1. Introduction to Laboratory Safety1.1Preparing for laboratory
work1.2During laboratory work1.3Cleaning up before
leaving1.4Evaluating laboratory hazards, an ongoing
process1.5Working alone policy
2. Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
(WHMIS)2.1Regulatory Requirements: Labelling, Material Safety Data
Sheets & Training2.1.1Labelling2.1.1.1Suppliers
Labels2.1.1.2Workplace Labels2.1.1.3Workplace Labels in Research
Laboratories2.1.1.4EHS Approved Lab Abbreviations
List2.1.1.5Laboratory Sample Labels2.1.2Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS)2.1.2.1Suppliers Responsibilities2.1.2.2Laboratorys
Responsibilities2.1.2.3MSDS location2.1.2.4MSDS location indicated
on Laboratory Information Card2.1.2.5MSDS
Audit2.1.3Training2.1.3.1Core WHMIS Training2.1.3.2Job-specific
WHMIS Training2.2Understanding hazard warning information2.2.1WHMIS
Symbols2.2.2Toxicological properties: LD50AND LC502.2.3Exposure
limits (TLV, PEL)2.2.4Flash point2.2.5Autoignition
temperature2.2.6Flammable limits
3. Control of Chemical Hazards3.1Toxic chemicals and the four
routes of entry3.2Flammable chemicals3.3Oxidizing
chemicals3.4Reactive chemicals3.5Corrosive chemicals3.6Chemical
spill response3.6.1Spill response contingencies3.6.2Development of
spill response plans3.6.2.1Communications3.6.2.2General
guidelines3.6.3Guidelines for specific types of
spills3.6.3.1Flammable and toxic liquids3.6.3.2Corrosive
liquids3.6.3.3Corrosive solids3.6.3.4Toxic
solids3.6.3.5Gases3.6.3.6Mercury3.6.3.7Special categories
4. Storage and Handling in Laboratories4.1General Storage
Guidelines4.2Ergonomics4.3Chemical Storage4.4Flammable Liquid
Storage Cabinets4.5Chemical Compatibility4.6Chemical
Segregation4.7Unstable Chemicals4.8Explosive Chemicals
5. Fire Safety5.1The fire triangle5.2Classes of fire5.3Fire
extinguishers5.4Preventing fires5.5Evacuations
6. Hazardous Waste Disposal6.1Waste minimization6.2Hazardous
waste disposal guidelines6.3Waste preparation
procedures6.3.1Chemical waste6.3.1.1Organic solvents and
oils6.3.1.2Miscellaneous chemicals and cylinders6.3.1.3Chemicals of
unknown composition6.3.1.4Peroxide-forming (e.g. ether) and
explosive (e.g. dry picric acid) chemicals6.3.1.5Corrosives (acids
and bases)6.3.2Biomedical waste6.3.2.1Animal
carcasses6.3.2.2Infectious laboratory waste6.3.2.3Biohazardous
sharps6.3.2.4Blood and blood-contaminated
materials6.3.3Sharps6.3.3.1Definition of
Sharps6.3.3.1.1Contaminated sharps6.3.3.1.2Non-contaminated
sharps6.3.3.2Broken glassware (uncontaminated)6.3.3.3Empty chemical
reagent bottles6.3.4Radioactive waste6.3.4.1Solid waste (except
sealed sources)6.3.4.2Sealed and encapsulated sources6.3.4.3Liquid
scintillation vials6.3.4.4Liquid radioactive waste
7. Laboratory Ventilation and Fume Hoods7.1General
ventilation7.2Local ventilation devices7.2.1Chemical fume
hoods7.2.2Canopy hoods7.2.3Slotted hoods7.2.4Biological safety
cabinets7.2.5Direct connections7.3Ventilation balancing and
containment7.4Safe use of chemical fume hoods
8. Compressed Gases and Cryogenics8.1Hazards of compressed
gases8.2Safe handling, storage and transport of compressed gas
cylinders8.3Cryogenic hazards8.4Cryogenic handling precautions
9. Physical Hazards and Ergonomics9.1Electrical safety9.2High
pressure and vacuum work9.3Repetitive work and
ergonomics9.4Glassware safety
10. Equipment Safety10.1Centrifuges10.2Electrophoresis
equipment10.3Heating baths, water baths10.4Shakers, blenders and
sonicators10.5Ovens and hot plates10.6Analytical
equipment10.6.1Scintillation counters10.6.2Atomic absorption (AA)
spectrometers10.6.3Mass spectrometers (MS)10.6.4Gas chromatographs
(GC)10.6.5NMR equipment10.6.6HPLC equipment10.6.7LC/MS
equipment
11. Personal Protective Equipment11.1Eye and face
protection11.2Lab Coats11.3Hand Protection11.3.1Latex gloves and
skin reactions11.3.2Glove selection guidelines11.3.3Chemical glove
selection11.3.4Selection, use and care of protective
gloves11.4Respirators11.4.1Selection, use and care of
respirators
12. Emergency Procedures12.1First aid12.1.1Burns12.1.1.1Burns to
the skin12.1.1.2Burns to the eyes12.1.2Cuts12.1.3Needlestick
injuries12.1.4Chemical splashes to the skin or
eyes12.1.5Poisoning12.2Fires12.2.1Suspected fires12.2.2Known
fires12.2.3Clothing fires12.3Hazardous chemical spills12.4Natural
gas leaks
Appendix 1: Flammability classification & permissible
container sizes1. Introduction to Laboratory Safety1.1 Preparing
for laboratory workBefore starting to work in a laboratory,
familiarize yourself with the following: the hazards of the
materials in the lab, as well as appropriate safe handling, storage
and emergency protocols. Read labels and material safety data
sheets (MSDSs) before moving, handling or opening chemicals. Never
use a product from an unlabeled container, and report missing
labels to your supervisor. the agents, processes and equipment in
the laboratory. If you are unsure of any aspect of a procedure,
check with your supervisor before proceeding. the location and
operation of safety and emergency equipment such as fire
extinguishers, eye wash and shower, first aid and spill response
kits, fire alarm pull stations, telephone and emergency exits
emergency spill response procedures for the materials you will
handle emergency reporting procedures and telephone numbers
designated and alternate escape routes1.2 During laboratory work
Restrict laboratory access to authorized persons only. Children are
not permitted in labs. Smoking; eating; drinking; storing food,
beverages or tobacco; applying cosmetics or lip balm and handling
contact lenses are not permitted in laboratories. Wear lab coats
(knee length) and safety glasses in laboratories employing
chemicals, biohazards or radioisotopes. Open shoes, such as
sandals, should never be worn in the lab. Tie back or otherwise
restrain long hair when working with chemicals, biohazards,
radioisotopes, or moving machinery. Keep work places clean and free
of unwanted chemicals, biological specimens, radios, and idle
equipment. Avoid leaving reagent bottles, empty or full, on the
floor. Work only with materials once you know their flammability,
reactivity, toxicity, safe handling and storage and emergency
procedures. Consult material safety data sheets (MSDS) before
working with hazardous chemicals or infectious material. Replace
MSDS that are more than 3 years old. Prepare and maintain a
chemical inventory for the lab. Never pipette by mouth; use
mechanical transfer devices. Walk, do not run, in the lab. Keep
exits and passageways clear at all times. Ensure that access to
emergency equipment (eyewashes, safety showers and fire
extinguishers) is not blocked. Report accidents and dangerous
incidents ("near-misses") promptly to your supervisor Wash your
hands thoroughly before leaving the laboratory. Conduct procedures
involving the release of volatile toxic or flammable materials in a
chemical fume hood (See Section7.4). Perform procedures that
liberate infectious bioaerosols in a biological safety cabinet
Handle all human blood and body fluids as if potentially
infectious1.3 Cleaning up before leavingPerform a safety check at
the end of each experiment and before leaving the lab. Make sure
to: Turn off gas, water, electricity, vacuum and compression lines
and heating apparatus Return unused materials, equipment and
apparatus to their proper storage locations Label, package and
dispose of all waste material properly (Refer to Section9.3, "Waste
Preparation Procedures") Remove defective or damaged equipment
immediately, and arrange to have it repaired or replaced
Decontaminate any equipment or work areas that may have been in
contact with hazardous materials. Leave behind protective clothing
(lab coats, gloves, etc.) when leaving the laboratory Close and
lock the door to the laboratory if you are the last one to leave1.4
Evaluating laboratory hazards, an ongoing processThere are many
categories of hazards that might be encountered in a laboratory
setting, and situations can change frequently. Even after you have
identified and controlled all current risks, it is critical that
you remain open to the possibility that new unexpected dangers can
arise. Periodically verify that the Laboratory Information Card
(LIC) and other hazard warnings are current; advise Environmental
Health and Safety whenever changes to the LIC are required.Carry
out weekly inspections on the condition of: fire extinguishers
emergency wash devices such as eyewashes and drench hoses (run
these for several minutes and update inspection tags first aid kit
contents fume hood and other ventilation devices tubing for
circulating water, vacuum, gases chemical storage compartmentsAlso,
ensure that fire extinguishers and emergency showers are inspected,
tested and tagged annually.Among potential laboratory hazards, be
alert for the following: Chemical products flammable toxic
oxidizing reactive corrosive Microbiological disease-producing
agents and their toxins viruses bacteria parasites rickettsiae
fungi Physical or mechanical hazards ionizing and non-ionizing
radiation electrical poor equipment design or work organization
(ergonomic hazards) tripping hazards excessive noise or heat
Psychosocial conditions that can cause psychological stress1.5
Working alone policyWorking alone is an unsafe practice at any
time. However, if the nature of your work makes it unavoidable,
take measures to ensure that others are aware of your location and
have someone check in with you from time to time, either in person
or by telephone.Before conducting any work alone in a laboratory go
through this checklist to determine if it is appropriate to
proceed: Is your supervisor aware of your plans? Are there any
hazardous experiments involved?Examples: High temperature High
vacuum Extremely flammable materials (low flash point) Poisonous
materials Scaling up i.e., higher quantities Have you reviewed your
procedure with your supervisor? Do you have a written operating
procedure? Are your apparatus and equipment in good working
condition? Are you trained to carry out the work? Do you have a
check-in/check-out procedure? Do you have an emergency contingency?
Do you have access to a McGill telephone (rather than a cell) in
case of an emergency? Does your door have a viewing window or other
means of indicating someone is inside? Are you aware of the
emergency evacuations procedure? Do you have access to a telephone
in case of an emergency? Do you have access to a first aid kit? Do
you have access to a spill kit?TOP OF PAGE2. Workplace Hazardous
Materials Information System (WHMIS)Workplace Hazardous Materials
Information System (WHMIS) is a Canada-wide system for providing
information on the safe use of hazardous materials, referred to
ascontrolled products, in the workplace. It is intended to protect
the health and safety of workers by promoting access to information
on hazardous materials; this information is provided by means of
product labels, material safety data sheets (MSDS) and education
programs.WHMIS is governed by federal and provincial laws and
regulations (QuebecsRegulation respecting Information on controlled
products (R.Q. c. S-2.1, r.10.1) and any person supplying or using
controlled products must comply with its requirements. At McGill,
WHMIS legislation applies to all faculty, staff, post docs,
students (graduate and undergraduate) and visitors who work in
areas where hazardous materials are used.Controlled productsare
products, materials, and substances that are regulated by WHMIS
legislation, based on their hazardous properties and
characteristics. WHMIS divides hazardous materials into six main
categories or classes based on their characteristics.See Section
2.2The main objectives of WHMIS are hazard identification and
product classification. WHMIS consists of three main components:
Labelling Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) Training2.1 Regulatory
Requirements: Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets &
Training2.1.1 LabellingLabels alert people to the dangers of the
product and basic safety precautions. It is imperative that all
containers in laboratories are clearly identified.WHMIS legislation
dictates what information is required on a workplace label. Any
hazardous material, whether in transit, storage, or use, must be
labelled. A label may be a mark, sign, stamp, device, sticker,
ticket, tag, or wrapper and must be attached to, imprinted,
stencilled, or embossed on the container of the controlled
product.There are 2 types of labels prescribed under WHMIS
regulation: supplier labels and workplace labels.2.1.1.1 Suppliers
LabelsSuppliers are responsible for labelling WHMIS-controlled
products. A supplier label must contain the following information:
product identifier (name of product) supplier identifier (name of
company that sold it) hazard symbols (WHMIS classification symbols)
risk phrases (words that describe the main hazards of the product)
precautionary statements (how to work with the product safely)
first aid measures (what to do in an emergency) reference to the
MSDSSupplier labels must be provided in both official languages
(English and French).2.1.1.2 Workplace LabelsA workplace label must
appear on all WHMIS-controlled products when: controlled products
are produced, manufactured or prepared (e.g., stock solutions) at
the workplace; the controlled product is transferred from the
original container into another container; and the original
supplier label becomes illegible or damaged or when it is removed;A
workplace label must contain the following information: product
identifier (product name) information for the safe handling of the
product reference to the MSDSThe product name must include the full
name of the product or solution, as it appears on the material
safety data sheet and include its concentration.2.1.1.3 Workplace
Labels in Research LaboratoriesWHMIS legislation permits certain
exemptions in the labelling requirements for WHMIS-controlled
products in laboratories involved with research and development.
The following exemptions apply to WHMIS-controlled product
manufactured, transferred, used or analyzed in research
laboratories, as long as the following conditions are met: the
product is not transported outside the laboratory; and the Material
Safety Data Sheet is available.In research laboratories, when a
WHMIS-controlled product is manufactured, prepared or transferred
from one container to another (e.g., stock solutions), the
workplace label affixed to the container must contain the following
information: product identifier (product name)The product name can
either be: the full name of the product or solution, as it appears
on the material safety data sheet and including its concentrationOR
the approved product abbreviation, as it appears on theEHS Approved
Lab Abbreviations ListAbbreviations are not permitted, unless they
appear on the EHS Approved Lab Abbreviations List.See Section
2.1.1.4When a non-controlled product is manufactured, prepared or
transferred from one container to another, the label affixed to the
container must indicate: the product name (abbreviations and
chemical formulas permitted)2.1.1.4 EHS Approved Lab Abbreviations
ListEHS has compiled an approved list of laboratory abbreviations.
This list permits laboratories to use abbreviations on the labels
of those products listed.EHS Approved Lab Abreviations List[.pdf]In
order to use these abbreviations, the following conditions must be
met: The EHS Approved Lab Abbreviations List must be posted in the
laboratory, preferably in a location close to where the products
are stored;AND The EHS Approved Lab Abbreviations List must be
included with the MSDS Collection (e.g., at the beginning of the
binder)These conditions will be verified during Laboratory Safety
Inspections.The list will be reviewed annually by EHS. If you wish
to make suggestions or recommendations for new
abbreviations,[email protected] (Subject: Lab Abbreviations) and
include the full name of the product, the CAS number and attach an
electronic copy of the products MSDS.2.1.1.5 Laboratory Sample
LabelsLaboratory samples are samples intended solely to be tested
in a laboratory or used for educational or demonstration purposes.
Laboratory samples do not include WHMIS-controlled products that
are used by the laboratory for testing other products, materials or
substances (e.g., buffer solutions).The requirements for laboratory
samples that are intended to be used in a laboratory immediately
(same day) and solely by that person who prepared them include: the
samples must be clearly identified; a description of samples
contents must be readily available (e.g., noted in a lab book); and
Material Safety Data Sheets for the sample must be readily
available.Laboratory samples that must be transported outside of a
laboratory (e.g., sent elsewhere for analysis), including within
the University must have a label affixed to it that contains the
following information: product identifier (product name) owners
name (name of Principal Investigator who prepared the sample) lab
number and building emergency telephone numberWhen samples are
greater than 10 kg, the label affixed to the container must meet
the requirements of a supplier label (see Section 2.1.1.).
Laboratory samples CANNOT be sent via internal mail.2.1.2 Material
Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) provide
more details than labels. They are technical bulletins that provide
chemical, physical, and toxicological information about each
controlled product, as well as information on precautionary and
emergency procedures. They must be readily accessible to anyone who
works with, or who may otherwise be exposed to, controlled
products.2.1.2.1 Suppliers ResponsibilitiesSuppliers of
WHMIS-controlled products are required to make available MSDS to
the purchaser. The MSDS must be available in both official
languages (French and English). Should any new information arise
about a product, the Supplier is required to revise the
MSDS.2.1.2.2 Laboratorys ResponsibilitiesEveryone has the right to
review an MSDS, whether it is related to their work, or simply
because of personal interest.Every lab at McGill must to comply
with Quebecs Regulation respecting information on controlled
products (R.R.Q. 1981, S-2.1, r. 10.1) which states:"the Material
Safety Data Sheet for a controlled product shall be kept at the
workplace by the employer in a place that is known to the workers
and shall be easily and rapidly accessible to those workers that
are liable to come into contact with the product. That data sheet
shall be in the form of a document that is easy to handle and
consult."-O.C. 445-89, s. 48.The following applies to all
laboratories involved with research and development, regardless of
the number of controlled products on-hand.Each laboratory is
responsible for ensuring that their MSDS Collection: contains the
MSDS for all WHMIS-controlled products in the laboratory; contains
the MSDS for all consumer products (e.g., Bleach, Windex) in the
laboratory; that the MSDS are less than 3 years old; that the MSDS
are updated when new information becomes available; and that MSDS
are readily accessible to anyone who works with, or who may be
exposed to the product.In order to simplify MSDS management,
Principal Investigators and Laboratory Supervisors with multiple
laboratories can have a central MSDS collection, provided that the
labs are reasonably close to each another (in the same building).
All lab personnel, including students, must have access 24/7 to the
area where the MSDS Collection is kept; if the room is sometimes
locked, all personnel must have a key. Everyone must be advised as
to the location of the MSDS collection.2.1.2.3 MSDS locationWHMIS
legislation requires that a MSDS be readily accessible to anyone
who works with, or who may be exposed to controlled products.MSDS
Collections may be stored in several ways: a filing cabinet,
binders, on a personal computer, or by any other means of storage,
provided that all the employees are aware of the location, and are
able to gain access to the date sheets at any time.All laboratory
personnel must be advised as to the location of the MSDS
Collection.EHS recommends all MSDS be placed in alphabetical order
in clearly marked red binders in an easily accessible location,
preferably close to the telephone.2.1.2.4 MSDS location indicated
on Laboratory Information CardThe Laboratory Information Card must
contain a detailed description of the location of the MSDS
Collection in the laboratory (e.g., second shelf on the black
bookshelf).2.1.2.5 MSDS AuditWHMIS legislation requires that a MSDS
be less than 3 years old.During Laboratory Safety Inspections, the
EHS inspector will audit the MSDS collection. The inspector
randomly selects five WHMIS-controlled products found in the
laboratory and then verifies the MSDS collection to ensure that it
contains the MSDS of the five selected products.2.1.3
TrainingTraining and education provides more detailed instruction
on the specific procedures necessary to carry out work safely.
WHMIS training is a major component of the WHMIS legislation and
therefore is mandatory for all personnel working with controlled
products at McGill, including Principal Investigators, students and
visiting researcher.Training can broken divided into two parts:
Core Training and Job-specific Training.2.1.3.1 Core WHMIS
TrainingCore WHMIS Training is basic training that provides
instruction on classification of controlled products; include risks
and precautions, and the content, purpose and interpretation of
information found on labels and in MSDS.Core WHMIS Training for
Laboratory Personnel is provided by Environmental Health &
Safety and is mandatory for all faculty, staff and students,
including undergraduate students working on research projects. The
training is valid for a period of 3 years. Core WHMIS Training is
offered several times per semester and the schedule can be
consulted atwww.mcgill.ca/ehs/training/whmis/.2.1.3.2 Job-specific
WHMIS TrainingJob-specific training refers to instruction in the
procedures for the safe handling and storage of the
WHMIS-controlled products that are unique to each laboratory, and
includes spill or leak remediation; waste disposal; and basic first
aid instructions. Job-specific training is the responsibility of
Principal Investigators and Laboratory Supervisors.Environmental
Health & Safety tracks all safety training on campus and is
able to supply supervisors with up-to-date safety training lists
for all their personnel, including students. To request a safety
training attendance list, send an e-mail toEHS.2.2 Understanding
hazard warning information2.2.1 WHMIS SymbolsThe classes of
controlled chemical products and their corresponding symbols or
pictograms, as well as general characteristics and handling
precautions are outlined in table 1.Table 1 -Safe handling of
controlled products. Summary of general characteristics and
procedures for handling and storage of WHMIS-controlled
products.Class and SymbolCharacteristicsPrecautions
Class A Compressed Gas
Gas inside cylinder is under pressure The cylinder may explode
if heated or damaged Sudden release of high pressure gas streams
may puncture skin and cause fatal embolis Transport and handle with
care Make sure cylinders are properly secured Store away from
sources of heat or fire Use proper regulator
Class B Flammable and Combustible Material
May burn or explode when exposed to heat, sparks or flames
Flammable: burns readily at room temperature Combustible: burns
when heated Store away from Class C (oxidizing materials) Store
away from sources of heat, sparks and flame Do not smoke near these
materials
Class C Oxidizing Material
Can cause other materials to burn or explode by providing oxygen
May burn skin and eyes on contact Store away from Class B
(flammable and combustible) materials Store away from sources of
heat and ignition Wear the recommended protective equipment and
clothing
Class D Poisonous and Infectious MaterialDivision 1:Materials
Causing Immediate and Serious Toxic Effects May cause immediate
death or serious injury if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through
the skin Avoid inhaling gas or vapours Avoid skin and eye contact
Wear the recommended protective equipment and clothing Do not eat,
drink or smoke near these materials Wash hands after handling
Class D Poisonous and Infectious MaterialDivision 2:Materials
Causing Other Toxic Effects May cause death or permanent injury
following repeated or long-term exposure May irritate eyes, skin
and breathing passages: may lead to chronic lung problems and skin
sensitivity May cause liver or kidney damage, cancer, birth defects
or sterility Avoid inhaling gas or vapours Avoid skin and eye
contact Wear the recommended protective equipment and clothing Do
not eat, drink or smoke near these materials Wash hands after
handling
Class D Poisonous and Infectious MaterialDivision 3:Biohazardous
Infectious Materials Contact with microbiological agents (e.g.,
bacteria, viruses, fungi and their toxins) may cause illness or
death Wear the recommended protective equipment and clothing Work
with these materials in designated areas Disinfect area after
handling Wash hands after handling
Class E Corrosive Material
Will burn eyes and skin on contact Will burn tissues of
respiratory tract if inhaled Store acids and bases in separate
areas Avoid inhaling these materials Avoid contact with skin and
eyes Wear the recommended protective equipment and clothing
Class F Dangerously Reactive Material
May be unstable, reacting dangerously to jarring, compression,
heat or exposure to light May burn, explode or produce dangerous
gases when mixed with incompatible materials Store away from heat
Avoid shock and friction Wear the recommended protective equipment
and clothing
Links to MSDSs can be found at the Environmental Health and
Safety web site athttp://www.mcgill.ca/eso/. A glossary explaining
the technical and legal terms commonly used in MSDSs ("McGill
Material Safety Data Sheet Reference Manual") is available from
theEnvironmental Health and Safety.2.2.2 Toxicological properties:
LD50AND LC50Despite the limitations of using toxicity data from
animal studies to predict the effects on humans, LD50and LC50values
often comprise a large part of the available toxicity information,
and form the bases for many standards, guidelines and
regulations.LD50(Lethal Dose50) is the amount of a substance that,
when administered by a defined route of entry (e.g. oral or dermal)
over a specified period of time, is expected to cause the death of
50 per cent of a defined animal population. The LD50is usually
expressed as milligrams or grams of test substance per kilogram of
animal body weight (mg/kg or g/kg).LC50(Lethal Concentration50) is
the amount of a substance in air that, when given by inhalation
over a specified period of time, is expected to cause the death in
50 per cent of a defined animal population. Some LC50values are
determined by administration of test substances to aquatic life in
water. TheLC50is expressed as parts of test substance per million
parts of air (PPM) for gases and vapours, or as milligrams per
litre or cubic metre of air (mg/L or mg/m3) for dusts, mists and
fumes.When assessing the hazards of materials used in the
laboratory, it is important to remember that substances with lower
LD50or LC50values are more toxic that those with higher
values.2.2.3 Exposure limits (TLV, PEL)An exposure limit is the
maximum limit of exposure to an air contaminant. The threshold
limit value (TLV) or permissible exposure limit (PEL) can be
expressed as the following: 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) is
the average concentration to which most workers can be exposed
during an 8-hour workday, day after day, without harmful effects
Short-term exposure limit (STEL), is the maximum average
concentration to which most workers can be exposed over a 15 minute
period, day after day, without adverse effects Ceiling (C) defines
a concentration that must never be exceeded; and is applied to many
chemicals with acute toxic effectsIt should be noted that most
exposure limits are based on industrial experiences and are not
entirely relevant to the laboratory environment. Good laboratory
practices and well-designed ventilation systems serve to maintain
air concentrations well below these limits.2.2.4 Flash pointThe
flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces
enough vapour to ignite in the presence of a source of ignition.
The lower the flash point, the greater the risk of fire. Many
common laboratory solvents (e.g., acetone, benzene, diethyl ether,
methanol) have flash points that are below room temperature.2.2.5
Autoignition temperatureThe ignition or autoignition temperature is
the temperature at which a material will ignite, even in the
absence of an ignition source; a spark is not necessary for
ignition when a flammable vapour reaches its autoignition
temperature. The lower the ignition temperature, the greater the
potential for a fire started by typical laboratory equipment.2.2.6
Flammable limitsFlammable limits or explosive limits define the
range of concentrations of a material in air that will burn or
explode in the presence of an ignition source such as a spark or
flame. Explosive limits are usually expressed as the percent by
volume of the material in air: The lower explosive limit (LEL) or
lower flammable limit (LFL) is the lowest vapour concentration that
will burn or explode if ignited. Below this limit, the
concentration of fuel is too "lean" for ignition, i.e., the mixture
is oxygen rich but contains insufficient fuel. The upper explosive
limit (UEL) or upper flammable limit (UFL) is the highest vapour
concentration that will ignite. Above this limit, the mixture is
too "rich" for ignition. The flammable range consists of
concentrations between the LEL and UELTable 2 -Flash points, lower
explosive limits and exposure limits (8-hour time-weighted
averages) of several flammable or combustible laboratory
solvents.SolventFPL (oC)LEL (% by volume)Auto ignition temp
(C)TLV-TWA * ppm (mg/m3)
acetic acid, glacial394.042710 (25)
acetone-182.5538250 (590)
acetonitrile5.63.052420 (34)
diethyl ether-451.9180400 (1210)**
ethanol, absolute133.34231000 (1900)
ethyl acetate-4.42.0427400 (1440)
methanol116.0464200 (260)
n-pentane-491.5309120 (350)
toluene4.41.1552100 (375)
* NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, 1999** Pending
reviewTOP OF PAGE3. Control of Chemical Hazards3.1 Toxic chemicals
and the four routes of entryChemicals can gain entry into the body
by: Inhalationof gases, vapours and particulate material (e.g.
mists, dusts, smoke, fumes) Absorptionthrough skin of liquids,
solids, gases and vapours Ingestionof chemicals directly or
indirectly via contaminated foods and beverages and contact between
mouth and contaminated hands (nail-biting, smoking) Injectionof
chemicals through needles and other contaminated laboratory
sharps3.2 Flammable chemicalsFlammable and combustible liquids,
solids or gases will ignite when exposed to heat, sparks or flame.
Flammable materials burn readily at room temperature, while
combustible materials must be heated before they will burn.
Flammable liquids or their vapours are the most common fire hazards
in laboratories. Refer to Section5.4("Preventing Fires") for
specific details on the safe handling of flammable chemicals in the
laboratory3.3 Oxidizing chemicalsOxidizers provide oxidizing
elements such as oxygen or chlorine, and are capable of igniting
flammable and combustible material even in an oxygen-deficient
atmosphere (Refer to Section5.1, "The Fire Triangle"). Oxidizing
chemicals can increase the speed and intensity of a fire by adding
to the oxygen supply, causing materials that would normally not
burn to ignite and burn rapidly. Oxidizers can also: React with
other chemicals, resulting in release of toxic gases Decompose and
liberate toxic gases when heated Burn or irritate skin, eyes,
breathing passages and other tissuesPrecautions to follow when
using and storing oxidizers in the laboratory include the
following: Keep away from flammable and combustible materials Keep
containers tightly closed unless otherwise indicated by the
supplier Mix and dilute according to the supplier's instructions To
prevent release of corrosive dusts, purchase in liquid instead of
dry form Reduce reactivity of solutions by diluting with water Wear
appropriate skin and eye protection Ensure that oxidizers are
compatible with other oxidizers in the same storage area3.4
Reactive chemicals
May be sensitive to jarring, compression, heat or light May
react dangerously with water or air May burn, explode or yield
flammable or toxic gases when mixed with incompatible materials Can
vigorously decompose, polymerize or condense Can also be toxic,
corrosive, oxidizing or flammable Some chemicals may not be
dangerous when purchased but may develop hazardous properties over
time (e.g. diethyl ether and solutions of picric acid).Follow these
precautions when working with dangerously reactive chemicals:
Understand the hazards associated with these chemicals and use them
under conditions which keep them stable Store and handle away from
incompatible chemicals Keep water-reactive chemicals away from
potential contact with water, such as plumbing, fire sprinkler
heads and water baths Handle in a chemical fume hood Wear the
appropriate skin and eye protection Work with small quantities Use
up or dispose of these chemicals before they attain their expiry
date3.5 Corrosive chemicalsCorrosives are materials, such as acids
and bases (caustics, alkalis) which can damage body tissues as a
result of splashing, inhalation or ingestion. Also: They may damage
metals, releasing flammable hydrogen gas They may damage some
plastics Some corrosives, such as sulphuric, nitric and perchloric
acids, are also oxidizers; thus they are incompatible with
flammable or combustible material They may release toxic or
explosive products when reacted with other chemicals They may
liberate heat when mixed with waterPrecautions for handling
corrosive materials include: Wear appropriate skin and eye
protection Use in the weakest concentration possible Handle in a
chemical fume hood Use secondary containers when transporting and
storing corrosives Always dilute by adding acids to water Dilute
and mix slowly Store acids separately from gases3.6 Chemical spill
response3.6.1 Spill response contingenciesLaboratory heads are
responsible for predetermining procedures for response to the types
of spill situations that may be anticipated for their operations.
Individuals requiring assistance in preparing spill response plans
should contactEnvironmental Health and Safety(local 4563).In
instances where more extensive equipment or technical assistance is
needed, backup can be provided by other internal resources.
Communications are handled through the emergency telephone number
(Downtown Campuslocal 3000, or Macdonald Campuslocal 7777).3.6.2
Development of spill response plans3.6.2.1 CommunicationsAll
laboratories housing hazardous materials are required to provide
means of reaching contact people who may be summoned in the event
of emergencies involving their laboratory, especially for
after-hours situations. This may involve posting the relevant
telephone number(s) and/or providing them to the Security Services,
who operate the emergency telephone number.Building Directors are
also required to provide to the Security Services telephone numbers
where they, or alternate contact persons, may be reached during
after-hours crises.3.6.2.2 General guidelinesThe following factors
are to be considered when developing spill response procedures:
Categories of chemicals (e.g. oxidizers, flammable solvents) and
their chemical, physical and toxicological properties. The
quantities that may be released. Possible locations of release
(e.g. laboratory, corridor). Personal protectiveequipment needed.
Types and quantities of neutralizing or absorbing material
needed.These guidelines should be followed when initially
responding to a spill situation: Determine appropriate clean up
method by referring to the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). If
you are unsure how to proceed, or if you do not have the necessary
protective equipment, do not attempt to clean up the spill. If the
spill is minor and of known limited danger, clean up immediately.
If the spill is of unknown composition, or potentially dangerous
(explosive, toxic vapours), alert everyone present and evacuate the
room. If the spill cannot be safely handled using the equipment and
personnel present, call the emergency telephone number (Downtown
Campus local 3000, Macdonald Campus local 7777) to request
assistance.3.6.3 Guidelines for specific types of spillsThis
section describes how to clean up some of the chemical spills that
may occur in the laboratory. Refer to Section6.3.1, "Chemical
Waste", for details on how to dispose of the absorbed
chemical.3.6.3.1 Flammable and toxic liquids If you can do so
without putting yourself at risk, immediately shut off all
potential ignition sources If fire occurs, alert everyone present
and extinguish all flames. If the fire cannot be controlled
immediately pull the nearest fire alarm. If no flames are evident,
pour adsorbent around the perimeter of the spill and then cover the
rest of the material. Wear an appropriate respirator if toxic
vapours are involved. Wear gloves resistant to the chemical being
handled. Using a plastic utensil (to avoid creating sparks), scoop
up the absorbed spill, place it in a plastic bag, seal it, and
place in a labeled container.3.6.3.2 Corrosive liquids Alert
everyone present. If vapours are being released, clear the area. Do
not attempt to wipe up a corrosive liquid unless it is very dilute.
Gloves, boots, apron and eye protection must be used when
neutralizing an extensive corrosive spill. Respiratory protection
is required if the liquid releases corrosive vapour or gas. Pour
the required neutralizing or adsorbing material around the
perimeter of the spill, then carefully add water and more
neutralizing material to the contained area. Carefully agitate to
promote neutralization. Use pH paper to verify that all
contaminated areas are neutralized and safe to wipe up. If an
adsorbent (eg. spill control pillows) is used instead of a
neutralizer, scoop up the absorbed spill, place it in a plastic
bag, seal it, and then place in a labeled box. If neutralized
material contains no toxic heavy metals (e.g. chromium), flush down
the drain with plenty of water.3.6.3.3 Corrosive solidsSmall spills
can be cleaned up mechanically with a dustpan and brush. Larger
spills should be cleaned up using a HEPA (high-efficiency
articulate) filter vacuum. For spills containing fine dusts, an
air-purifying respirator with dust filters is recommended, as are
gloves, protective goggles, and a lab coat.3.6.3.4 Toxic
solidsAvoid disturbing such solids (e.g. asbestos) which may
release toxic dusts. Wet the material thoroughly, then place it in
a plastic bag and label it appropriately. If wet removal is not
possible, a vacuum equipped with a HEPA (High Efficiency
Particulate Air) filter is required.3.6.3.5 GasesIn the event of
the release of a corrosive gas (e.g. chlorine) or gases that are
absorbed through the skin (e.g. hydrogen cyanide), a complete
chemical resistant suit and a self-contained breathing apparatus
are required. There is no practical means of absorbing or
neutralizing a gas - the leak must be corrected at the
source.3.6.3.6 MercuryIf a small amount of mercury is spilled (e.g.
broken thermometer), use an aspirator bulb or a mercury sponge to
pick up droplets, place the mercury in a container, cover with
water, seal it, and label the bottle appropriately. To clean up the
residual micro-droplets that may have worked into cracks and other
hard-to-clean areas, sprinkle sulphur powder or other commercially
available product for mercury decontamination. Leave the material
for several hours and sweep up solid into a plastic bag, seal it
and label it appropriately.Contact theEnvironmental Health and
Safety(local 4563)for monitoring of mercury air concentrations.If a
large spill of mercury is involved, the area should be closed off,
and a mercury respirator worn during the clean-up. A mercury vacuum
is available from theHazardousWaste Management(local 5066)for large
mercury spills.3.6.3.7 Special categoriesIt is not within the scope
of this manual to list procedures for all possible categories of
chemicals. For further information on responses to other categories
consult the material safety data sheet or contactEnvironmental
Health and Safety (local 4563).TOP OF PAGE4. Storage and Handling
in Laboratories4.1 General Storage Guidelines Do not block access
to emergency safety equipment such as fire extinguishers,
eyewashes, showers, first aid kits or utility controls such as
breaker boxes or gas shut-off valves Avoid blocking exits or normal
paths of travel: keep hallways, walkways and stairs clear of
chemicals, boxes, equipment and shelf projections Ensure that the
weight of stored material does not exceed the load-bearing capacity
of shelves or cabinets Ensure that wall-mounted shelving has
heavy-duty brackets and supports and is attached to studs or solid
blocking. Regularly inspect clamps, supports, shelf brackets and
other shelving hardware Arrange items so that they do not overhang
or project beyond the edges of shelves or counter tops Do not stack
materials so high that stability is compromised Leave a minimum of
18 inches (45.7 cm) of clearance between sprinkler heads and the
top of storage Use a safety step or stepladder to access higher
items; never stand on a stool or a chair4.2 Ergonomics Store
frequently used items between knee and shoulder height Store heavy
objects on lower shelves4.3 Chemical Storage Store hazardous
chemicals in an area that is accessible only to authorized
laboratory workers Minimize quantities and container sizes kept in
the lab Do not store chemicals in aisles, under sinks or on floors,
desks or bench tops Store chemicals away from sources of heat
(e.g., ovens or steam pipes) and direct sunlight Never stack
bottles on top of each other Do not store chemicals above eye
level/shoulder height Store larger containers on lower shelves
Store liquids inside chemically-resistant secondary containers
(such as trays or tubs) that are large enough to hold spills Store
chemicals inside closable cabinets or on sturdy shelving that has
12.7 mm-19 mm ( - inch) edge guards to prevent containers from
falling Ensure that chemicals cannot fall off the rear of shelves
Store chemicals based on compatibility and not in alphabetical
order (refer toTable 3andTable 4below). If a chemical presents more
than one hazard, segregate according to the primary hazard
Designate specific storage areas for each class of chemical, and
return reagents to those locations after each use Store volatile
toxic and odorous chemicals in a way that prevents release of
vapours (e.g., inside closed secondary containers, ventilated
cabinets, paraffin sealing) Store flammables requiring
refrigeration in explosion-safe or lab-safe refrigerators Label
reactive or unstable chemicals (e.g., ethers) with the date of
receipt and the date opened Inspect chemicals weekly for signs of
deterioration and for label integrity Dispose of unwanted chemicals
promptly through Hazardous Waste Management Keep inventory records
of chemicals, and update annually4.4 Flammable liquid storage
cabinetsFlammable chemicals should be stored inside flammable
liquid storage cabinets. Only those flammables in use for the day
should be outside the cabinet. Guidelines for cabinet use include:
Use NFPA or UL approved flammable liquid storage cabinets Keep
cabinet doors of the cabinet closed and latched Do not store other
materials in these cabinets4.5 Chemical compatibilityThe storage
scheme outlined in Section4.6below ("Chemical Segregation") may not
suffice to prevent mixing of incompatible chemicals. Certain
hazardous combinations can occur even between chemicals of the same
classifications.Table 3shows common examples of incompatible
combinations:Table 3 -Examples of incompatible combinations of some
commonly used chemicals.CHEMICALKeep from contact with:
Acetic Acidchromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds,
perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganate
Acetylenechlorine, bromine, copper, fluorine, silver,
mercury
Alkali Metals(e.g. Sodium)water, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
carbon dioxide, halogens
Ammonia, Anhydrousmercury, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite,
iodine, bromine, hydrofluoric acid
Ammonium Nitrateacids, metal powders, flammable liquids,
chlorates, nitrites, sulphur, finely divided combustible
materials
Anilinenitric acid, hydrogen peroxide
Brominesame as chlorine
Carbon, Activatedcalcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agents
Chloratesammonium salts, acids, metal powders, sulphur, finely
divided combustible materials
Chromic Acidacetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerin,
turpentine, alcohol, flammable liquids
Chlorineammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane
(or other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide, turpentine,
benzene, finely divided metals
Copperacetylene, hydrogen peroxide
Flammable Liquidsammonium nitrate, inorganic acids, hydrogen
peroxide, sodium peroxide, halogens
Hydrocarbonsfluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid, sodium
peroxide
Hydrofluoric Acidanhydrous ammonia, ammonium hydroxide
Hydrogen Peroxidecopper, chromium, iron, most metals or their
salts, alcohols, acetone, aniline, nitromethane, flammable liquids,
oxidizing gases
Hydrogen Sulphidefuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases
Iodineacetylene, ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous), hydrogen
Mercuryacetylene, fulminic acid, ammonia
Nitric Acidacetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid,
hydrogen sulphide, flammable liquids, flammable gases
Oxalic Acidsilver, mercury
Perchloric Acidacetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys, organic
materials
Potassiumcarbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water
Potassium Chloratesulphuric and other acids
Potassium Permanganateglycerin, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde,
sulphuric acid
Silveracetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, ammonia
compounds
Sodium Peroxidealcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride,
benzaldehyde, carbon disulphide, glycerin, ethylene glycol, ethyl
acetate, methyl acetate, furfural
Sulphuric Acidpotassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate,
potassium permanganate (or compounds with similar light metals,
such as sodium, lithium, etc.)
4.6 Chemical segregation Read the label carefully before storing
a chemical. More detailed storage information is usually provided
by the MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet). Ensure that incompatible
chemicals are not stored in close proximity to each other. Separate
the following types of chemicals from each other according to the
segregation scheme in Table 3. Note that this is a simplified
scheme and that in some instances chemicals of the same category
may be incompatible.For more detailed information refer to the
reactivity section of the Material Safety Data Sheet or a reference
manual on reactive chemical hazards.Table 4 -Suggested Segregation
for Chemical StorageFlammables Store in grounded flammable liquid
storage cabinet Separate from oxidizing materialsExamples: Acetone
Ethanol Glacial acetic acidNon-flammable solvents Store in cabinet
Can be stored with flammable liquids Separate from oxidizing
materialsExamples: Carbon tetrachloride Ethylene glycol Mineral
oil
Acids Store in cabinet of non-combustible material Separate
oxidizing acids from organic acids Separate from caustics,
cyanides, sulfidesExamples: Nitric acid Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric
acidCaustics Store in dry area Separate from acidsExamples:
Ammonium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide
Water reactive chemicals Store in cool, dry location Separate
from aqueous solutions Protect from fire sprinkler waterExamples:
Sodium Potassium LithiumOxidizers Store in cabinet of
non-combustible material Separate from flammable and combustible
materialsExamples: Sodium hypochlorite Benzoyl peroxide Potassium
permanganate
Non-oxidizing compressed gases Store in well-ventilated area
separate physically from oxidizing compressed gasesExamples:
Nitrogen Hydrogen Carbon DioxideOxidizing compressed gases Separate
physically from flammable compressed gasesExamples: Oxygen Chlorine
Nitrous oxide
Non-volatile, non-reactive solids Store in cabinets or open
shelves with edge guardsExamples: Agar Sodium chloride Sodium
bicarbonate
4.7 Unstable chemicalsMany chemicals, most notably ethers (e.g.,
THF, dioxane, diethyl and isopropyl ether), are susceptible to
decomposition resulting in explosive products. Ethers, liquid
paraffins, and olefins form peroxides on exposure to air and light.
Since most of these products have been packaged in an air
atmosphere, peroxides can form even if the containers have not been
opened. Discard unopened containers of ethers after one year
Discard containers of ethers within six months of opening Never
handle ethers beyond their expiry dates;contact your local waste
disposal coordinator to arrange to have the material stabilized and
removedThe following are common examples of compounds prone to
peroxide formation: Cyclohexene Dicyclopentadiene Diethyl ether
(ether) Dimethyl ether Dioxane Isopropyl ether Tetrahydrofuran
(THF)
The label and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) will also
indicate if a chemical is unstable.4.8 Explosive chemicalsMany
chemicals are susceptible to rapid decomposition or explosion when
subjected to forces such as being struck, vibrated, agitated or
heated. Some become increasingly shock sensitive with age. Picric
acid becomes shock sensitive and explosive if it dries out. Refer
to the label and the Material Safety Data Sheet to determine if a
chemical is explosive. Write the dates received and opened on all
containers of explosive or shock-sensitive chemicals Inspect all
such containers every month Keep picric acid solutions wet i.e.,
30% or more water Discard opened containers after six months, and
closed containers after one year, unless the material contains
stabilizers Wear appropriate personal protective equipment and
perform experiments behind face shield. Work with small
quantities.The following are atomic groupings that are associated
with the possibility of explosion: acetylide amine oxide azide
chlorate diazo diazonium fulminate N-haloamine hypohalite
hydroperoxide nitrate nitrite nitroso nitro ozonide perchlorate
peroxide picrate
The following are common examples of materials known to be
shock-sensitive and explosive: ammonium nitrate ammonium
perchlorate copper acetylide dinitrotoluene fulminate of mercury
lead azide nitroglycerine picric acid (when dry)
trinitrotoluene
TOP OF PAGE5. Fire SafetyLaboratory fires can by caused by
bunsen burners, runaway chemical reactions, electrical heating
units, failure of unattended or defective equipment, or overloaded
electrical circuits. Familiarize yourself with the operation of the
fire extinguishers and the location of pull stations, emergency
exits and evacuation routes where you work. In the event that the
general alarm is sounded use the evacuation routes established for
your area and follow the instructions of the Evacuation Monitors.
Once outside of the building, move away from the doors to enable
others to exit.5.1 The fire triangleFire cannot occur without an
ignition source, fuel and an oxidizing atmosphere (usually air),
the three elements that comprise what is called the "fire
triangle":
Fire will not be initiated if any one of these elements is
absent, and will not be sustained if one of these elements is
removed. This concept is useful in understanding prevention and
control of fires. For example, the coexistence of flammable vapours
and ignition sources should be avoided, but when flammable vapours
cannot be controlled elimination of ignition sources is
essential.5.2 Classes of fireThe National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) has defined four classes of fire, according to
the type of fuel involved. These are: Class Afires involve
combustibles such as paper, wood, cloth, rubber and many plastics.
Class Bfires entail burning of liquid fuels like oil-based paints,
greases, solvents, oil and gasoline. Class Cfires are of electrical
origin (fuse boxes, electric motors, wiring). Class Dfires
encompass combustible metals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium
and phosphorus.5.3 Fire extinguishersFire extinguishers are rated
as A, B, C or D (or combinations of A, B, C and D) for use against
the different classes of fires. Familiarize yourself with the fire
class ratings of the extinguishers in your work area so that you
will know what types of fire you can attempt to extinguish with
them.Learn how to use the extinguisher in your lab, as there will
be no time to read instructions during an emergency. Attempt to
fight small fires only, and only if there is an escape route behind
you. Remember to have the extinguisher recharged after every
use:inform Building Services at local 4560 (local 7828 at Macdonald
Campus). If you do fight a fire, remember the acronym "PASS" when
using the extinguisher: P: Pull and twist the locking pin to break
the seal. A: Aim low, and point the nozzle at the base of the fire.
S: Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing agent. S: Sweep
from side to side until the fire is out. Be prepared to repeat the
process if the fire breaks out again5.4 Preventing firesUse the
following precautions when working with or using flammable
chemicals in a laboratory; keep in mind that these precautions also
apply to flammable chemical waste. Minimize the quantities of
flammable liquids kept in the laboratory. Do not exceed the maximum
container sizes specified by the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA), as listed inAppendix 1. Except for the
quantities needed for the work at hand, keep all flammable liquids
in NFPA- or UL- (Underwriter's Laboratories) approved flammable
liquid storage cabinets. Keep cabinet doors closed and latched at
all times. Do not store other materials in these cabinets. Use and
store flammable liquids and gases only in well-ventilated areas.
Use a fume hood when working with products that release flammable
vapours. Keep flammable solvent containers, including those for
collecting waste, well capped. Place open reservoirs or collection
vessels for organic procedures like HPLC inside vented chambers.
Store flammable chemicals that require refrigeration in
"explosion-safe" (non-sparking) laboratory refrigerators. Keep
flammable chemicals away from ignition sources, such as heat,
sparks, flames and direct sunlight. Avoid welding or soldering in
the vicinity of flammables. Bond and ground large metal containers
of flammable liquids in storage. To avoid the build-up of static
charges, bond containers to each other when dispensing. Use
portable safety cans for storing, dispensing and transporting
flammable liquids. Clean spills of flammable liquids promptly.5.5
EvacuationsIn the event that the general alarm is sounded, follow
the evacuation routes established for your area; do not use the
elevators. Follow the instructions of the Evacuation Monitors. Once
outside the building, move away from the doors to allow others to
exit.TOP OF PAGE6. Hazardous Waste Disposal6.1 Waste minimizationIn
order to minimize the amount of hazardous waste presented for
disposal, it is important to follow these guidelines: Avoid
overstocking: one of the main sources of laboratory waste is
surplus stock - the result of over buying. Recent pricing
arrangements with suppliers have greatly reduced the benefits of
purchasing chemicals in large volumes. Also, there is little need
to store large quantities of chemicals, as orders are generally
shipped the day after an order is received. Do not accept donations
of materialsthat you don't plan to use. Many companies have
traditionally unloaded unwanted reagents by donating them to
laboratories, which eventually transfers the cost of disposal to
the University. Substitute hazardous experimental materialsfor
non-hazardous ones. For example, use aqueous-based, biodegradable
scintillation fluids whenever possible.6.2 Hazardous waste disposal
guidelines Label all waste materials completely and legibly, using
labels available fromHazardous Waste Management(HWM, local 5066).
Inadequately labeled containers will not be accepted. Package waste
materials in approved containers, available from HWM. Over filled
and/or leaking containers cannot be accepted for disposal. Never
discharge wastes into the sewer unless you have verified that
hazardous wastes regulations permit you to do so. For information,
contact HWM6.3 Waste preparation procedures6.3.1 Chemical
waste6.3.1.1 Organic solvents and oils Collect in the containers
provided byHazardous Waste Management(HWM, local 5066). Indicate
the composition of the contents as accurately as possible on the
attached label.6.3.1.2 Miscellaneous chemicals and cylinders
Complete the lab chemical inventory form and send toHWM (fax 4633).
Await instructions.6.3.1.3 Chemicals of unknown composition Unknown
chemicals cannot be accepted. Analyze or contact HWM to arrange for
analysis (at the expense of the waste generator).6.3.1.4
Peroxide-forming (e.g. ether) and explosive (e.g. dry picric acid)
chemicals Do not mix with solvents or other waste. If the material
is older than one year, do not attempt to open or move the
container. Contact HWM for advice.6.3.1.5. Corrosives (acids and
bases) Collect acids (pH7) separately in the plastic containers
provided by HWM. Do not mix acids with bases. Indicate the
composition of the contents, as accurately as possible, on the
attached label.6.3.2 Biomedical waste6.3.2.1 Animal carcasses Place
in the plastic-lined biomedical waste containers provided
byHazardous Waste Management (HWM, local 5066) Ensure that the
weight of individual containers does not exceed 40 pounds. Store in
a refrigerated area.6.3.2.2 Infectious laboratory waste Place in
the plastic-lined biomedical containers provided by WMP.6.3.2.3
Biohazardous sharpsRefer to Section6.3.3.1below for further
details.6.3.2.4 Blood and blood-contaminated materials Unclotted
blood can be disposed of via the sanitary drains. Designate one
sink for this purpose. After discharging blood, decontaminate the
sink with a 5-10% dilution of household bleach. Allow a contact
time of 20 minutes, then rinse with water. Dispose of
blood-contaminated materials as infectious laboratory waste.6.3.3
Sharps6.3.3.1 Definition of SharpsSharps are defined as any
material that can penetrate plastic bags: examples include syringe
needles, scalpel blades, glass and plastic pipettes, disposable
pipette tips, etc.6.3.3.1.1Contaminated sharps Label a plastic,
puncture proof container (e.g. empty liquid bleach bottle) with the
word "SHARPS", the appropriate hazard warning symbol (e.g.
biohazard, radioactive) and the name of the Principal Investigator.
Discard containers of sharps contaminated with infectious materials
into biomedical waste containers as per the procedure for
Infectious Laboratory Waste (Section6.3.2.2). Discard containers of
sharps contaminated with radioactive materials as per the procedure
for solid radioactive waste
(Section6.3.4.1)6.3.3.1.2Non-contaminated sharps Label a
puncture-proof container (wide-mouth plastic bottle or a heavy-duty
cardboard box lined with plastic) with the word "SHARPS", and the
name of the Principal Investigator. Accumulate in the designated
container, without overfilling. When full, close and seal the
container and place it beside the regular garbage receptacle for
pickup by the cleaning staff.6.3.3.2 Broken glassware
(uncontaminated) Designate a cardboard box for broken glass; label
it "BROKEN GLASS", and place glass inside. When the box is full,
seal it with tape and place it next to the garbage receptacle for
pickup by the cleaning staff.6.3.3.3 Empty chemical reagent bottles
Remove the cap from the empty bottle and allow volatile materials
to evaporate into the fume hood. Rinse the bottle three times with
tap water and let dry. Remove or obliterate the label. Place the
uncapped bottle next to the garbage receptacle.6.3.4 Radioactive
waste6.3.4.1 Solid waste (except sealed sources) Whenever possible,
package alpha emitting radioisotopes separately from other
radioisotopes. Whenever possible, package long-lived (half life
> 10 years) radioisotopes separately from short-lived
radioisotopes. Accumulate wastes in the solid radioactive waste
containers provided. Update the information on the label as wastes
are placed in the container.6.3.4.2 Sealed and encapsulated sources
Do not package sealed sources with other types of waste materials.
Contact your local Hazardous Waste Coordinator.6.3.4.3 Liquid
scintillation vials Leave fluids in their vials. Deposit vials into
the designated 45-gallon drum in your building's waste storage area
and enter the required information on the inventory sheet attached
to the drum.6.3.4.4 Liquid radioactive waste Aqueous liquid wastes
at or below 0.01 scheduled quantity per litre can be disposed of
via the regular drainN.B. It is illegal to dilute for the purposes
of reducing radioactivity to below this level. Consult with the
Radiation Safety Officer if additional assistance is required in
determining scheduled quantities. Containers are available for
laboratories that are unable to avoid the generation of liquid
radioactive wastes. In order to control costs, you are asked to
exercise great care to fill the containers with only such
materials.TOP OF PAGE7. Laboratory Ventilation And Fume Hoods7.1
General ventilationGeneral ventilation, also called dilution
ventilation, involves dilution of inside air with fresh outside
air, and is used to: maintain comfortable temperature, humidity and
air movement for room occupants dilute indoor air contaminants
replace air as it is exhausted to the outside via local ventilation
devices such as fume hoods provide a controlled environment for
specialized areas such as surgery or computer roomsGeneral
ventilation systems comprise an air supply and an air exhaust. The
air may be supplied via a central HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and
Air Conditioning) system or, especially in older buildings, via
openable windows. Laboratory air may be exhausted through either
local exhaust devices or air returns connected to the HVAC
system.7.2 Local ventilation devicesLocal exhaust ventilation
systems capture and discharge air contaminants (biological,
chemical, radioactive) or heat from points of release. Common local
exhaust ventilation devices found in laboratories include: chemical
fume hoods canopy hoods slotted hoods biological safety cabinets
direct connections7.2.1 Chemical fume hoodsChemical fume hoods are
enclosed units with a sliding sash for opening or closing the hood.
They are able to capture and exhaust even heavy vapours, and are
preferred for all laboratory procedures that require manual
handling of hazardous chemical material. Refer to Section7.4below
for information on the safe use of chemical fume hoods.7.2.2 Canopy
hoodsCanopy hoods are designed to capture heat from processes or
equipment, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometers or
autoclaves; a canopy or bonnet is suspended over a process and
connected to an exhaust vent. The following limitations make canopy
hoods poor substitutes for chemical fume hoods, because they: draw
contaminated air through the user's breathing zone do not capture
heavy vapours provide less containment than chemical fume hoods,
and are more affected by air turbulence do not provide adequate
suction more than a few inches away from the hood opening7.2.3
Slotted hoodsSlotted hoods, or benches, have one or more narrow
horizontal openings, or slots, at the back of the work surface; the
slots are connected to exhaust ducting. These special purpose hoods
are used for work with chemicals of low to moderate toxicity only,
such as developing black and white photographs.7.2.4 Biological
safety cabinetsBiological safety cabinets are for use with
biological material; depending on the cabinet class, they provide
protection of the environment, user and/or product. They are not
recommended for use with hazardous chemicals because most models
recirculate air into the laboratory, and because the HEPA filter
that is integral to the protective function can be damaged by some
chemicals. Biological safety cabinets are described in more detail
in the McGill Laboratory Biosafety Manual.7.2.5 Direct
connectionsDirect connections provide direct exhausting of
contaminants to the outdoors and are used for venting: flammable
liquid storage cabinets other toxic chemical storage cabinets
solvent and waste reservoirs, such as for HPLC solvent systems
reaction vessels, sample analyzers, ovens, dryers and vacuum pump
outlets7.3 Ventilation balancing and containmentBy regulation, more
air is exhausted from a laboratory than is supplied to it,
resulting in a net negative pressure (vacuum) in the laboratory.
Negative pressure draws air into the laboratory from surrounding
areas, and serves to prevent airborne hazardous chemicals,
radiation or infectious microorganisms from spreading outside the
laboratory in the event of an accidental release inside the
laboratory. Balancing of laboratory ventilation must take into
consideration the amount of air exhausted by local ventilation
devices such as fume hoods. Modern laboratories do not have
operable windows, as opening of windows tends to pressurize a room,
pushing air from the laboratory into adjacent non-laboratory
areas.7.4 Safe use of chemical fume hoodsFume hoods properly used
and maintained, will render substantial protection, provided the
user is aware of its capabilities and limitations. The performance
standard for fume hoods is the delivery of a minimum face velocity
of 100 linear feet per minute at half sash height. An anemometer
for determining a fumehood's face velocity is available from
Environmental Health and Safety. To ensure your fume hood provides
the highest degree of protection observe the following
guidelines:1. Only materials being used in an ongoing experiment
should be kept in the fume hood. Cluttering the hood will create
air flow disturbances.2. When it is necessary to keep a large
apparatus inside a hood, it should be placed upon blocks or legs to
allow air to flow underneath.3. Operate the hood with the sash as
low as practical. Reducing the open face will increase the face
velocity.4. Work as far into the hood as possible. At least six
inches is recommended.5. Do not lean into the hood. This disturbs
the air flow, and also places your head into the contaminated air
inside the hood.6. Do not make quick motions into or out of the
hood, or create cross drafts by walking rapidly past the hood.
Opening doors or windows can sometimes cause strong air currents
which will disturb the air flow into the hood.7. Heating devices
should be placed at the rear of the hood.8. Do not use a hood for
any function it was not specifically designed, such as perchloric
acid, some radioisotopes, etc.9. Keep hood door closed when not
attended.10. Remember that sinks inside fume hoods are not designed
for disposing of chemical wastes.TOP OF PAGE8. Compressed Gases and
Cryogenics8.1 Hazards of compressed gasesCompressed gases are
hazardous due to the high pressure inside cylinders. Knocking over
an unsecured, uncapped cylinder of compressed gas can break the
cylinder valve; the resulting rapid escape of high pressure gas can
turn a cylinder into an uncontrolled rocket or pinwheel, causing
serious injury and damage. Poorly controlled release of compressed
gas in the laboratory can burst reaction vessels, cause leaks in
equipment and hoses or result in runaway chemical reactions.
Compressed gases may also have flammable, oxidizing, dangerously
reactive, corrosive or toxic properties. Inert gases such as
nitrogen, argon, helium and neon can displace air, reducing oxygen
levels in poorly ventilated areas and causing asphyxiation.8.2 Safe
handling, storage and transport of compressed gas cylinders All gas
cylinders, full or empty, should be securely supported using
suitable racks, straps, chains or stands. When cylinders are not in
use or are being transported, remove the regulator and attach the
protective cap. An appropriate cylinder cart should be used for
transporting cylinders. Chain or strap the cylinder to the cart.
Verify that the regulator is appropriate for the gas being used and
the pressure being delivered. Do not rely upon the pressure gauge
to indicate the maximum pressure ratings; check the regulator's
specifications. Do not use adaptors or Teflon tape to attach
regulators to gas cylinders. Never bleed a cylinder completely
empty; leave a residual pressure. Do not lubricate the
high-pressure side of an oxygen regulator. Do not expose cylinders
to temperature extremes. Store incompatible classes of gases
separately.8.3 Cryogenic hazardsCryogenics are very low temperature
materials such as dry ice (solid CO2) and liquefied air or gases
like nitrogen, oxygen, helium, argon and neon. The following
hazards are associated with the use of cryogenics: asphyxiation due
to displacement of oxygen (does not apply to liquid air and oxygen)
embrittlement of materials from extreme cold frostbite explosion
due to pressure build up condensation of oxygen and fuel (e.g.
hydrogen and hydrocarbons) resulting in explosive mixtures8.4
Cryogenic handling precautionsThe following are precautions for
handling cryogenics: Control ice build up Use only low-pressure
containers equipped with pressure-relief devices. Protect skin and
eyes from contact; wear eye protection and insulated gloves. Use
and store in well-ventilated areas. Keep away from sparks or
flames. Use materials resistant to embrittlement (e.g. latex rubber
tubing). Watches, rings, bracelets or other jewelry that could trap
fluids against flesh should not be worn when handling cryogenic
liquids To prevent thermal expansion of contents and rupture of the
vessel, do not fill containers to more than 80% of capacity. If
cryogens must be transported by elevator, take adequate precautions
to prevent possible injury. Send cryogenic liquid tanks in
elevators without any passengers and ensure that nobody gets on the
elevator while the cryogen is being transported.TOP OF PAGE9.
Physical Hazards and Ergonomics9.1 Electrical safety Purchase and
use only CSA-approved electrical equipment. All electrical outlets
should carry a grounding connection requiring a three-pronged plug.
Never remove the ground pin of a three-pronged plug. Remove cords
by grasping the plug, not the cord. All electrical equipment
(except glass-cloth heaters and certain models of oscillographs
requiring a floating ground) should be wired with a grounding plug.
All wiring should be done by, or under the approval of, a licensed
electrician. Electrical equipment that has been wetted should be
disconnected at the main switch or breaker before being handled.
Familiarize yourself with the location of such devices. Know how to
cut off the electrical supply to the laboratory in the event of an
emergency. Maintain free access to panels; breaker panels should be
clearly labeled as to which equipment they control. Ensure that all
wires are dry before plugging into circuits. Electrical equipment
with frayed wires should be repaired before being put into
operation. Tag and disconnect defective equipment. Be sure that all
electrical potential has been discharged before commencing repair
work on any equipment containing high voltage power supplies or
capacitors. Minimize the use of extension cords and avoid placing
them across areas of pedestrian traffic. Use only C02, halon, or
dry chemical fire extinguishers for electrical fires. Use ground
fault circuit interrupters for all electrical equipment used for
administering electrical current to human subjects or measuring
electrical signals from human subjects.9.2 High pressure and vacuum
workPressure differences between equipment and the atmosphere
result in many lab accidents. Glass vessels under vacuum or
pressure can implode or explode, resulting in cuts from projectiles
and splashes to the skin and eyes. Glass can rupture even under
small pressure differences. Rapid temperature changes, such as
those that occur when removing containers from liquid cryogenics,
can lead to pressure differences, as can carrying out chemical
reactions inside sealed containers.The hazards associated with
pressure work can be reduced by: checking for flaws such as cracks,
scratches and etching marks before using vacuum apparatus using
vessels specifically designed for vacuum work. Thin-walled or
round-bottomed flasks larger than 1 L should never be evacuated
assembling vacuum apparatus so as to avoid strain. Heavy apparatus
should be supported from below as well as by the neck taping glass
vacuum apparatus to minimize projectiles due to implosion using
adequate shielding when conducting pressure and vacuum operations
allowing pressure to return to atmospheric before opening vacuum
desiccators or after removal of a sample container from cryogenics
wearing eye and face protection when handling vacuum or pressure
apparatus9.3 Repetitive work and ergonomicsErgonomics is concerned
with how the workplace "fits" the worker. Performing certain work
tasks without regard for ergonomic principles can result in:
fatigue repetitive motion injuries strains, aches and injuries from
biomechanical stresses eyestrain from video display terminals
(VDTs) decreased moraleFactors that can increase the risk of
musculoskeletal injury are: awkward positions or movements
repetitive movements application of forceIn a laboratory setting,
look for the following when addressing ergonomic concerns:
Laboratory bench and workbench heights are suitable for all
personnel Laboratory chairs are on wheels or castors, are sturdy
(5-legged), and are adjustable (seat height, angle, backrest
height) VDTs are positioned at or slightly below eye level, and are
positioned so as to avoid glare from lights or windows Computer
keyboards and pointing devices are positioned so that wrists are
kept in a neutral position and forearms are horizontal Colour,
lettering size and contrast of equipment display monitors are
optimized so as not to cause eye strain Work station design does
not necessitate excessive bending, reaching, stretching or twisting
Vibration-producing equipment, such as vortex mixers and pump-type
pipettors are not used for extended periods of time Buttons and
knobs on equipment are accessible and of a good size Heavy items
are not carried or handled Laboratory workers are using proper
techniques when lifting or moving materials Indoor air quality
parameters, such as temperature, humidity and air supply are
comfortable Floors are slip-resistant Noise levels are not
excessive9.4 Glassware safety Use a dustpan and brush, not your
hands, to pick up broken glass. Discard broken glass in a rigid
container separate from regular garbage and label it appropriately
(see Waste Preparation Procedures, Section6.3). Protect glass that
is subject to high pressure or vacuum. Wrapping glass vessels with
cloth tape will minimize the possibility of projectiles. Glass is
weakened by everyday stresses such as heating and bumping. Handle
used glassware with extra care. Discard or repair all damaged
glassware, as chipped, cracked or star-cracked vessels cannot
handle the normal stresses.When handling glass rods or tubes: fire
polish the ends, lubricate with water or glycerine when inserting
through stopper, ensure stopper holes are properly sized, and not
too small, insert carefully, with a slight twisting motion, keeping
hands close together, and use gloves or a cloth towel to protect
your handsTOP OF PAGE10. Equipment SafetyWhenever lab equipment is
purchased, preference should be given to equipment that limits
contact between the operator and hazardous material, and mechanical
and electrical energy is corrosion-resistant, easy to decontaminate
and impermeable to liquids has no sharp edges or burrsEvery effort
should be made to prevent equipment from becoming contaminated. To
reduce the likelihood of equipment malfunction that could result in
leakage, spill or unnecessary generation of aerosolized pathogens:
Review the manufacturer's documentation. Keep for future reference.
Use and service equipment according to the manufacturer's
instructions. Ensure that anyone who uses a specific instrument or
piece of equipment is properly trained in setup, use and cleaning
of the item. Ensure that equipment leaving the laboratory for
servicing or disposal is appropriately decontaminated. Complete
aCertificate Of Equipment Decontamination[.pdf] form and attach it
to the equipment before it leaves the lab.The following sections
outline some of the precautions and procedures to be observed with
some commonly used laboratory equipment.10.1 CentrifugesImproperly
used or maintained centrifuges can present significant hazards to
users. Failed mechanical parts can result in release of flying
objects, hazardous chemicals and biohazardous aerosols. The high
speed spins generated by centrifuges can create large amounts of
aerosol if a spill, leak or tube breakage occurs. To avoid
contaminating your centrifuge: Check glass and plastic centrifuge
tubes for stresslines, hairline cracks and chipped rims before use.
Use unbreakable tubes whenever possible. Avoid filling tubes to the
rim. Use caps or stoppers on centrifuge tubes. Avoid using
lightweight materials such as aluminum foil as caps. Use sealed
centrifuge buckets (safety cups) or rotors that can be loaded and
unloaded in a biological safety cabinet. Decontaminate the outside
of the cups or buckets before and after centrifugation. Inspect
o-rings regularly and replace if cracked or dry. Ensure that the
centrifuge is properly balanced. Do not open the lid during or
immediately after operation, attempt to stop a spinning rotor by
hand or with an object, or interfere with the interlock safety
device. Decant supernatants carefully and avoid vigorous shaking
when resuspending.When using high-speed or ultra centrifuges,
additional practices should include: Connect the vacuum pump
exhaust to a trap. Record each run in a logbook: keep a record of
speed and run time for each rotor. Install a HEPA filter between
the centrifuge and the vacuum pump when working with biohazardous
material. Never exceed the specified speed limitations of the
rotor.10.2 Electrophoresis equipment Ensure that electrophoresis
equipment is properly grounded and has electrical interlocks. Do
not bypass safety interlocks. Inspect electrophoresis equipment
regularly for damage and potential tank leaks. Locate equipment
away from high traffic areas, and away from wet areas such as sinks
or washing apparatus. Display warning signs.10.3 Heating baths,
water bathsHeating baths keep immersed materials immersed at a
constant temperature. They may be filled with a variety of
materials, depending on the bath temperature required; they may
contain water, mineral oil, glycerin, paraffin or silicone oils,
with bath temperatures ranging up to 300oC. The following
precautions are appropriate for heating baths: set up on a stable
surface, away from flammable and combustible materials including
wood and paper relocate only after the liquid inside has cooled
ensure baths are equipped with redundant heat controls or automatic
cutoffs that will turn off the power if the temperature exceeds a
preset limit use with the thermostat set well below the flash point
of the heating liquid in use equip with a thermometer to allow a
visual check of the bath temperature.The most common heating bath
used in laboratories is the water bath. When using a water bath:
clean regularly; a disinfectant, such as a phenolic detergent, can
be added to the water avoid using sodium azide to prevent growth of
microorganisms; sodium azide forms explosive compounds with some
metals raise the temperature to 90oC or higher for 30 minutes once
a week for decontamination purposes unplug the unit before filling
or emptying, and have the continuity-to-ground checked
regularly10.4 Shakers, blenders and sonicatorsWhen used with
infectious agents, mixing equipment such as shakers, blenders,
sonicators, grinders and homogenizers can release significant
amounts of hazardous aerosols, and should be operated inside a
biological safety cabinet whenever possible. Equipment such as
blenders and stirrers can also produce large amounts of flammable
vapours. The hazards associated with this type of equipment can be
minimized by: selecting and purchasing equipment with safety
features that minimize leaking selecting and purchasing mixing
apparatus with non-sparking motors. checking integrity of gaskets,
caps and bottles before using. Discard damaged items. allowing
aerosols to settle for at least one minute before opening
containers covering tops of blenders with a disinfectant-soaked
towel during operation, when using biohazardous material when using
a sonicator, immersing the tip deeply enough into the solution to
avoid creation of aerosols decontaminating exposed surfaces after
use10.5 Ovens and hot platesLaboratory ovens are useful for baking
or curing material, off-gassing, dehydrating samples and drying
glassware. Select and purchase an oven whose design prevents
contact between flammable vapours and heating elements or
spark-producing components Discontinue use of any oven whose backup
thermostat, pilot light or temperature controller has failed Avoid
heating toxic materials in an oven unless it is vented outdoors
(via a canopy hood, for example) Never use laboratory ovens for
preparation of food for human consumption Glassware that has been
rinsed with an organic solvent should be rinsed with distilled
water before it is placed in a drying oven10.6 Analytical
equipmentThe following instructions for safe use of analytical
equipment are general guidelines; consult the user's manual for
more detailed information on the specific hazards: Ensure that
installation, modification and repairs of analytical equipment are
carried out by authorized service personnel. Read and understand
the manufacturer's instructions before using this equipment. Make
sure that preventive maintenance procedures are performed as
required. Do not attempt to defeat safety interlocks. Wear safety
glasses and lab coats (and other appropriate personal protective
equipment as specified) for all procedures.10.6.1 Scintillation
counters Use sample vials that meet the manufacturer's
specifications Keep counters clean and free of foreign material To
avoid contaminating the counter and its accessories with
radioactivity, change gloves before loading racks in the counter or
using the computer keyboard. Verify on a regular basis (by wipe
testing) that the equipment has not become contaminated.10.6.2
Atomic absorption (AA) spectrometersSample preparation for atomic
absorption procedures often require handling of flammable, toxic
and corrosive products. Familiarize yourself with the physical,
chemical and toxicological properties of these materials and follow
the recommended safety precautions. Atomic absorption equipment
must be adequately vented, as toxic gases, fumes and vapours are
emitted during operation. Other recommendations to follow when
carrying out atomic absorption analysis are: Wear safety glasses
for mechanical protection. Check the integrity of the burner, drain
and gas systems before use. Inspect the drain system regularly;
empty the drain bottle frequently when running organic solvents.
Allow the burner head to cool to room temperature before handling.
Never leave the flame unattended. A fire extinguisher should be
located nearby. Avoid viewing the flame or furnace during
atomization unless wearing protective eyewear. Hollow cathode lamps
are under negative pressure and should be handled with care and
disposed of properly to minimize implosion risks.10.6.3 Mass
spectrometers (MS)Mass spectrometry requires the handling of
compressed gases and flammable and toxic chemicals. Consult MSDSs
for products before using them. Specific precautions for working
with the mass spectrometer include: Avoid contact with heated parts
while the mass spectrometer is in operation. Verify gas, pump,
exhaust and drain system tubing and connections before each use.
Ensure that pumps are vented outside the laboratory, as pump
exhaust may contain traces of the samples being analyzed, solvents
and reagent gas. Used pump oil may also contain traces of analytes
and should be handled as hazardous waste.10.6.4 Gas chromatographs
(GC)Gas chromatography requires handling compressed gases
(nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, helium), and flammable and toxic
chemicals. Consult product MSDSs before using such hazardous
products. Specific precautions for working with gas chromatographs
include: Perform periodic visual inspections and pressure leak
tests of the sampling system plumbing, fittings and valves. Follow
the manufacturer's instructions when installing columns. Glass or
fused capillary columns are fragile: handle them with care and wear
safety glasses to protect eyes from flying particles while
handling, cutting or installing capillary columns. Turn off and
allow heated areas such as the oven, inlet and detector, as well as
connected hardware, to cool down before touching them. To avoid
electrical shock, turn off the instrument and disconnect the power
cord at its receptacle whenever the access panel is removed. Turn
off the hydrogen gas supply at its source when changing columns or
servicing the instrument. When using hydrogen as fuel (flame
ionization FID and nitrogen-phosphorus detectors NPD), ensure that
a column or cap is connected to the inlet fitting whenever hydrogen
is supplied to the instrument to avoid buildup of explosive
hydrogen gas in the oven. Measure hydrogen gas and air separately
when determining gas flow rates. Perform a radioactive leak test
(wipe test) on electron capture detectors (ECDs) at least every 6
months for sources of 50MBq (1.35 mCi) or greater. Ensure that the
exhaust from (ECDs) is vented to the outside. When performing split
sampling, connect the split vent to an exhaust ventilation system
or appropriate chemical trap if toxic materials are analyzed or
hydrogen is used as the carrier gas. Use only helium or nitrogen
gas, never hydrogen, to condition a chemical trap.10.6.5 Nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) equipmentThe superconducting magnet of NMR
equipment produces strong magnetic and electromagnetic fields that
can interfere with the function of cardiac pacemakers. Users of
pacemakers and other implanted ferromagnetic medical devices are
advised to consult with their physician, the pacemaker's manual and
pacemaker manufacturer before entering facilities which house NMR
equipment. Precautions for work with NMR include the following:
Post clearly visible warning signs in areas with strong magnetic
fields. Measure stray fields with a gaussmeter, and restrict public
access to areas of 5-gauss or higher. The strong magnetic field can
suddenly pull nearby unrestrained magnetic objects into the magnet
with considerable force. Keep all tools, equipment and personal
items containing ferromagnetic material (e.g., steel, iron) at
least 2 metres away from the magnet. Though not a safety issue,
advise users that the magnetic field can erase magnetic media such
as tapes and floppy disks, disable credit and automated teller
machine (ATM) cards, and damage analog watches. Avoid skin contact
with cryogenic (liquid) helium and nitrogen; wear a protective face
mask and loose-fitting thermal gloves during dewar servicing and
when handling frozen samples. Refer to Section11, "Compressed Gases
and Cryogenics". Ensure that ventilation is sufficient to remove
the helium or nitrogen gas exhausted by the instrument. Avoid
positioning your head over the helium and nitrogen exit tubes. NMR
tubes are thin-walled; handle them carefully and reserve them for
NMR use only.10.6.6 High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
equipmentHPLC procedures may require handling of compressed gas
(helium) and flammable and toxic chemicals. Familiarize yourself
with the hazardous properties of these products, as well as
recommended precautionary measures, by referring to MSDSs. Inspect
the drain system regularly; empty the waste container frequently
when using organic solvents. Ensure that waste collection vessels
are vented. Never use solvents with autoignition temperatures below
110oC. Be sure to use a heavy walled flask if you plan to use
vacuum to degas the solvent. Never clean a flowcell by forcing
solvents through a syringe: syringes under pressure can leak or
rupture, resulting in sudden release of syringe contents. High
voltage and internal moving parts are present in the pump. Switch
off the electrical power and disconnect the line cord when
performing routine maintenance of the pump. Shut down and allow the
system to return to atmospheric pressure before carrying out
maintenance procedures.10.6.7 Liquid chromatography (LC/MS)
equipmentLC/MS requires the handling of compressed nitrogen and
flammable and toxic