CHEMICAL CHEMICAL BONDING BONDING A guide for GCSE students A guide for GCSE students 2010 2010 SPECIFICATIONS SPECIFICATIONS KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
Dec 18, 2015
CHEMICAL CHEMICAL BONDINGBONDING
A guide for GCSE studentsA guide for GCSE students
2010 2010 SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONSKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
CHEMICAL BONDINGCHEMICAL BONDING
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk
All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.
All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.
CHEMICAL BONDINGCHEMICAL BONDING
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
The following slides illustrate how the three main chemical bonds are formed.
The physical properties of elements and compounds are influenced by the type of bonding.
To understand how structure and bonding affects the physical properties of elements and compounds, view the powerpoint ‘STRUCTURE & BONDING’ available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE GCSE WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm
WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of single atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms
WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of single atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms
All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures.
WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of single atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms
All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures.
COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more differentelements are chemically combined’.
WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of single atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms
All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures.
COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more differentelements are chemically combined’.
Elements can be combined using… IONICCOVALENT
or METALLIC bonds
The type of bonding depends on the outer shell electronic configurations of the atoms being bonded.
18+10+2+
NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ARGON2,8,8
HELIUM2
NEON2,8
NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE
THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’
Group 0
18+10+2+
NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ARGON2,8,8
HELIUM2
NEON2,8
NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE
THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’
ATOMS WITHOUT A ‘FULL’ OUTER SHELL TRY TO GET ONE
THEY CAN DO THIS IN SEVERAL WAYS
Group 0
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
Li 2,1
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Be 2,2
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
Li 2,1
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Be 2,2
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3
O 2,6
S 2,8,6
F 2,7
Cl 2,8,7
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3
O 2,6
S 2,8,6
F 2,7
Cl 2,8,7
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3
O 2,6
S 2,8,6
F 2,7
Cl 2,8,7
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED
THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS(CATIONS)
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED
THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS
THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS(ANIONS)
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED
THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS
THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS
THE IONS ATTRACT EACH OTHER TO FORM AN IONIC BOND
SODIUM CHLORIDESODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
SODIUM ATOM2,8,1
Na
CHLORINE ATOM2,8,7
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
SODIUM CHLORIDESODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
SODIUM ION2,8
Na
CHLORIDE ION2,8,8
both species now have ‘full’ outer shells; ie they have the electronic configuration of a noble gas
+
SODIUM CHLORIDESODIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
SODIUM ION2,8
Na
CHLORIDE ION2,8,8
Na Na+ + e¯2,8,1 2,8
ELECTRON TRANSFERRED
Cl + e¯ Cl¯2,8,7 2,8,8
+
CALCIUM CHLORIDECALCIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
CALCIUM ATOM2,8,8,2
CaCHLORINE ATOMS
2,8,7
Cl
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
CALCIUM CHLORIDECALCIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
CALCIUM ION2,8,8
CaCHLORIDE IONS
2,8,8
Cl
2+
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
CALCIUM CHLORIDECALCIUM CHLORIDE
Cl
CALCIUM ION2,8,8
CaCHLORIDE IONS
2,8,8
Cl
2+
Ca Ca2+ + 2e¯2,8,8,2 2,8,8
2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED
2Cl + 2e¯ 2Cl¯ 2,8,7 2,8
MAGNESIUM OXIDEMAGNESIUM OXIDE
O
MAGNESIUM ATOM2,8,2
Mg
OXYGEN ATOM2,6
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
MAGNESIUM OXIDEMAGNESIUM OXIDE
MAGNESIUM ION2,8
Mg2+
OXIDE ION2,8
O2-
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
MAGNESIUM OXIDEMAGNESIUM OXIDE
MAGNESIUM ION2,8
Mg2+
OXIDE ION2,8
O2-
Mg Mg2+ + 2e¯2,8,2 2,8
2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED
O + 2e¯ O2-
2,6 2,8
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS
IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN
ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION THEY MUST…
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS
IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN
ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS
IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN
ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS
A SHARED PAIR OF ELECTRONS IS KNOWN AS A COVALENT BOND
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4
COVALENT BONDINGCOVALENT BONDING
A covalent bond consists of…
a shared pair of electrons with one electron beingsupplied by each atom either side of the bond.
The atoms are held together because both their nuclei (which have an overall positive charge) are attracted to the same shared pair of negatively charged electrons. COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONGCOVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG.
++
shared pair of electrons
Nucleus (positively charged)
HYDROGENHYDROGEN
H H H H
both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond
H H H H H2
HYDROGENHYDROGEN
H
H H
H H H
H H
both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond
Covalent bonds are represented by a line
H2
HYDROGENHYDROGEN
H H
Another hydrogen atom also needs one electron to
complete its outer shell
Hydrogen atom needs one electron to
complete its outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond
A hydrogen MOLECULE is formed
H H
HH
WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
CHLORINECHLORINE
Cl Cl Cl Cl
both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond
A CHLORINE MOLECULE IS FORMED
Cl ClClCl
Cl2
CHLORINECHLORINE
Another chlorine atom also needs one electron to complete
its outer shell
Chlorine atom needs one electron
to complete its outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a
single covalent bond
WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
Cl
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
HYDROGEN CHLORIDEHYDROGEN CHLORIDE
Cl H Cl H
H Cl H Cl
atom also needs one electron to complete
its outer shell
atom needs one electron to complete
its outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single
covalent bond
A HYDROGEN CHLORIDE MOLECULE IS FORMED
HCl
HYDROGEN CHLORIDEHYDROGEN CHLORIDE
Cl H
Hydrogen atom also needs one electron
to complete its outer shell
Chlorine atom needs one electron
to complete its outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a
single covalent bond
H Cl H Cl
WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
METHANEMETHANE
CH H
H H
C
H
H
H
H
H C H
H
H
H C H
H
H
each atom needs one electron to complete
its outer shell
atom needs four electrons to complete
its outer shell
Carbon shares all 4 of its electrons to form 4 single
covalent bonds
CH4
METHANEMETHANE
C
Each hydrogen atom needs 1
electron to complete its outer shell
A carbon atom needs 4 electrons to complete
its outer shell
Carbon shares all 4 of its electrons to form 4 single covalent bonds
H
H
H
H
H C H
H
H
H C H
H
H
WAYS TO REPRESENTTHE MOLECULE
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
AMMONIAAMMONIA
NH H
H
N
H
H H
H N H
H
H N H
H
each atom needs one electron to complete
its outer shell
atom needs three electrons to complete
its outer shell
Nitrogen can only share 3 of its 5 electrons otherwise it will
exceed the maximum of 8
A LONE PAIR REMAINS
NH3
AMMONIAAMMONIA
NEach hydrogen atom needs
one electron to complete its outer shell
Nitrogen atom needs 3 electrons to complete its outer shell
Nitrogen can only share 3 of its 5 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8
A LONE PAIR REMAINSA LONE PAIR REMAINS
H
H
H
H N H
H
H N H
H
WAYS TO REPRESENTTHE MOLECULE
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
WATERWATER
OH
H O
H
H
each atom needs one electron to complete
its outer shell
atom needs two electrons to complete
its outer shell
Oxygen can only share 2 of its 6 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8
TWO LONE PAIRS REMAINTWO LONE PAIRS REMAIN
H O
H
H O
H
H2O
WATERWATER
Each hydrogen atom needs
one electron to complete its outer shell
Oxygen atom needs 2 electrons to complete its outer shell
Oxygen can only share 2 of its 6 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8
2 LONE PAIRS REMAIN2 LONE PAIRS REMAIN
H
H
H O
H
H O
H
WAYS TO REPRESENTTHE MOLECULE
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
O
OXYGENOXYGEN
O
each oxygen atom needs two electrons to complete
its outer shell
each oxygen shares 2 of its electrons to form a
DOUBLE COVALENT BOND
O O O
O ODouble covalent bonds are represented by TWO lines
O2
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE
METALS
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE
METALS
• The central section of the periodic table contains the transition metals
• The central section of the periodic table contains the transition metals
TRANSITIONTRANSITIONMETALSMETALS
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE
METALS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET
RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET
RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET
RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS
THIS IS KNOWN AS... METALLIC BONDING
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
Atoms arrange themselvesin a regular lattice
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
Atoms arrange themselvesin a regular lattice
The outer shell electrons of each atom leave to join a mobile ‘cloud’ or ‘sea’ of electrons which can roam throughout the metal. The electron cloud holds
positive ions together.
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
SODIUM ATOMSWITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na
Na
Na
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
SODIUM ATOMSWITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1THE OUTER SHELL
ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na
Na
Na
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
SODIUM ATOMSWITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1THE OUTER SHELL
ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na
Na
Na
POSITIVE SODIUM IONSWITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
SODIUM ATOMSWITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1THE OUTER SHELL
ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na Na Na Na
Na
Na
Na
POSITIVE SODIUM IONSWITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8THE ELECTRON CLOUD
CONTAINS THE RELEASED OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO LEARN HOW THE TYPE OF BONDING AFFECTS THE STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, VIEW THE ASSOCIATED POWERPOINT PRESENTATION…
STRUCTURE & BONDING
WHICH CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM THE KNOCKHARDY GCSE WEBSITE AT… www.knockhardy.org/gcse.htm