CHEM12_C0100_SWBT-1

Name Class Date

Lesson 1.1 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.1

Introduction to Chemistry

CHEMISTRY AS THE CENTRAL SCIENCE

1.1 The Scope of ChemistryEssential Understanding A knowledge of chemistry helps to understand how almost all

processes in nature work.

Lesson SummaryWhat Is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.

All living and nonliving things are made of matter. Anything that occupies space and has mass is matter.

Areas of Study There are five main areas of study in chemistry.Traditional areas of study include organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry.Each area of study focuses on a particular type of chemistry.

Big Ideas in Chemistry Most topics in chemistry are connected by organizing principles, or big ideas.

Big ideas narrow the study of chemistry and make it more understandable.Each big idea builds on and interacts with the others.

After reading Lesson 1.1, answer the following questions.

What Is Chemistry? 1. What is matter?

2. What is chemistry?

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter

undergoes.

For students using the Foundation edition, assign problems 16.

0132525887_CHEM_WKBK_CH 01.indd 1 3/10/10 3:49:22 PM

Name Class Date

Lesson 1.2 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.2

Areas of Study 3. Is the following sentence true or false? The boundaries between the five areas of

chemistry are not firm. 4. Read each goal and complete the table by filling in one of the five main areas of

chemistry.

Investigating ways to slow down the rusting of steel

Developing a better insulin-delivery system for diabetics

Determining the amount of mercury present in a soil sample

Comparing the hardness of copper and silver

Developing a new carbon-based fiber for clothing

Big Ideas in Chemistry 5. Another name for a big idea is . 6. What are the eight big ideas listed in the lesson? a. e. b. f. c. g. d. h.

1.2 Chemistry and YouEssential Understanding The study of chemistry is useful in many areas of life.

Reading StrategyTable A table helps you organize lesson information. Write Chemistry and Me above the table on the following page. In the Section column, write the section titles that appear in red in your book. In the Take Aways column, summarize in your own words the information that is in each section. In the Details column, add details to help you understand how chemistry connects with your life. An example has been provided.

As you read Lesson 1.2, fill in the table on the next page to help you understand how chemistry is all around you.

true

an organizing principle

Chemistry As the Central Science Kinetic Theory

Electrons and the Structure of Atoms The Mole and Quantifying Matter

Bonding and Interactions Matter and Energy

Reactions Carbon Chemistry

For students using the Foundation edition, assign problems 1 11.

physical chemistry

biochemistry

analytical chemistry

inorganic chemistry

organic chemistry

0132525887_CHEM_WKBK_CH 01.indd 2 3/10/10 3:49:22 PM

Name Class Date

Lesson 1.2 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.3

Section Take Aways Details

Why Study Chemistry? 3 reasons: explain natural world

Chemical reactions are everywhere (eggs frying, apples spoiling)

Lesson SummaryWhy Study Chemistry? Chemistry helps people understand the world around them.

Chemistry explains things in the natural world.Many careers use chemistry.Informed citizens need a knowledge of chemistry.

Chemistry, Technology, and Society Research in chemistry brings about advances in many areas.

Chemists use technology to develop new materials that are better for the environment.Scientists who understand chemistry develop new energy sources and medical breakthroughs.Chemists study matter from objects in space to expand our knowledge of the universe.

Role of Chemistry in Technology and Society

Chemistry and technology Examples

Materials and the environment

Make new, improved materials while conserving resources and protecting the environment

Plastics

Energy Produce and conserve energy Hybrid cars; solar energy technology

Medicine and biotechnology

Supply medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients; work to understand chemical changes in the body

Prescription and OTC (over-the-counter) medications; artificial hips and knees

The universe Study data from space and use earth-based chemistry to understand objects in outer space

Analysis of moon rocks and soil from Mars

Chemistry, Technology, and Society

benefit environment conserve/produce energy improve human life expand knowledge of

universe

better plastics hybrid cars, solar energy medicines, artificial limbs analysis of materials from

space

Firefighter, groundskeepercareerduty as part of societystay informed

Chemistry and Me

0132525887_CHEM_WKBK_CH 01.indd 3 3/12/10 10:14:24 AM

Name Class Date

Lesson 1.2 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.4

After reading Lesson 1.2, answer the following questions.

Why Study Chemistry? 1. What will knowledge of chemistry enable you to do? a. b. c. 2. List three careers that require some knowledge of chemistry.

Chemistry, Technology, and Society 3. What is technology?

4. What are some problems that chemists must consider when developing new technologies?

5. List two ways that chemists can help to meet the demand for energy. a. b. 6. What is the role of chemistry in the development of medicines?

7. List three new materials chemists have developed that have medical applications. a. b. c.

8. The field that applies science to the production of biological products is .

9. Scientists can learn about the chemical composition of stars by analyzing the they transmit to Earth.

10. Why wont the method used to discover the chemical composition of stars work for the moon and planets?

11. What did chemists learn about the moons surface by analyzing moon rocks?

understand how things work in the natural world

prepare for a career

become an informed and knowledgeable citizen

artificial hips and knees

insulin

aspirin and antacids

develop new sources of energy

develop ways to conserve energy

Answers will vary. Examples: reporter, turf manager, and firefighter

The moon and planets do not emit light.

They learned that oceans of lava once covered the moons surface.

Technology is the means by which a society provides its members with those things

needed and desired.

They have to conserve natural resources and not produce by-products that can

damage the environment.

Chemists use knowledge of the structure and function of chemicals in cells to design

safe and effective drugs.

biochemistry

light

0132525887_CHEM_WKBK_CH 01.indd 4 3/10/10 3:49:22 PM

Name Class Date

Lesson 1.3 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.5

1.3 Thinking Like a ScientistEssential Understanding The scientific method is important in modern science.

Lesson SummaryAn Experimental Approach to Science Modern science is based on experiments that include careful observation and measurement.

Lavoisier transformed experiments by making careful measurements.

The Scientific Method Scientific problems are solved through the use of the scientific method.

The scientific method includes making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories.Experiments that test hypotheses involve variables that can be changed. Successfully repeated experiments may become a theory or be summarized by a scientific law.

Applying the Scientific Method

Observation Flashlight will not

light.

Hypothesis #1 Batteries are

dead.

Hypothesis #2 Light bulb is burnt out.

Experiment #1 Try new batteries.

Independent Variable new batteries

Dependent Variable Flashlight still will not light.

Experiment #2 Try a new light bulb.

Independent Variable new light bulb

Dependent Variable Flashlight will light.

Collaboration and Communication It is important for scientists to work together and check each others work.

Successful collaboration brings together the knowledge and skills of different scientists.Scientists communicate in different ways including publishing their results in scientific journals and communicating through e-mail, on the phone, and in person.

For students using the Foundation edition, assign problems 310.

0132525887_CHEM_WKBK_CH 01.indd 5 3/10/10 3:49:23 PM

Name Class Date

Lesson 1.3 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.6

After reading Lesson 1.3, answer the following questions.

An Experimental Approach to Science 1. Practical alchemy focused on

.

2. Alchemists developed processes for separating and purifying . 3. How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?

4. Circle the letter of the word that completes the sentence. Lavoisier demonstrated that is necessary for materials to burn.

a. phlogiston c. oxygen b. nitrogen d. metals

The Scientific Method 5. What is the scientific method?

6. Complete the flowchart about the scientific method.

A scientific problem is often discovered when an is made, which leads to a question.

A is formed when an explanation is proposed for an observation.

Testing a proposed explanation requires designing an .

For the results of the experiment to be accepted, the experiment must produce the same results .

An explanation may become a if the same results are found after many tests.

developing tools and techniques for working with

He demonstrated the importance of careful measurement.

It is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem.

mixtures

chemicals

chemicals

observation

hypothesis

experiment

repeatedly

theory

0132525887_CHEM_WKBK_CH 01.indd 6 3/10/10 3:49:23 PM

Name Class Date

Lesson 1.3 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.7

7. Circle the letter of the activity that involves using the senses to gather information directly.

a. forming a hypothesis b. making an observation c. planning an experiment d. analyzing data 8. What do scientists do if the results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis?

9. The variable is changed during an experiment.

The variable is observed during an experiment.

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Once a theory has been accepted, no experiment will ever disprove it.

11. What is a scientific law?

12. Circle the letter of each statement that expresses a scientific law. a. As the temperature of a balloon increases, the balloon expands. b. Increasing the temperature of a balloon might cause it to burst. c. If all other variables are kept constant, the volume of a gas increases as the

temperature increases. d. Sometimes increasing the temperature of a gas causes the gas to expand.

Collaboration and Communication 13. Several scientists working together to solve a problem is .

14. Is the following statement true or false? Scientists from different disciplines may need to work together on a problem because the problem is too complex for one person to solve.

15. Exchanging ideas about science is called . 16. How are journals helpful to scientists?

17. Is the following statement true or false? Experts in an authors field review articles before they are published in a journal.

independent (or manipulated)

dependent (or responding)

They develop a new hypothesis and perform experiments to test the new hypothesis.

collaboration

true

true

false

communication

A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many

observations and experiments.

Scientists use journals to keep up with new discoveries.

0132525887_CHEM_WKBK_CH 01.indd 7 3/10/10 3:49:23 PM

Name Class Date

Lesson 1.4 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.8

1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry

Essential Understanding For any type of scientific problem, effective problem solving always involves planning and implementing a series of steps.

Lesson SummarySkills Used in Solving Problems It is helpful to make and follow a plan when trying to solve a problem.

Sometimes there is a set of visual data to consider.Similar skills are used to solve life problems and word problems in chemistry.

Solving Numeric Problems Following a three-step plan is an effective way to solve chemistry problems that require math.

The three-step plan for solving a numeric problem is analyze, calculate, and evaluate.

Solving Nonnumeric Problems A nonnumeric problem can be solved by identifying what is known and making a plan to find the unknown.

The two steps for solving a nonnumeric problem are analyze and solve.

Solving Numeric Problems

Analyze Determine what is known and what you want to know. Then decide on a method you can use to find what you want to know.

Calculate Apply the method you have decided on to the problem. This may involve solving an equation, making a graph, or some other math skill.

Evaluate Check your answer to see if it makes sense and if it has correct units and significant figures.

Solving Nonnumeric Problems

Analyze Identify the relevant factors and concepts.

Solve Apply factors and concepts to a given situation.

BUILD Math Skills

Estimating and Rounding When you estimate, you are looking for an approximate answer, rather than an exact answer. Rounding is a kind of estimating. The first step in rounding is finding the rounding digit, or the digit that is in the place value youre rounding to. Then look at the digit to the right of it. If its 5 or greater, add 1 to the rounding digit. If its less than 5, leave the rounding digit alone.

If youre rounding a decimal number, drop all of the digits following the rounding digit.

If youre rounding a whole number, all the digits to the right of the rounding digit become 0.

For students using the Foundation edition, assign problems 115.

0132525887_CHEM_WKBK_CH 01.indd 8 3/10/10 3:49:24 PM

Name Class Date

Lesson 1.4 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.9

Sample Problem Round 16,745.2583 to the nearest thousandth.

Find the rounding digit. Its in the thousandths place, or 8.

Look one digit to the right.

Is it

Name Class Date

Lesson 1.4 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.10

8. What is involved in effective problem solving?

Solving Numeric Problems 9. What are the three steps for solving numeric problems?

a. b. c. 10. What must you determine first when solving a word problem?

11. What are two skills that you may need to use as you calculate an answer to a problem?

12. If your answer to a problem does not seem reasonable, list two things you can do.

13. For the following word problem, list the known and unknown information: A person can walk a mile in 20 minutes. The person is going for a 10-mile walk. How many hours will it take for the person to complete the walk?

Known:

Unknown:

Solving Nonnumeric Problems 14. What are the steps for solving nonnumeric problems?

Read the activity in the left column. Then, in the right column, describe a situation in which chemistry might affect you personally.

Activity Situation

Understand the natural world Figure out why a cake failed to rise, recognize the cause of an unpleasant odor, determine what fertilizer to use to make vegetables grow faster.

Prepare for a career

Act as an informed citizen

Use technology

analyze calculate evaluate

developing a plan and implementing that plan

where you are starting from (what is known) and where you are

going (the unknown)

converting a measurement from one unit to another and rearranging an equation to

solve for an unknown

Possible answers: Reread the problem. Make an estimate of the answer.

total distance 10 miles total time ? h

rate of walking 1 mile in 20 minutes

number of minutes in an hour 60

analyze and solve

Possible Answers: One needs to understand chemistry to become a chef, firefighter, artist, farmer, doctor, etc.Possible Answers: Decide how to vote on pollution or environmental issues, avoid polluting the environment, vote on a proposed power plant in the area.

Possible Answers: Develop photographs, understand interactions of medicines, buy a fuel-efficient car.

0132525887_CHEM_WKBK_CH 01.indd 10 3/10/10 3:49:25 PM

Name Class Date

Self-Check Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.11

For Questions 111, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words. If you need help, you can go online.

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry 1. affects all aspects of life because all living and nonliving things

are made of matter.

2. Five traditional areas of chemistry are organic, , biochemistry, , and .

3. Some of chemistrys big ideas are: chemistry as the , and the structure of atoms, and matter and .

1.2 Chemistry and You 4. Chemistry can be useful in explaining , preparing people for

career opportunities, and producing .

5. Research in chemistry can lead to that benefit the environment, improve human life, and expand knowledge of the universe.

1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist 6. helped transform chemistry into a science of measurement.

7. Steps in the scientific method include making , testing , and developing .

8. Scientists and with one another to increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.

1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry 9. Effective problem solving always involves a plan and then

that plan.

10. The steps for solving a numeric word problem are , calculate, and .

11. The steps for solving a nonnumeric problem are analyze and .

If You Have Trouble With

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

See Page 2 3 4 6 8 15 15 18 22 23 25

1 Self-Check Activity

Chemistry

the natural worldinformed citizens

technologies

Lavoisier

observationstheorieshypotheses

collaborate communicate

developing

analyzeevaluate

solve

implementing

analytical physicalinorganic

central scienceelectrons energy

0132525887_CHEM_WKBK_CH 01.indd 11 3/10/10 3:49:25 PM

Name Class Date

Self-Check ReadingandStudyWorkbookCopyrightPearsonEducation,Inc.,oritsaffiliates.AllRightsReserved.12

Review Key FactsDescribe the steps you would take to solve a numeric and a non-numeric problem.

Numeric1.

2.

3.

Non-Numeric1.

2.Problem

ExtENsioN show the steps needed to solve the following problem.The school day begins at 8:00 a.m. and ends at 3:30 p.m. 30 minutes of the day are taken up by lunch. There are 7 class periods in the day. If each class period is 50 minutes long, what is the total time spent in getting from one class or lunch period to another?

Review Key VocabularyRead the description and find the vocabulary term that matches it.

Description Vocabulary Term

1. study of processes that take place in living organisms

a. theory

2. systematic approach to solving a scientific problem

b. chemistry

3. variable that you change during an experiment

c. scientific law

4. the study of matter and how it reacts

d. dependent or responding variable

5. deals with mechanism, rate, and energy transfer

e. scientific method

6. proposed explanation for an observation

f. biochemistry

7. well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations.

g. physical chemistry

8. concise statement summarizing results of many experiments

h. independent or manipulated variable

9. variable that is observed during an experiment

i. hypothesis

Analyze: Determine what you know and what you want to find out.

Calculate: Use a formula or equation to solve for the unknown.

Evaluate: Does the answer make sense?

Analyze: Identify the relevant, or important, concepts.

Solve: Apply the concepts to the situation.

f

e

h

b

g

i

a

c

d

Analyze: Known: 1 hour 60 minutes; school day 7.5 hours; lunch 30 minutes; class time 7 50 minutes 350 minutes.Unknown: total passing period

Calculate: school day 7.5 hr 60 min/hr 450 min; 450 min (350 min 30 min) 70 minutesEvaluate: There would be 7 passing periods during the day, so each one would be about 10 minutes, which makes sense.

0132525887_CHEM_WKBK_CH 01.indd 12 3/12/10 10:15:43 AM

0132525895_0010132525895_0020132525895_0030132525895_0040132525895_0050132525895_0060132525895_0070132525895_0080132525895_0090132525895_0100132525895_0110132525895_012