Molecular Models Name: Yara Sayegh Subject: Chemistry Submitted to: Ms. Lady Maalouf Date: March 23, 2011 Class: IB-1
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Molecular Models
Name: Yara Sayegh
Subject: Chemistry
Submitted to: Ms. Lady Maalouf
Date: March 23, 2011
Class: IB-1
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Yara Sayegh ; 000829016
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*Purpose/Aim/Objective:
The purpose of this experiment was to make models of molecules, using ball-and-stick
model kits; as well as, to convert three-dimensional molecular models to two-dimensional
molecular drawings.
*Apparatus/Equipment/Materials:
- 1 ball-and-stick model set (6-student group)
*Procedure:
1. A ball-and-stick model set was used to construct models of water (H2O), ammonia (NH3),and methane (CH4) molecules. A sketch of each molecule was made, and shape, bond
angles, and type hybridization were noted.
2. Models of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), dichlorodifluoromethane
(CCl2F2), and ethane (C2H6) were constructed. The molecular formula for each of these
compounds was noted, and a sketch of each molecule was drawn and then named.
3. A model of the substances of the air above a burning candle, which contains nitrogen
gas, carbon dioxide gas, oxygen gas, and soot, were constructed.
4. A model urea (CO(NH2)2) was constructed and its shape was sketched.
5. A model of butane (C4H10) was constructed. The model was then sketched. Later, a
model of a different molecule that has the same molecular formula as butane was
constructed. (Butane was made in two ways (isomers)
6. A model of bromochlorofluoromethane (CHBrClF) was constructed. Then the
compound was sketched. After, an isomer of this compound was constructed.
7. Finally, C6H6 was made into a three-dimensional model with two isomers.
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*Data Collection/Processing/Analysis:
Table 1: Molecular Shapes, Bonding Angles, & Type of Hybridization
Molecule Shape Bond Angles Hybridization
Water
H2O
Bent
104.5o
SP3
Ammonia
NH3
Trigonal Pyramidal
107o
SP3
Methane
CH4
Tetrahedral
109.5o
SP3
Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S
Bent
92o
No Hybridization
Carbon Tetrachloride
CCl4
Tetrahedral
109.5o
SP3
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Dichlorodifluoromethane
CCl2F2
Tetrahedral
109.5o
SP3
Ethane
C2H6
Tetrahedral
109.5o
SP3
Nitrogen Gas
N2
Linear
180o
SP
Carbon Dioxide Gas
CO2
Linear
180o
SP
Oxygen Gas
O2
Linear
180o
SP
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Table 2: Molecular Shapes and Structures
Molecule Shape
CO(NH2)2
C4H10
CHBrClF
C6H6
(isomer 1)
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C6H6
(isomer 2)
*Conclusion:
In conclusion, this experiment allowed us to visualize the different molecules in a three-
dimensional perspective. Moreover, it allowed us to further our knowledge of molecules
and their bonding angles and shapes, as well as developed our skill in reproducing the
three-dimensional molecular structures into two-dimensional ones on paper.
*Evaluation & Improvements:
In general, the experiment was nearly perfect. The three-dimensional shapes gave an
almost exact form of the molecules, and their bonding angles were roughly correct.However, a more accurate ball-and-stick model set could have been used to improve the
experiment. A more accurate set would portray the bonding angles more precisely, as well
as the shapes.