•1 Physical Chemistry Green Technologies & Monitoring, Semester III Lecture 1 Head of the course: Wojciech Chrzanowski, DSc, PhD 2 Order of lectures is, perhaps, not the most logical one, but it is partially dictated by my desire to synchronize the lectures and tutorials. A quote of the day (good for all the semester): The camel’s hump is an ugly lump Which you well may see in the Zoo. But uglier yet is the lump you get From having too little to do. Rudyard Kipling Phys. Chem. GTM 01 3 Definition of a scientific discipline Its subject: Physical and chemical transformations of the matter (without defining its type) and associated (related) flows of energy . Its method: Mathematical-physical, i.a., creation of theoretical models either based on or verified by experiment. Formulation of hypotheses , theories and laws of nature related to its subject. Cartesian- Newtonian paradigm. What is physical chemistry? Phys. Chem. GTM 01
13
Embed
Chemia Fizyczna Technologia Chemiczna II rok Wykład 1 · 2016-10-12 · Physical and chemical transformations of the matter (without ... Using standard molar enthalpies of combustion
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
•1
Physical Chemistry Green Technologies & Monitoring,
Semester III Lecture 1
Head of the course:
Wojciech Chrzanowski, DSc, PhD
2
Order of lectures is, perhaps, not the most logical one, but it is partially
dictated by my desire to synchronize the lectures and tutorials.
A quote of the day (good for all the semester):
The camel’s hump is an ugly lump
Which you well may see in the Zoo.
But uglier yet is the lump you get
From having too little to do.
Rudyard Kipling
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
3
Definition of a scientific discipline
Its subject: Physical and chemical transformations of the matter (without
defining its type) and associated (related) flows of energy.
Its method: Mathematical-physical, i.a., creation of theoretical models either
based on or verified by experiment. Formulation of hypotheses,
theories and laws of nature related to its subject. Cartesian-
Newtonian paradigm.
What is physical
chemistry?
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
•2
4
Matter is everything possessing mass (inertion, Newton).
chemical substance is a pure, isolated form of matter (amount of matter and its unit: mole, chemical species)
Energy is ability to perform work (simpl.).
(types of energy, unit: joule, J)
Fundamental concepts (1)
Equivalence of matter and energy
E=mc2
in practice, relativistic effects may be observed in the micro world only, in macroscopic world they can be neglected.
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
5
Kinetic energy – energy of motion:
Ec=½mv2 Ec=½Jω2
Fundamental concepts (2)
Potential energy – depends on the position of a body:
in the gravitational field in the electric field
of the Earth
Ep=mgh Ep=q1q2/(4pe0r)
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
Chem. Fiz. TCH II/01 6
Theoretical model is a certain assumed or imagined
mechanism of the phenomenon in question, or image plus complex of
properties of an object, usually simplified yet attempting to embrace
all its major (essential) features
Hypothesis is certain assumption on the essence of the
phenomenon under consideration, may be an attempt of guessing the
gist based upon already known concepts and laws.
Theory is a hypothesis verified in further studies
(experimentally), when it becomes confirmed (esp. in different labs)
and is applicable to many cases (objects, phenomena), frequently
related.
Fundamental concepts (3)
•3
Chem. Fiz. TCH II/01 7
Law of nature (physico-chemical law) is a clearly formulated
part of theory usually expressed mathematically, dealing with a
specific phenomenon , i.e., relations and links between some
observables involved in the phenomenon.
Verbal formula: Boyle’s law:
At constant temperature, volume of a gas changes inverse
proportionally to its pressure. At constant temperature, product of
volume nad pressure of a gas is constant.
Formula (equation):
Fundamental concepts (4)
const. VPPVPV ;P
P
V
V then const.if 2211
1
2
2
1 T
8
Thermodynamics (incl. thermochemistry)
Phase equilibria
Chemical equilibria
Solutions – thermodynamic charakteristics
Elektrochemistry: ionics & electrodics.
Surface phenomena
Chemical kinetics.
Main branches:
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
9
System (definition)
System is a part of universe subject to
observation or being an object of theoretical
considerations, separated from the rest of
universe (surroundings) physically or just in our
imagination.
system + surroundings = universe
Introduction to
thermodynamics
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
•4
10
The three types of systems:
Open
Closed
Isolated
Introduction to
thermodynamics (2)
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
11
Ways of the energy transfer:
work
heat.
Types of work
Mechanical (change of volume, change of shape), change of the interface area, electrical.
Introduction to
thermodynamics (3)
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
12
HEAT
Introduction to
thermodynamics (4)
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
•5
13
Endothermic process (system limited by a diathermic barrier)
Introduction to
thermodynamics (5)
before after
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
14
Endothermic process in an adiabatic system
Introduction to
thermodynamics (6)
before after
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
15
Physical properties of systems: Extensive (additive), depending on the size of the
system (number of components, their type and amount of each)
(e.g. mass or volume of a system)
Intensive are not additive.
(e.g. temperature, density, specific and molar quantities, refraction index)
Introduction to
thermodynamics (7)
iiXnx
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
•6
16
State of a system: The following quantities permit complete characterization of the state of a given system
P, V, T
Equation of state:
f(P,V,T)=0
For a system containing perfect gas only: pV=nRT
Introduction to
thermodynamics (8)
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
17
Temperatura and „zeroeth” law of thermodynamics
Two bodies, that reached the state of thermal equilibrium, have the same temperature and heat
is no more exchanged between them.
If body A is in thermal equilibrium with body B and with body C, therefore bodies B and C also remain
in thermal equilibrium.
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
Introduction to
thermodynamics (9)
18
Work of expansion
Introduction to
thermodynamics (10)
dx
Pgas
Pext
dVPSdxPdw extext
FSP
2rS p
Phys. Chem. GTM 01
•7
19
Work of expansion (ctd.)
Introduction to
thermodynamics (11)
Three ways of performing the work by the system:
1. Against a constant external pressure (Pext= const).
2. Against a null external pressure (expansion to vacuum, a special