C-4, Frequenoyof Oocurrenee at DOE Faollltlea of the Common!v ReportedCompound CI,.qBsesIn Solls/Sedlmenta

NumberofChiB_JCombln_mons WasteSitest FaollltyFrequenoyofOouqIrrence;_

Mohd.g, nili()n!t, ,itlli(_nIJ(:lid()_h (:hlolill_ll(._d ,I l I_11tord(I}, Hoc'ky t-'l_fl_(I ), F:orn_tkl( I ), INEL(I)hy,dlcl(:lllhflliLt, Itll}JIlyl Iro(:lllI)(lll_-_

M(lh|hl,m11on!Lf_1(li(_nlu;ll(lu,,i,(:hloril1_tlocl 4 Hmllord(I),Forncfld(l),INEL(2)hy(;ll o(._1rb()n_.LI_C;(h_

M()lnl.'}, m_tnn.'t, (:hl(',.Ih!d hy(h()umboll_], ,l Hzmlorcl(_), INEL.( I ), Lou AILlmOB(I )l}illhnhlt(]_hktllorl(m

M(}tnl'J,ilnloli:Llildi()lIu(;Iido!i,(;hlnHnalcJd 3 Fhlnlord(2),INEL(I)

Ily(Iroc;m borl_i, phlhtll(ll(}tl

M(JI_II(_,l|llil}ntl, iadic)nuc:lld(_.., (;hlurimltml LI Fhuflord(2), INEL(1 )hy(hi)c;ilrl)olt_t, I-_(11ono,..i

ivlohd,'i, nnk.m, m(li(.vu(.'l_dfL't, (:hl(.Innlc_cl LI Fhmlorcl(2), INEL(l)hydr(x;adx)n,J, alkyl l)hu,'_l)hulo'._

M()hil,], nnl(_I1:L_n(ll( nuc:lid(m, plflh{llnh}_, LI H_.inlord(2), INEL(1)

Mu _iI.,_,m iI_, v.._,vl, Ii(, _u{;li(h)s alkyl 3 Sav[irln[di River( I ), khmlard(I), IN EL(I )i l)ho,Jl)llllh}.,;, or(jlllli(: u(;Icl,._

M(lh11.,;, ilhion,.i, (:hlorifl_dcffl hydroc_Iil_ollZ}, luul LI Forn_fld(I), INEL(1), LoB AlamoB(i )

i hydroc;nrbc._rl'.;,I'( ;I]'.; ,

! Moinl'.h m_Ic, _. r:hlu_iv _do(. I y(hcx:_irbon,.h fuel LI Hanford(1), INEL(1), Los Almnon(l)

{ hydrclc.qrlm( m. nlky! l;ho,_l;llales ......

!Mr_ iil_;, ill_Jc)ri'._,(;ttlorln_ll(}(.I hychocmhon_h 3 Fhmford(1 ), INEL(1), Los Al_moB(li l]hlllalilln'_h I'(;I _,,._

M ol,_llb,_111i(.)11,_;,(:111()lUla Io(-Ihycll oc',arl )on'.h LI Hantord(2), LoB Airlines(1 )p IIh_llnhi i, _|lliyl I)llo._;I}ii_.lh}.q

MIH__IIS,mllC)n,'Lc;hl()llnilll)(I hychc}(:tlrh(;)ll.% [} Fhlnlord(i ), INEL(i ), LoB AhlrnoB( II'C;[I'.L kulcmm;

,_Ivlul_fl,,i,aniol),.;, (;Pilc.m_ah)cihydrocnrbun_, 3 H_Jnford(i), INEL(1), Los AImIIoB(1)PC;l].g, alkyl l_llc).,;l)hnl().,_ .... ....

IVh}lnl!;, nni(_vl_, (:lllolirlalcJcl hy(Jrc_c;_lrl)oru.], 3 t-filrlford(2), LoB Al[IrrioB(1)k[dc>li[).';,Mkyl _IIIclsphiiI(l_.i ....

Muhlh,, m,u,,,L l)I;Ili_ilah},,, l"(JEhl, kc)I(.}no'J 3 l-hu_lordI1), INEL(1), LoB Alamos(i).

Molahl. ,:lni()nq, I)hlllnhllc}tl, kolon(.m, alkyl 3 klanlord(2), Los Al_lmo_J(I)J lh(l(_iI)hilJii,_i ....

M(,Inl.';, rn(h(.,I_i_dl(.Iu;_,f;hlofinnl()(l 3 O_Ik Hldgo(1), Forn_ilcl(1), INEL(I )hy(hc_cail)(_m, lucH hych()(;ilrbol1'.;, l_(.;IP._

M()tid!;, ra(ho_l(:li(Im;, c:lfl()_ir_nlucl 3 t-hln/ord(2), INEL( I )hydro(;illb(Hl!h phthdlhlt().(i, ketone. _} ..........

Ivlc,lnl._, ,;hlo,i,,alr,,, l,ydroc,.ii,bu,i,._, l,hthnlalos, 3 l-h_uflord(i),INEL(1)ILoB Alamos(l) ................PCJ;[l!_,Kc)h_rl{)._;

MulI.II'L cl'd()Ilt_nlo(l hydm.,;arl)cm.';, phlhnlillos, 'J Hanlord(2), LO_ Alamos(1)

Mi}tsl'i, nnv,l!;. I)l_llhilnh,!i, t'CI]'s, kolc)no.,} 3 t-I_lnlorcl(1 ), INEL(I }, Lo._ Alamo_(I)

Mulill!,, nln(_ll!;, I_l_tllnlilh:m. k{_h_rlo_.,,_llkyl 3 Hanlord(2), Los Alarno._(i)

M_)till!_, lil(h_ Hlll(';lh;hl%,(;III(,II11{11(_(I 3 O_Ik Rldgo(1), l:om_.dd(1), INEL(1)lly(fl()(;ml_c)lv,, lil(d hy(hfV;flfDOtl!i, I'(I;I;1._

M()l,:ll_;, nl(il(.)_I(;h(hm, (;Id(.lllnhvl :3 Ht.lntord(2.). INELilI)

hyIr(_(;art)c,_!,, IdllhltlillO,i, kr_t(Jllu_i

Mutifl'i, (;lflorUl;H,_cl hv(hc)(:ml}c)rL_Ll)htll.ql_llos, 3 H_.IrI/ord(I ), INEL(1), Lo8 Alamo_(1)l'(;lh;, l_fitr_I ',

M()tnh,. (;tfiL)_l_uflu,'ltivclr(_(:nrbcm!:h l}hth_lhllo.'_, 3 Hfullorcl(2), Los Alamos(1)k(_lc}lllL'._,_llkyl l)lumIJlulh}_;

AHi(')rhfi.ra(ll(mll(;h(I,'_g, i;hh_l;)tll()(I 3 j H_u_lorcl(2), INEL.(1)llyrh()cnll_()ll!,, I._li_hilhlh_!,, _()l(irl(lfi .[ .......................................

Al u()r1_i,(:Id()lullilr_(l l,y(h(,(:ml)()n_,, l)hlh_ll[llO.'.L 3 I kim_ford(l ),INEL( I ), l.of_Al_mo_(1)

!Anlc_r1!_.(.Id(_rlr_ilh,l lly(h(,(;iulmluh I_Ifll_lhllo.';, 3 [Fornill(l(3),

I,,()lolu),;. ,flk,/l l)l i(),,l)l liltfl.'; II (a(fl(){tuc:h(h,_;, (:li((,fill_ll{fff lIydtor;ildx,)!i, hl(ii LI i f:orl)llld(3)lly(Ir()(:nrt_Jlv,, t'(:l_,,, i,mti(.i(hm i

;'t-a( filly h_(l_u_ y ,,I (,:uullml(',u I!, lieu hn_lLIOn(;y _.11whic:h {1I)[irit{_ulm (;i,_l,qs(;olnblnallon ilPl.)(}E|r_iii {_pmltcul{lr DOE l{_elllty.

63

ai Table C-B, Frequenoy of Ooourrenoe at DOE Faollltles of the Most Commonly Reported Pairs of Compound Classes

In Ground Waters

Number of

Class Combinations Waste Sites I Faolllty Frequenoy of Ooourrsnoe _C)

'Mot,IB,oh oriniitecihydroc,rbona ......... 38 80Vann_fi Rlvar(i)' oak Rldgeio), F_lnellasPiant(l_),I-I_:.lnford(3)Portsmouth(3), RookyFlats(3),......................................... Pon!eX_(!}. Lawronoe Uv.ermo.r.e(.!) Fe[r!,!.d.(8), INEL(3), BrookhFwen(1), Argonne(l)Melals, radionuclides 30 Savannah River(7), Oak Rldge('J), Hantord(5), Porlsmoullff2), t.tookyFlats(3), Panlex(2),

.......................................... Ee.mu.!d.(8),.!NEL(2.}.Bro.okllayon(!), Argo!_ne(2),Nevada.Tesi site{l)Metals, anions 33 Savannah River(8), OakRidge(3), Hanford(5), Rocky Flats(1),Pantex(2), Lawrence

LIvermorell), Fernald(O),INEL(l), Brookhaven(1), Argonne(2),Nevada Teal Bile(1)AnlonB,rEidionuclldee ............ 33 savannah Rlver(_")"Oat_Rldge(i )i Hanford-iT),Rocky =l._iBili, P_ntex(2)i Fernald(g), INEL(2),

........ i B_ropk.ha_ve!!(1)..,_.rgonn,(2),Ne.varJa.Te.e!S!te.{1)

Riidlomloildes,OhlorlnatedhYdroOarbona 32 8aVallllah River(8), Oak Ridge(3), Hanford(3), Portsmouth(I), Reeky Flats(3), Pantex(1),........... FOm_-_!d(8),.IN.EL(2), Brookh¢wen(4),Argonne(_!) ....

Anions,chlorinated hydroc_.lrbons 26 Savannah River(7), Oak Ridge(2), Hanford(3), Rocky Flats(1), Pantex(1), Fernald((]), INEL(2),....................................................... .Brookh.a.ver_(;I)_Argo.r_ne_L) ................Chlorinatedhydroearborm,fuel 17 Oak Ridge(2), PlnellaBPlant(I), Reeky Flats(1), Lawrence Livermore(1), Fernald(8), INEL(l),hz.dro.£a,rbon.B.................................................................................... ._B_roo.k_h..a__v_e_n_.(_3)................................................ i.......................................................

Metals, fuel hydrocarbons 18 Oak Ridge(2), Pinellas Plant(1), Rocky Flats(1), Sandia-Livermore(I), Pantex(1), Lawrence.............. .L!ve_rmo.re(1), _F.e.!_?_,.!d(8),.lN!_I_(!) ............................

.Me.!alB_,ke.!Q,i.e__s i. i.i. ... i..i.- i. ....... .!8..... S.a.va.nn.ah.R..!.ver(!).Oak.B!dg.e.(5),P!!?.el.lnBPlant(!.), Fer.rLa!d(8),..!NEL(l.)

RadlonuclldeB fuel hydrocarbons 18 Oak Ridge(2) Rocky FItlIB(1),Pantex(l), Fernald(8_,INEL(l), Brookhaven(3) " "

An!o[_s,_fuelhvdrooa._rbons.......................... !.2.............. Oak.Ri.dg.e_C!.).,..Ro.okYFI.a_!B(.1);.Pantex(!.).,._L.a.wrenee.Llvermore(!)_,Fern-aid{8.).

.R_d!O_?.up_l.l.rJoB_ketones.......................................... 12............. 8_.a.y.ao_nall.FIiver(.!),o a_k-R.!d_ge({3).Fema!.d_(8)........................... - "

.An!on__.ketor._os..................................... :11.......... Sava.nnal).R.!vor(!). oak..BI.dgB.(2)., Fernald.(8)".....................F_.!e.l.hy_.!.rOoa.r_bo[_,, ke!.on.e.s...........................................!.!_............. 0 a.k_._R._ge___)_,P_IneJJ_a_..P.!_n[(.!.),..F_ern._l_d(8_)_...........................................................................

M_e!..a!B..[_estio!des.......................................... 4.............. ,gayanna!lBl var(4 ) ...............................................

.AnlonB.,.p.eBU.01d_.es ............................................ .4 ................._S.ay_a[inB_h .Rly.e.r(.4)................................................

.R_ac:!)gnu£!.[d.%pasII£1_des........................................... 4 ....................8.a_va_nEEt!_R)y..e_rC..4)...........................................................................................................................Ch!or!]]a.!ed.h.Y.drooa(bon8.p_eBt.lo!de_B................. 4......... 8.avan_lahR!.v.e[(4).......................................

Me.ta!sLphtha.i.ales .................... 3 Savannah River(l) Oak Ridge(2)

A..n.]o_]__.l_,h.!ha,0a]e,B..............................................................3..................._8ay_ann_qh_.R)yer_(_l_),_O.a._kR!_d,ue(?_)............................................................................................................

_A.r_lo_._,O_xpIos_ve8................................ 3.............P_.O]e_.x(2):L.._.wreoqe_.Ltv_rn_.ore(1) ..................................................ct_!l_o.(Inal.e.d!'_yd(oc{LrbOP_d_b.tb.#_!.a.!e._s.......... 3.............. s#.v.ao.na_t].R!.ver(_l.).,.Oak..a!dgB(2) ..............................................

..ph!ha[#_!#_,.k.e!o_ne.#.................................................................3...................s a.y#.n_n._.h_...RJ.y..e.r_(.1_).:O.ak.8.!dQ._e.(2).............................................................................................

Number ct waBleBites(out of _1) reporthlg BpeoIflcclass combination,

2Facility frequency oi occurrence IBthe frequency at which a particular elar_scombination appears at a particular DOE facility,

64

Table C-6, Frequency of Occurrence at DOE Facilities of the Most Commonly Reported Combinations of Three O |

Compound Classes In Ground Waters _ INumber of

Class Combinations Waste Sites _ Facility Frequency of Occurrence ;_

Melillslanl0,"ls, racilenl,'c_lkle,_J" 2g ..... Savannah Rlvor(7)i o[,k Ridge(1), i4__ufiorc(5), i:iociky Falf]!l), Pnntox(2), F,,rrlalcl(8),INEL(i), ' ......q;

i Brookhaven(l), ArgonneI2),Nevada Te_l Silo(l) '!Melals, ,adlonuclldo,,.h 2g iSavannah FIIver(6),oak Rldge(i_,),Flanlord('_,),Po,tmnoulh(l ), [.-luckyf-'ial,,(3),Panlox(1), Forn_,lcl(8),iohI°tIn°led hYclr°oad_°n'_3 iINELi2), Brookt!ay0n(1),Arg°nn0( 1) .iMetals, anions, chlorirmled 25 8avannat-i River(7), Oak Ridge(2), Flaniord(3), Reeky Flals(i ), Panlex(l ), ForrmkJ(8),INEL(l),hydrocarbons 'Brookhaven(1),Argonne(I)Anions, i'adlenLIcllcles, 23 Savannah River(6),Oak Rldge(1), H_u]ford(3),Rocky Flal_(l), Panlex(1), Forn_dcl(t3),INEl..(I),chlodnaled hydrocalbon,,J ,Brookhaven(1),Argonn!_(1) 'Melals, chlorh_atod i 8 iSavannah River(I), Oak FIIdge(5),Pinellas Pl°ni(I), Fernald(8), INEL(hydrocalbon,,a,kek)nos

Ftadlonuclic.lo,3,chleri,mled 15 Oak Ridge(2), Ftocky Flats(1), Ferimld(8), INEL(i ), Brookhavml(3)hyclroc_.lrbonehfuelhydrocarbon,.Molal., r_ldionuclldes,fuel 13 Oak Ridge(2), Roe,ky Fiats(I), Panlex(I), Fernald(8), INEL(l)I!ydmcarbonsMetals, chtorlnaled 13 Oak Ridge(2), Pinellas Plant(I), R0oky Flats(t), Fernald(B),INEL(t)hydrocarbons, teelMelals, anions, tuel 12 Oak Ridge(t), Reeky Flats(li, Pantex(1),Lawrence Llvormore(l), Fernalcl(8)hydrocarborls

Metals, ladionuclldes, kelones 12 Savaimah River(1), Oak Ridge(3), Fern°Icl(8)Radionuclid.es,(;lflorilmted 12 Savannah River(1), Oak FIIdge(3),Fernald(8)hydrocarbons, k_JtonesMetals, anions, kelor,os I1 Savannah River(I), Oak Ridge(2), Fernald(8)Molals, luel hydro(:arbon.'h 1I Oak Rlclge(2),Pinellas Plant(1), Fernnld(8)kelor_es

Anions, radlorlLicltdes,luel t t Onk Ridge(1), Rocky Flats( I), Pantex(1), Fernald(8)hydlocarbens

Arflons,chlorh_ated I I Sawmnah River(1), Oak Ridge(2), Femald(_l)hydrocarbor_s,kelones

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel 11 Oak Ridge(2), Pinellas Plani(l ), Fernald(B).!!yd[ocarb011s,keto/Io£

keto,,es Sav,,,n,hRJveii i:0i,kr4 e el ),Ferr,ai,J{a)Anions, cllloril_at(_d I0 Oak Ridqe( I ), Rocky Flals(1 ), Fnrnald(B)hydrocarbons, lu(_lhydrocarbonsFtecllonuclidus,fuel 10 Oak Ridge(2), Fernald(8)hydrocarbons, kelune'._Anions, teel hydrc_carbons, 9 Oak FIIdge(1),Fernald(f'l)ketone';

Melals, anions, pesticides ,1 Savannah River(4)

Me!als. mdlorlucJides,pc_slicides. .'I . Savan[!ah River(4) ......Motels, oMorlnalod .I Savannah tliver(.l)hydrocarbons, pesticides

Anions, radionuclides, pusltcides 4 Savannah Rtver(4)Anions, chlorlnalf_cl 4 Savannah Rlver(4)hydrc_call-_ons,!)f._slJcicle,.;,Flacllonuclides,,,-;hl_)ril_aled 4 Ravannllh Rlver(,l)tlyclroc'arbons,l)flsli(;idos

Melals, anluns, l_hthalatu!_ 3 Savannah River(1),Oak Ridge(2)Metals, ani,_s, explosives 3 Pantex(2), Law(elilcOL!vermom(1.)Melals, chlorinated 3 Savannah Rlver(1), Oak Ridge(2)hydrocarbons,phthalatus

Melals, phlhalales, kelones 3 Savannah I:tlver(1). Oak Ridge(2)Anlorls, phlh,_llales,kulones 3 Savannah River(i), Oak Ridge(2)

CMorinalod Ilydrocarhot_;.L 3 Sawmnah River(1), Oak Ridge(2)t)lllhalales, kel[rees

_NLlmberoi wash] sito_ (outoi 9I) rolxxting spucilic class cc_rnblnalio/_,

;_FaciltlytreclUen_:yol {-_ccurronc_:__,sthe IruclUOl_eyal whlcll a particular class colnbillation api)ears at a imrtt(',ularDOE facility._

3

65

_ Table C-7. Frequency of Occurrence at DOE Facilities of the Most Commonly Reported Combinations of Four

Compound Classes in Ground Waters

--_ :............... '-N-Umberof ..........................................................................

'_ Class Combinations Waste Sites 1 Facility Frequency. of Occurrence 2

}Metals, .............................................................................................................................................................................anions, radionuclides, chlorinated 23 Savannah River(6),Oak Ridge(I), Hanford(3), Rocky Flats(1), Pantex(1), Fernald(B)!_hydrocarbons................................................ INE.L.(_!)_,B/ookhaven(1),Arg_£nne(.!..)........................................

I Melals, radionuclides, chlorinaled 12 OaK Ridge(2), Rocky Flats(1), Fernald(8), INEL(l)hydrocarbons,fuel hydrocarbons '.................................................. i,.....................................................................................................

Metals,radionuclides, chlorinated 12 ISavannah River(1),OaK Ridge(3), Fernald(8)hydrocarbons ketones........ , .............. t!Metals, anions, radionuclides, fuel " - " ii - Oak Ridge(] i:-Rocky-F/a-is(1)-:Pa;iiexiii:-Fei;iaid(Si ..................h_drocarbons[....... :.......................... "................................................................................................................................................................1i Metals,anions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 11 tSavannah River(1),Oak Ridge(2), Fernald(8)ket0.nes.............................................................. :........................................................................................... ..............................Metals,chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel 11 Oak Rldcjr_(2),Pinellas Plant(1), Fernald(8)

[hydrocarbons, ketones _-' .......................... 4.................................................................................................................................I Metals,anions, radionuclides, ketones 10 Savannah Rlver(l_.,Oak Ridg.e_(1)Fernald(8)Metaisl ani0nsi Ci;-i0rinaiedtiydr0ca;b-onsi fuei ................ iO-..............-Oak-R;dgeii-).RockyFi-ats-ii),Feina[dia; ................................................................ '

i hydrocarb0ns .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Metals,radionuclides, fuel hydrocarbons, 10 Oak Ridge(2), Fernald(8)

tketones ............................................................................................................t ............................ . ..............

;Anions, radionuclides, chlorinated 10 Oak Ridge(I), Rocky Flats(1), Fernald(8)hydrocarbons,fuel hydrocarbons

iAn]ons,radionucl;des, Chlor;naied.................................... 1° ............. savannah_v-eril-)U(_ak-Ridge-il). Feinaid-(-8)..................................................................................! h_drocarbons, ketones

RadionuclideSlChlodnaled iiydi0ca;bons,fuei '! ...................10..............."OakR;dg-ei2i;Fe-rna]-d-(Sj..................................................................................................! hyd[o_carbons_ketones.....................................................................................[Metals anions iuel .b_y_drocarbonSkeiones .........! ............. 9-........... oakRictge-(-i),Ferna-ldi8-)- ..............................._nions, radionuclides, fuelhydrocarbons, 4- 9 Oak Ridge(I), Fernald(8)[ ketones ..............................................................................Anions,chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel 9 Oak Ridge(I), Fernald(8)hydrocarbons, ketones

Meta/s-iani0ns,radionuclid-esipesii-c]des- .... T........ _ ......... Sava-nnah---Riv-er_(4---_ ......i Metals,anions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 4 Savannah River(4)

Metais[ iadi0n Udi-deSiChioiina-i-ed................................................4-..............Savan-na-hRiver_4i ......................................................................................................................_Ily_.d.ro_c_a.[bon_s:pest!c.!des............................................................... ,.................................................................................................................................................................

Anions,radionuclides, chlorinated 4 Savannah River(4). hydrocarbons,pest cidest ..................................................................................

Metals,anions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 3 Savannah River(1),Oak Ridge(2)!_t_h.a!a!es....................................................................,.....................

JMetals anions L_hthalatosketones ! 3 Savannah River .1_)Oak Ridge(2)................. 'er___ ?........................................................................................! ..........! ..... ' r_.......... !........................ _...............................................

i Metals,chlorinated hydrocarbons, phthalates, ' 3 Savannah River(I), Oak Ridge(2)ketones

iAn ons,chlorinated hydrocarbons, phthalates, _ 3 Savannah River(I), Oak Ridge(2) ',I ketones _ i............................................................. j .................................................................................................................................................................................. J

_Numberof wastesites (out of 91) reporting specific class combination.

2Facilityfrequency of occurrence is the frequency at which a particular class combination appears at a particular DOE facility.

!

_ 66

t't []

Table C-8. Frequency of Occurrence at DOE Facilities of the Most Commonly Reported Combinations of Five ,_ IICompound Classes in Ground Waters IL:

NumberofClassCombinations WasteSites1 FacilityFrequencyof Occurrence_

M-etaislanions,radioni;cil-deSlchio;inated .................,;0..........O-ak-Rld-g-eiii-_-R-oc-ky-Flat-s(1)-.Fern-aid-(8-).........................................................................................

L

hydrocarbons luel hydrocarbons . ' . _

"Metais,ani0ns, radionuclidesl chlorinated ............... i0 ........ SavannahRiver(i),OakRidgeii-)i Fe-ir;a-ld-iBi....................................................................hydroca[bon s, ket0r_es ...................................................................................................................................................................................

Metals, radionuclides, chlorinated 10 Oak Ridge(2), Fernald(8)

,hydrocarbons rue! I!yd(oca{bons, ketones .......................................................................................................................................................................

:Anions, radionuclides, chlorinated 9 Oak Ridge(I), Fernald(8)t!ydrocarbons, fu.e!_hydroca[_bons._ke!o.ne.s ...............................................................................................................................................................................................

Metals, anions, radionuclides, fuel 9 Oak Ridge(1 ), Fernald(8).hyd.rqcarbor)s, .ke!ones ........................

Metals, anions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel 9 Oak Rtdge(1 ), Fernald(8)hydrocarbons? ketones ................................................................................................................................................................................................

Metals, anions, radionuclides, chlorlnated 4 Savannah Rlver(4)hyd.ro.£arbor!s, pesttc!cles ....................

Metals, anions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, "................ 3 ........... Savannail-Rive;(i)iOakRidge(2-) .................................................................................................ph tt)a.ta.tes,ke!one.s ............................................................................................................................................................................................

_Number ol wasle sites (out of 91) reporting specific class combination,

2Facility frequency of occurrence ts the frequency at which a particular class combination appears at a particular DOE facility,

67

Appe.d,_ °1Specific Chemicals Identified _

The table in this appendix is a tabulatiola c_fthe specific iJlo/'galaic ttz_clorgaJaic chenlicals

identified and chemical measurerue.nts rv_adcii! gr_tmd waters and s_fils/scdituetalson DOE lands.

=

=

=

69

I IIII I

Table D-1. Chemicals Quantified or Chemical Measurements Made in Ground Waters and Soils/Sediments

at DOE Facilities

z Class/Constituent I Ground Water Soils/Sediments Class/Constituent Ground Water I Soils/Sediments

........................................................................0 drocarbons ............

Dichloromethane Total PCB X I X

Chloroform X Arochlor1016 X t XCarbon tetrachloride X X Arochlor 1242 X / X

Freon X X . Arochlor 1248 " - X1 t-Dichloroethane X X Arochl0r 1254.... X " X

Arochlor 1260 ' X " X1 2-Dichloroetrlane X X :, ...................... 1.....................1,1,1-Trichloroethane X X Ketones

1,1,2-Trichloroetl_ane t X ........................................................................................................Methyl ethyl ketone X ' ...........................................X

1.1,1.2-Tetrachloroethane X Methyl isobutyl ketone ..... X 1 " X "

1,],2,2-Tetrachloroelha,le X . X ...... T[!methylbicy_c.!o.l?_eP.ta_[!0,_e......... i .. X......i ...i.. ......... ..- .............Vinylchloride X X Trlethylbicycloheptanone X -1 l-Dichloroethylerle X X Acetone X X

1 2-Dichloroethylene X X 2:Pentanone ......... - "t .... X " '_T.[ichloroethylene X .X ....... _2-H.exan.o_ne....................................................:................l.................... x .............Tetrachloroelhylerle X X Pesticides

C,lo,obe,,ze,,_ x x "H_r;G.h;_;;;G,;i_e.................................................X.........................................................1,2-Dichloropropane X Endosuifan 1 ' X X

1,3-Dichlor0propane X _. Endosulfan 2 " l X' 1.2-DicHorobenzene X ' Chlordane..................................... X ....... 1.......... X ........

2-Chloronaphthalene ..... X ......... L!ndan_ . . . .. I .. X } . .. " .F.uel HY£!rocarbo"s ....................... ".......................... Methoxychlor .. x t "

Pen!ane ..... ' x f . T0.xapberle........................................ X......... t ....... : .......Hexane ' " X " 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic XCyclollexane Y, X acid (2,4-D) .

Tolalhydrocarboris X X [ Fenfflion . xAliphatichydroc'arbol_s X X t Endrin - X

Benzene X X I Aldrin ....... X i XToluene X X Benzenehexachlor!de X X..

Xylenes X X Heptachlor . X - ]Dicarnba

BTX X {,,4OOT i × ,BTEX X X 1

Ethy benzene X ..... X ....... ] Ethylparath!°n 1 " I

Naphthalene X : i Methyl parathion2-Methylnapllthalene j Malathion " " ' I " t X fPhenarlthrene X Hepiachior ................... - " ' " X "

Dieldrin - } XAnthracene X .j .......... I

Acer,aphlhale,,e X IExpio,ives................... . ..... 1

' [Gx ....................................._........ X.......... x tFILIoranthene X ........................... I ............. t........... /

Pyrene X I HMX X X iBenzo(a)pyrene X Trinitrotoluene J - X

Chrysene X X .f!ETN............................... i........ X ...... !......... X..........

Benzo(a)antlqracene X X ...... kPheng!s ............................................!.....................................q...............................................Benzoib)fluoranther_e X 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol i X lBenzo(g,ll,i}perylene X 2,4-Dinitrophenol 1 X ',

L X : XBenzo(kltirJorar,,me_Je : X 2"Methylphen°l _ indeno(1,2,3,c,d!pyrune X P-Chloro-m-cresol ' X

i Plasticizers ............. 1 2,4Dhnethylpher'01 t ' x

BIs(2-ethylhexyl)pllthalale × X phenol ......... ; ', XDHl-octylpllfllalale X X Anions

Di-n-butylphfl_alale X X Fluoride Xt

Butylbenzylphthalale X X Nihale X , X iDiethyll)hthalale X X . Cyanide ...t X . : X

7O

=

Table D-1. Chemicals Quantified or Chemical Measurements Made in Ground Waters and Soils/Sediments xQat DOE Facilities (Continued)

IClass/Constituent Ground Water ] Soils/Sediments .......... t Ground Soils/Sediments Z................................ " . ............. Class/Constituent Water..Meta!s.................................................................................................................................................._M.=!sce!,!ane.£us.,0.rgan!cs....................................................... <

Chronltum X X N.Nitrosodiphenylanline XLead X X Triethylsilanol X

Mercury X X Trirnethylsilanol X

Arsenic X X Acrylonitrile XBarium X X Bromoform XCadmium X X Benzoic acid X

Zinc X X Dtacetonealcohol X...........

Nickel X X 3,3'-Dichloroberlzidine X

Copper X X Vinyl acetate XRadionuclides " " Acelonitrile X

u/,n_umi_34,_3L23_/..............X..........]......... x _s0p,o_yfa_co!,0_ x xTritium X X 2-Propylluran X

i Strontium-90 X X Tetrahydroturan X XPlu!or!ium (238,239,240) X X Butanol.. X X t

Cesium-137 X X Carbon disullide X X

I Technelium-99 X X 4-Chlorophenyl-t)her_ylelher XThorium (228,230,232) X Ethanol X

Cobalt-60 X X 2-Methyl-2-propanol XIodine- 129 X Dioxane X

71

Example of St'te.Specific Data

Introduction After t'abricatioli by such prc_ce,_sesas c¢_extrusion (in

T which enriched uranium was ellcased in aluminunl or zir-his appendix uses the Hanford Site as an example to conjure alloy), lhc fuel was transported to the 100 Areas,

demonstrate the kinds of chemical processes used at where it was placed in a reactt_r, In early years, irradiated

DOE facilities, lt describes (1) several of the major chest- fuel (ttraniuna-238 with trace amounts of phttoniun-v.239)

cal processes used at Hantord for production _mdextraction was removed from the reactor, transported tt_ the 200 East

of nuclear materi',.dsand (2) historical disposal inventories of Area (B-Plant), and subjected to a process that used bis-

terrestrial waste sites associated with specific chemical muth phosphate to separate the plut_miuna ft'ore uranium

processing areas, The discussion shows_ and other fission pre,ducts. Begimaing in 1951, the bis-muth phosphate process was replaced by the REI)OX

" The origin of many of the chemical contaminants onprocess, and thai prr)tess, il_turn, wits replaced by the

DOE lands and how these chemical agents were usedPlutonium Uranium Exlracticm (PUREX} process in

in the production of nuclear materials. 1956, The PLIREX process ixstill used in fuels process-

s The relationship between chemical processing ac- ing at Fhmt'ord, ()ther processes wurc used in the

tivities and organic substances reportedly disposed of recovery of valuable radic_active elemerHs, For example,

to the ground, al Z-Plallt (in lhc 200 West Area), a process called

Although this example focuses on the Hanford Site, "rec_uplex" was used Io recover purified plutcmiumnitrate solutions fr_ml idut(_tlitJnl scrap Jllaterials. By

data exist to pertors comparable assessments for Oak

Ridge National l.,abt_ratory, Savannah River Plant, and rcplacitlu certain _wganic s_lvent COml_onetats,americium

other DOE facilities, could he recovered in the same process. The spccit'ics ofthese prr>cusses arc discussed hcl(>w,

BackgroundFuel Fabrication and Separations Process

In February 1943, the Hanford Site, in south central Development (300 Area)Washington State, was designated by the War Depart-

ment as a site to be used for the production of plutoniunl Since 1943, activities in lhc 30(I Area have it_cludedto be used in the Construction of the first atomic bombs, the t'ahricati_m _1 reaclt)r Itlel ;llltl the pih)l-scalc evalua-

To perform this function and others added later, the site's ti_m _t sel_ar;iti_ms l)rt_cesscs bcl'_wetheir ftlll-scale

558 rni2 ( 1,45(/km 21of serniarid terrain were divided int_ applicati_m in the 2()(1Area pr_ccssitlg I_ltmls. l:_w_ver

three operational areas comprising (1) reactt_rs t'_r four decades, liquid wastes (Sl_ccit'ically, cl_cmically and

making plutonium (100 Areas), (2)facilities for separat- radit_l_gically c'_mta_l_it_atetlwaste waters)asst_ciated

ing plutonium from the irradiated reactor fuel (200 East with these activities were discllat'ged lo p_mds, trenches,

and West Areas), and (3) facilities for pr_x:ess develop- and cribs h_cated willlir_ the area, by mesas t)t an intricate

sent and fabrication of reactor fuel (300 Area/ systen_ of sewcr lim:s lit_kiNgIacililies I_)the wasle dis-

(Figure E-1), p_sal tl.l'¢_tS,

=

7'3

I' WashingtonState

Ill

Seattle Spokane

t..................... i

i i-1t"

Portland "- '--,,---' State Hl(_jhway24 L., TOOthelloJ t._

II"" t

I

,- lOO H

r 100 D and Arear--. DR Areas

t J

t"" 100 N"J 100 KW 100 F '

" and Area ',

Vantage and r -_ KE Areae " _,Seattle ' * N"

PriestRapids ,

Dam ,,._' B-Plant

i

TO I... I

Yaklma PUREX Plant -,,i

Hanford Z-Plant 200 _,200 West Area " '-,

Site REDOX Plant Area .r"

Boundary a_r,_o_d

400 AreaFast Flux

' O¢O Test Facilityi

'--- ._ Fuel Fabrication" ...... ; ......... , and Separations

L., Process Develo-C I

"1 -, 300'-:...... ,- Area

.... F t ....... ,.., ,.., ,,

....... . . 3000...... , Area

,_ 1100

.k,_.',_ Aro.a

City of RichlandMiles

0 5L _ I

Figure E-l, Location of Fuel Fabrication and Processing Areas at Hanford

74

i i

l::uelt'td_ri_.ttitmCon_i_tedt_f+_tct_oxtruSiolll_l'o_S (3) urmlil.lm c¢)mplexittitm(by etddititmI_l' stilftlric ucitl), _ I

tilld tl'e_.iti"qellt<.el'pellets to l'{_rmcompleted i'ti¢lelements, (4) itc!jUStllletlt of the l'_h.ttot+_iumuxidtttitm Sli.it¢ t.lnillg IIn t>neversion tel"the process, prit+rtttrym+.iteri+tls(e,g,, zir- soditH+urtitrite, ++tri<.l(5) udditicm t>1'bisriluth l_hc_sl+Imt¢tu []_,uurliun+tttnd ur+.tnit+mi-milicort)were protected with u the st+lution to precipitate _.tsolid uttl+,uctmtttiltin_ lhc ,<

uopperj+tcket, +trldthe juukut wets lubrietlted prior to ex., plutunittm, '1'he l+lutoniurrl preuipitut¢ wen l'urther

irusitm, l-"t+llt_wingextrusion into pellets, the lubriuarlts puril'ied through u series oi' tlisst>luiitm/precilfitutitm retie-

were rcll ttwed with org_.ttliCsolvents (e.g,, liens ttsittg selected oxidizing (,,.+udiuruI:_inniutliutcm_d

triclah_roethyleric (TCE)Imd perclaloroethylerte (PCE)), sodiulrt dichrontute)ro'td redticitlg (soditllil nitrite liml

m+dthe COpl:_crjttckct we.tst'ernoved by dissolutiorl in oxulic fluid) agents, The 19urifiedctike wen Ilion sit,jutted

liitric itcid, Next, chettaicttl millirt g wits l'Jerfornied using to other treatmerlts (trmlsl'er to tt larlttittrtttm Fltloridc cur-

c_+pl_crsuit'+lte,nitric +lcid, ttnd sulfuric +tcid, Then, ttzir. tier, subsequertt solubiliztttion, +lmll_mitllll stllftllc

coniutn uradc+apwits hrllzed onto the ends o1'the pellets, reduction, pert_xide precipitution, und di,,.+sultttiun)m_d

und beryllium Formed the COml:>letedfuel clement, Com- lift+iicortceutratiot+ its tt plutoniuna nitr+.ttcs_ltiii_+n.

ploled fuel elements were heut treated, etched with

solutions corltuining oxulic ucid (for it_st_ttice)to remove

stele, at+td_tcam-++ttltoclztvedto tesl for perforu,tions, Fuel Recouple.r Process (Z-Plant, 200 West Area) 'l'lic

elements ¢+ccusionully ruptured during this activity, requir- rc.coUl:_lexprocess wus used at the Z-l:'ltmt l'rum 1955 Iu

ir_gthttt the uutocltivc be decorttunlin_tted with solutiorls 1962 to recuver plutoriium from sol'iii;>mlttcri_lls _l+ltlIr_

col+t+tiiiirig+urlrrl_miurncitrlite ro+lddisc+diem dilaydrogeli pr_>dtlce+lpurified plutoniutn nitr+tte solutiun. 'Hie

ethylenediitmirtetetrmicetatc dihydr+tte (EDTA), The sol- plutonium scrap was dissolved irt tt solutiut+ of/iiiric It/icl

vctats th+ttwere rouiirtely used in deg/'eltsi/lg (TCE +sd hydrofluoric acids +l/idsubsequently extrilcted with u Inix-

I:'[_'E)+m¢ldrying (ruethmlol) were stored in td++ovegr¢>und ture of tributylpltosphate und cs'bert tetruchloride iu

titnks mid piped to vtu'ious buildings, recover purified plutonium filtrate. Alu/nirltim nitrute _,'+,_ls

A pilot l+luNtbuilt irt the 3[)0 Areil in 1944 mid zldded to the +tqueous solutiorl t+:+providc exlr_tctioll selec-

l_l_erllleduntil the middle of 1954 wtls used tbr the tivity (for plutoniurn) trod eliminate interfere,ace t'r{+lli

develt}l:mlent i}fthe bismuth pti{}Sl_hute,RI?II+)OX,+sd flu{}ride iotas during extraction, Americium wets

I'tJRi+X pr<>cesses. Nitric ucid s{}luti{}nscontairfing recovered iii the stone process by replilcing the trihutyl-

ururLyl nitrute und strmll m+nountsof thoriurn nitrltte (to phoslahate with dibutylbutylpliosplaot+ute.

sinlultite 1>lut(mitutl)were ruutinely processed, using such

s_>l'+'el+lsus metliyl isobutyl ketone (hexone).REDOX Process (REDOX Plant, 200 West A rea) 'l'lic

REDOX process w+isused to septtr+ttc urttnitttll +tll¢l

Fuel Processing plutonium fi'_m_t+issitm19ro<.lticts_+trltlt'l_>llleltcli i+ther,Cl_+tddingwetsrem_wed t'rom fuel clemctits tising tt st+le-

The 2()()Arelts, Iocuted nem' the middle o|' the Han- lion of sodium hydroxide mid st+diem nitrutc. 'l'lie ¢lecl+ld

t'_trdSitu, were dedic+tted to chemical Sel:mrations und fuel elements were dissolved iii nitric itcitl, lind sotliulrt

V+,/_tSIU lliLlliLigUlilel]l +tctiviticm,including processing of lr- tlichr_mmte wt.isitdctcd icluxi¢lizc the 1_lut¢_lliuilltt_ tt sitttc

rticlittted fuel itnctwtiste stt)ri.tge, suitttble t'_>i'extrlictioll by org_.ttlics_lvelit, Jluliiilltllli

lliirtite w_tsulso ridded_isti s_.,.liiiigiigeilt l(_l'ttciliiulu

tir_.tlliUl+liilltd i_)ltltliilitilll t_xlr_.tclit)ilby the,(+l't_iiliit:s(llVt_lilllismttth Pho,_'phate Process (li.Plant, 200 East Area)

(ll_etll),l istlbtityl kel(inu), A sccotid cxlr_icli_>n,using _ill'l'tic bisilitith..1_h_>sl_h_iiepiliters SCl_;.u_itedl)lutlmiuill t'i'oiri

_iqtic_>iissl)ltilil)ii Ih_ilC(_llltiiilcrtlii i't_cltit:in__l_l_'lil,

tii'_iilitilll ;.tlltlfis_ilm i:w_lductsby i)re¢il_litalil_glhc l)lUi_mitiiTI, _el_Ui'_itedthe tll'i.liiitilli t'r(llll lhc plti{_)ilitllli (which vczi_,Tilt l_l'_/¢i.'ssiilvt>lvcd {])i'elrl_lvulof lhe illtiilliilunl.i_lcket

driven l(i tiqtit._(Itl<q1)h;.tsc),l:.']iit;hlitltiitl .',;ll'C'_,illiW_iS(by clis,_lllulillriiii s(>tliuilihyth'oxidc-slldiun_iiiti'ttie s(llu-

l)i'_)t:ossettfurtller l(i i-)l't_ducet'_lilt:¢lill'tilt'tl l)r_tltic't_,(c,l..,,,,ii(m), (_.2)_ti,<i_(_ltili_ltl(_1'the l'ucl clcliicnl iii liilric iil.'id,

ur_.illylnilriiiehoxiihydrtilc till¢l pltll(lllitilii iiilr_ilc,).

75

li I'URI,L¥ i'rocess (I'I/RI,,'X l'lant, 200/;,'asl Area) Iii the` St,tilt, t,t' lhc c(_tllt_ulltl,_ li_tt,tl ii1"l'_tl_lt,li I (t.,,):!,,

t'tlI,_I,',X i_l'_t_,t`s,_,ur_tNiulll, I_lltl_lliutll, illltl IICl_lUilitllll chl_will_ttcd Ilydt'_L'ttl'l_lz.', Illl[I I'llt`l hytll'_W_ll'b_Jll,_,)llm,,t'

were, S¢l_itl'Ittt'tl Il'tHll _Ih¢l Iix._icm I_l'_tltlCtS lhl'_llgh li bL'cii ._¢Icctivt'ly iIicllsurct[ (_)t' _11Ii'asi I_t,kt`tl I'_l') iiirr1 S¢l'it,s _t' sl¢i_,_ illv_lvill_ tlt'L'l_.ltlt.liN_t_l' tilt' I'tl¢l CIclIIt.'Ill, ,_t_ils/,sctlilll¢lltS lultl gl'_tlll_l Willt:l' _11IIw I Iizlll_l'tl Wll_lt`

tli,_n_ltzti_tl _t' lll'_tllitttZZIll¢lal, n_l_,'Olll t.'Xll'aCti_i], alltl i_>ll Sites (_tlltl t_tll¢l'n _tCl'_SSlilt' l}()li C_llll_lt'X )I_l.',t.'_l_11 lilt'

Oxt'il_ll_12¢, ,'%s_lttti_tZ _1' ;llZlt_lt_llittlll Zlitl'alt'/_lllllZlt_llittlll ilt.'t`tl l__n_tlisl'y t'cBtzlzth_t'yt`_tlll_liatlCt' isntlt's ,tnnt_t'i_Ht`tl

l'lttt_t'itlt` w_tx Izsctl tt_ I'¢lllt_Vt` lhc/,it'c_niullZ cl_ztl_lill_ I'l'tHll with CtHllilltlt`tl _l_C_'_lli_l _r I't`sltH'ltli(HI _1'IIIt,,,¢ WllSIt`

t'ucl clctzluzlt.,,, 'l'lw tlct'llLtl I'ttcl t, lt,lll¢llls W¢l't, tlis,_t)lvcd situs, Ill t.'(Hlll'll,ql,IIt)Wt'Vt.'l',_zt'ttt_tl_tlb,_tli'l'llt't' et_llt'_,.'llll'il.

iii Ilill'it' ilcitl i.llltlStll_.j¢clctl I_,_cXtl'ilctit_ll tlSillg _l3()I_t'l '- li_llS t_l' <Hht.'l"cl'lt'llliclll Ct_llll_t_tlnltlt.'l_l_st'_(¢,g,, t'lIoltllillt!

ct'III _t_ltltit_ll t_l' tt'il3t*tyll_h_nl_h_lt¢ il_ ntwlll_.ll i_lrttl'l'i,_ _zge,_tn, _t'gtl_lic ileitis, _llltl _,lkyl l_ll_._l_ll_tlt'n) ttlltl lilt, lr _n-

hytll't_t:ai'l_tl (kt'_'_xcl_t`), ,qttbXCtltlO_t cxlt'_tcli_tl, I_tllilit_ll - ntwilltetl tl¢_l'_ltl_lli_ll pl't_tltlcls I't`lll_lill \'il'lually tllll<ll_Wll,

illg, I'et'yt'litlg, I_lckcyt'lillt,, alltl i_t_ excll_t_g¢ stcl-_S dc,spite hinlt_l'ic_tl I'et.'t_l'dXi_dic_tlitlp IIiitl Iill'_.,t.'tlt_llilit'n

l'¢nultctl iii itltlivitlu_ll litltlitl nllt`ilnls thttt wore c_- _1' those IIl_.llcl'iills Illlvo bl:cii tli,_l_t_:,t'_l_1 I_ tiler gl't_tllltl III

¢¢Illl'_tlotl il_ I_ltlh_ilil_nll ilill'ilh.', tlr_n.vIt_ilralt'llt`x_thytll'_tl¢, I I_ll_l't_l'tl(_ltltl I_erl)_q):__1_lht.'l' tl)_l.j_r I_lcililit`_ i_l II)t, I }()1!

_llltl Nel_ltlniulll, t`_t_i_lcx), 'l'he _d_ncnctr_1' ntwll tl_llll I'l_l't.'llt`llllillU It_¢lll.%

t]l_ly be liar: rcsltlt _1' st..'VOl'_tlI'_lcl_l's ilwltttlil_t, lilt: I'_II_w-

A,S',_T.,S',_IIIelll it_g: (I)tllt`y tire ut_t'cgt_l_Hctl cllolllit`_ll.', ;llltl _tl't l̀l_l

"l'ht'e_t_la_>tlt lilt.' IIHH'Utll_H_o1()yc_tVs _t' I l_llll'_l'tl Silo t'_t_tiNcly Ill¢_.l,'.;tll'trtl;.inl]_.tl't_>l'ctlvil'_Iltl_¢l]l_l c_ltll_Ii_ll]¢¢

_q_ot'_tti_ul_,,fttt'l t'_d3ti,_.'_tlit_H,Ittu'l I_l'_t:o.',stlovt, l_q_lll¢ill, l_t'_>gt'_ttlln_tt l)()l". I'aciliticn, _tntl (21 _tl_tlylic_ll ,_[tiall>lillU

;ltltl I_'_wt`nniI_ I'_tcilitic.s h_vt' _¢l_¢l';.llt`tl I;ll'_c tlU_llllilit`'_ iltltl IiIC_.l,,_tlrClllCntII_cth(_tl_l_git.'s _ll_ty I_t`inaltlt`tlttaHt' I_ iii.'_

_1 _,_,,_,lslu't`fflu¢_tn lll_ll wt`rc tlisl_nc{l _1' I_ tilt' gl'_)tllltl in Ctll'ill¢l?/ IIIURSUI'O,lll(Hlit()l', _H'UVt:IItlt`lucl IIIt`'gt'

lilt: 2()()_ttltl 3()(1,'\l't`;_s. I'il'llt_¢nl vt_lt_i_lcn ilavt` b¢ot_ nt_b- t.'_llstilt_cllts il_ the t`llvil'_UlIIl¢lll,

nt_tt_ti_tl, I:_,Z'CX_lt_q_ltr, tlttl'il_ Ih¢iu' tinl_c il_ ncrvict`

(I t_,:lt.)--IU7,-I lllltl lull3-IU75, I't`nl_ccti\,cly), IIl¢ 3()()At'o_l

Nt_l'l]l _llltl St_tllll I_l'l_.'t.'_,,_I'_ntl_ it_'¢t`ivt`tl_1ct_llll_illt'tl

v(_lulll¢ t_l 3(1 I_illi_l lilt`i_, _I litlttitl t.'lTlut'tat _.'(_lsi.,,lill_ t_l

'l'_d_lt` I',-I tlt`nt'l'il_cn tile tyl_en _t_l enti_l;_lctl tlt_antitien

tivilic.',. 'l'llt.' t_tl,lc tl_ctllllt:lll.s li_t: tlisl'_nltl _1' til_l_n_tmln td'

IIIclric I_lln _1 cht`_l_ic_lx tlnt`.tl ;is ( I ) t.'.Xll'_t'lllllls (c,g,,

trit:hlt)r()t`ll+ylullt` _zlltl It'.tl+tt'lllt)lt)t`tilylt.'l+t )̀, _.llltI(3)

z_liXttlZ't'_1' 5()IWn.'cllt cm'13()ll Ictl'_zt'lll_)_'itlu'_z]ztl5()I_t`z't'_'tzl

76

,, I I_ ITable E-I. Chemical Processing Agents Reportedly Disposed of In Various Hanford Waste Sites

I............ Waste Site ........... Ohemloai(quanttty In kg).,ooo....... I.............. i..............Fabrlcallon/Process Development, 300 Area:Bismuth.Phosphate, REDOX, PUREX Norlh/,9oulhPro_nssPollds CIIrlcacid sails EDTA 8alto, oxalicwoldsalts methyl Isobutyl ko!ono,Processes trlohloroatrlyone(200,000), carbonfair,eh or de, telraehloroelhylene

.Nor!!]_Cr!b{31O-14) .................... Me!!_y!!BO._!!IY!..k.O.!O.!_e.(3.,00_0.)............................

f:i;O,r;roo,;SS,;i,,PURE×_;Ooe"......................_ooE.atAre.:210-A-2 Crib "rrlbutylphospllate (70,000), paraffinhydrocarbons (120,000)

210.A.7 Crib Trlbulylphoaphale (100,000), paraffin hydroo[lrbons (180,000)

,210.A-24 Crib .BU!Yp!]oaphateB(go,coo)paraffin hydrocarbon, (30,000)Fuo.,_roces.h_,,isi_oth:P"osP.iater;'rooess-!_0oE_,.,iAicii:.... i

!210.B.5 Reverse Well iOxalate(12,000)

216.B.7A/TB Cribs Oxal_lte(60,000)

216.B.8 Crib Ox.a!a!e.(8,O00)....................................

Fuel Processing, Recouplex Process 200 West Area:216.Z-1 TileField 80 vol% carbon tetrachloride, 20 vol% trlbutylphosphale (4,400 gal/yr for

5 years); 70 vol% carbonltelrachlorlde, 30 vol% dlbutylbulylphosphonele(6,600 gal/yr for 5 years)

210.Z-9 Crib 15lo 25% lrlbutylphosphale In carbon tetrachloridedlbulylbulylphosphonale, trace amounts oi monobutylpho_hate(109,000); 50% carbon tetrachloride,50% lard oil (54,000)=

210.Z. 10 Crib Trlbutylphosl'.!hate(22,000), dlbulylbulylphosphonate (15,000),carbon, _ .............................................................l.e_tr__.q.hIcr !de_(.2_6_o.,_o0.o_...............................................................................

Fuel Processing, REDOX Process 200 Weal Area:.......................................................................................2 !.6:.S_.:13 C.r_!b......................................_Mol_.hY.L!,_obtilyl_ko_to_no__(10._O00_,!.......................................................................

_Tho5.year perlocl was from 190,1to t909,

_Thequanlllles In paronlhoses reprosenl lhe quanlllles ol organlcs, as these ml×lures, ostlmated to have been released to lhe orlb,

77

II

II

I II ...............