Chem G8316_10 Supramolecular Organic Chemistry Introduction of some general features of supramolecular chemistry Lecture 2, Monday, January 25, 2010 10:35 AM-11:50 AM 1 Brief introduction to modern molecular organic photochemistry Examples of molecular organic supramolecular photochemistry
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Chem G8316_10 Supramolecular Organic Chemistry
Introduction of some general features of supramolecular chemistry
Lecture 2, Monday, January 25, 2010 10:35 AM-11:50 AM
1
Brief introduction to modern molecular organic photochemistry
Examples of molecular organic supramolecular photochemistry
The beginnins of supramolecular organic chemistry: Cram, Lehn, Petersen
3
Some exemplar host systems, H
Molecular photochemistry of guests, G
Supramolecular photochemistry of guest@host, G@H
The enzyme guest@host paradigm
G G+
Host Guest Guest@Host
4
We’ll be using this paradigm to discuss supramolecular systems
5
I B O
GI B O
GI B O
G
Inside
(b)
(a)
Isopentane Neopentane
Boundary Outside
G
G G
(c)
SUPRAMOLECULAR ISOMERS
CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERS
TOPOLOGICAL ISOMERS
GUEST
n-Pentane
HOST
Topological representation of supramolecular complexes
6
G2I B O
G2I B O
G1
G2I B O
G1
G2
I B O
G1 G1
G1
I B O
G2 G2
I B O
G1
G1 G2
G1 G1
G1
G1
G1
G2 G2
G2
G2
G2
a b
d
c
e f
Topological Representations of Simple Two Guest-Single Host Supramolecular Systems(Radical Pairs in Micelles, Zeolites, Cyclodextrins, etc.)
Molecular and Supramolecular Organic Photochemistry
7
R represents a guest molecule. The circle represents a host molecule.
Top: paradigm for molecular organic photochemistry Bottom: paradigm for supramolecular organic photochemistry
8
I
hν
P R
*R
hν = supramolecular
host
Paradigm for molecular and supramolecular photochemistry
From the circle to real structures: from topology to 3D geometry
The “circle” (host) can accelerate (b) or inhibit (c) the rate of a reaction
10
Energy diagram representa7on of supramolecular control of a reac7on
The top reac7on (a) is indiscriminate since the ac7va7on energies for R going to P1 or P2 are iden7cal
Exemplars of two unimolecular photochemical reactions
11
12
An exemplar of supramolecular control of a photoreac7on with two compe7ng paths
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Acceleration and inhibition of the Type II photoreaction
14
Exemplars of elementary supramolecular hosts
15
Exemplars of elementary guest@host systems
Cartoons of micelle structure
C12 C16SDS CTABCore (2-3 nm)
Stern Layer (up to a few A)
Gouy-Chapman Layer(up to several hundred A)
Water molecule
SO3-
Na+
N+Br-
Surfactant
Cartoon of the hydrophobic effect: (1) water is more ordered about the surfactant monomer (left) than ordinary water causing an relative increase in water organization and a decrease;
(2) Water is less ordered about the hydrophobic skin of the micelle causing a relative increase in entropy.
Less water entropy
More water entropy
Why do micelles form at all?
Surfactants gather at interfaces: the air/water interface and the water/solid interface
Structures formed from surfactants in aqueous solution
The critical micelle concentration phenomenon: Sudden break in properties near a certain concentration of surfactant.
Monomers only Monomers plus micelles
Use of the cmc to study a photochemical reaction
NH
H
2 SBD
6 SBD
70 Å29 Å
8 Å
N-CH2-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-CH2-N
Dendrimers: Macromolecules as micelles
generation surface groups diameter (Å)
0 .5
1 .5
2 .5
3 .5
4 .5
5 .5
6 .5
7 .5
6
12
24
48
96
192
384
768
27.9
36.2
48.3
66.1
87.9
103.9
126.8
147.3
separation of the surface groups (Å)
12.4
12.8
12.7
12.6
11.5
10.3
9.8
7.7
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
surface groups
8
Polyvalency in dendrimers: surface groups
24
Exemplars of cavitands: Octa acid (OA), Cucubituril (CB) and Cyclodextrin (CD)
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Cavitand dimensions:
~ 5 Å
~ 9 Å
~ 12 Å
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Octa acid - A water soluble host
O OH
OO O OO O
H H HH
O OH HH
O OOO
O O
H
O O
OH HOOH HO
HO OHHO
O OO O
O OO
guest
gues
t 2 nm
1 nm
2:1 complex (capsule)
guest
1:1 complex (cavitand) 2:2 complex (capsule)
Octa acid (OA) - A water soluble cavitand or capsule host
cavitand guest
13.73 A0
5.46 A0
11.36 A0
O OH
OO O OO O
H H HH
O OH HH
O OOO
O O
H
O O
OH HOOH HO
HO OHHO
O OO O
O OO
Gibb, C. L. D. Gibb, B. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126(37), 11408-11409.
Characteristics
Water soluble at pH ~ 9.0
Ability to form 2:2, 2:1 complex with a guest
6.1 Å 11.7 Å9.2 Å
OA complexes with aromatic hydrocarbons
‘Dry’ and ‘Non-polar’
Cartoon of pyrene forming a supramolecular complex with OA
Summary: Encapsulation of aromatics within octa acid
O OH
OO O OO O
H H HH
O OH HH
O OOO
O O
H
O O
OH HOOH HO
HO OHHO
O OO O
O OO
9.2 Å
6.8 Å
6.1 Å 11.7 Å 9.2 Å
~ 5 Å ~ 9 Åˇ~ 12 Åˇ
Cyclodextrins as supramolecular hosts
Cyclodextrins
D-glucopyranoside units connected into a cycle via
1,4-glycosidic linkages
5 Å
9 Å
7 Å
33
Porous Solids: Zeolites
Discovered “boiling stones” which he called “zeolites” from the Greek: zeo (boil) and lithos (stone).
More than 65% of the earth’s crust consists of 3D crystalline polyaluminosilicates (3D-CPAS): feldspar, zeolite, and ultramarine. Zeolite is a class of 3D-CPAS having nanochannels and nanocavities.
HYDROPHILICHYDROPHOBICHYDROPHILIC
FRAMEWORK CONSTITUTION
Mx+(AlO2)x(SiO2)y(H2O)mG
ZEOLITE COMPOSITION (MONOVALENT CATIONS)
O O O O O O
MM
O
-
OO O
-+ +
A. Exchangeable monovalent cations. Mobile speciesLocated at exchangeable sites. Steric and electrostatic effects.
B. Tetrahedral atoms (Al and Si) with bridging oxygen atoms. Compose the zeolitic framework or "walls" of the internal surface.
C. Intracrystalline water. Usually bound to cations and can be reversibly removed.
D. Adsorbed guest molecules. May be on the external or on the internal surface.
A B C D
OOSiAl
OSi
OSi
OAl
O
FAU External Surface FAU Supercage
8 Å
Hole on External Surface
8 Å Window Leading to Supercage
Internaldiameter of supercage:13 Å
A supercage for controlling the stereoselectivity, regioselectivity, chemioselectivity and magnetoselectivity
of radical pair reactions
The FAU family of zeolites (MX and MY) M variable, Si/Al ratio variable (cation density variable)
Photoreactions within zeolites
• Key is the cation binding to the included organic molecule. Confined space also imposes restrictions.
• Cations and coadsorbed guest moleculs Cations: Li +, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+
Active site of an enzyme Supercage of
a zeozyme
Zeolites as primitive enzyme models
C6H5CH2COCH2C6H5 (dibenzyl ketone, (DBK) adsorbed in the supercage of a FAU zeolite
Silicalite Channel Orientation
[010][100]
The MFI family of zeolites (ZSM-5 and Silicalite)
43
Structure of MFI zeolites
5.3 Å x 13.3 Å 6.6 Å x 11.5 Å
Molecular diameterallows diffusion into the internal surface
Molecular diameterdoes not allow diffusion into the internal surface
ca 5.5 Å
9Å
4.5
Å5.
4 Å
20 Å
6.7 Å
I
Elliptical 10-membered ring
Circular 10-membered ring
20 Ä
ca 5.4 Å
20 Å
ca 5.5 Å
O CH3O
CH3
44
R + hν *R
Photochemical
Photophysical Thermal
I P
General photochemical paradigm without spin
Creating a robust paradigm for molecular organic photochemistry of guest molecules
45
LU
HO
*R PR Ih!
(NB1)1(NB2)
1(HO)1(LU)1(HO)2 (HO)2
NB1 NB2
Rh!
P
Add HO and LU orbitals!
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Rh!
R(S0)
P
Rh!
*R I P
Rh! 1*R
ISC 3*RISC3 I 1I P
HO
LU
1*R(S1)3*R(T1) P(S0)
3 I(D) 1I(D)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)(NB1)
1 (NB2)1
Add spin!
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The state energy diagram and competing photophysical and photochemical processes
Photophysical radiationless processes
Photophysical radiative processes
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Exemplars of two unimolecular photochemical reactions
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Some examples of photochemical systems that are subject to significant supramolecular control in guest@host systems.
A number of examples will be discussed during the course
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Chemical sociology
Atomic: electronic sociology enforced by attraction to nucleus and electron-electron repulsions. Atom = superelectron
Molecular: atomic sociology enforced by covalent bonds. Molecule = superatom