-
(image link)Meteor reball seen from Kamensk-
Uralsky where it was still dawn, in anoblast north of
Chelyabinsk
Location of the meteorDate 15 February 2013Time 09:20 YEKT
(UTC+06:00)Location Russia
ChelyabinskOblastKurgan
OblastOrenburgOblastBashkortostanSverdlovskOblastTyumen Oblast
KazakhstanAktobeProvinceKostanay
2013 Chelyabinsk meteorite
Chelyabinsk meteorFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe
Chelyabinsk meteor was anear-Earth asteroid that entered
Earth'satmosphere over Russia on 15 February2013 at about 09:20
YEKT (03:20 UTC),with a speed of 19.16 +/- 0.15 kilometresper
second (60,000[5] - 69,000 km/h or40,000[5] - 42,900 mph), almost
60 timesthe speed of sound.[6] It quickly became abrilliant
superbolide meteor over thesouthern Ural region. The light from
themeteor was brighter than the Sun, even at100 km distance. It was
observed over awide area of the region and inneighbouring
republics. Eyewitnesses alsofelt intense heat from the reball.Due
to its enormous velocity and shallowatmospheric entry angle, the
objectexploded in an air burst over ChelyabinskOblast, at a height
of around 29.7 km(18.4 miles, 97,400 feet).[6] The
explosiongenerated a bright ash, producing a hotcloud of dust and
gas that penetrated to26.2 km, and many surviving smallfragmentary
meteorites, as well as apowerful shock wave. The atmosphereabsorbed
most of the object's energy, witha total kinetic energy before
atmosphericimpact equivalent to approximately 500kilotons of TNT
(about 1.8 PJ), 2030times more energy than was releasedfrom the
atomic bomb detonated atHiroshima.The object was undetected before
itsatmospheric entry, in part because itsradiant was close to the
Sun. Its explosioncreated panic among local residents andabout
1,500 people were injured seriouslyenough to seek medical
treatment. All ofthe injuries were due to indirect eects
Coordinates: 55.150N 61.410E
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ProvinceCoordinates 55.150N 61.410E[1]Also knownas
Chelyabinsk meteorite[2]
Cause Meteor air burstInjuries 1,491[3]Propertydamage
Over 7,200[4] damagedbuildings, collapsedfactory roof,
shatteredwindows
rather than the meteor itself, mainly frombroken glass from
windows that wereblown in when the shock wave arrived,minutes after
the superbolide's ash.Some 7,200 buildings in six cities acrossthe
region were damaged by theexplosion's shock wave, and
authoritiesscrambled to help repair the structures insub-zero (C)
temperatures.With an estimated initial mass of about12,00013,000
metric tonnes[6][7](13,00014,000 short tons, heavier thanthe Eiel
Tower), and measuring about 20metres in diameter, it is the largest
known natural object to have entered Earth'satmosphere since the
1908 Tunguska event that destroyed a wide, remote,forested area of
Siberia. The Chelyabinsk meteor is also the only meteorconrmed to
have resulted in a large number of injuries.The earlier-predicted
close approach of another, larger asteroid that same day,the
roughly 30-metre Duende (at the time still known by its
provisionaldesignation 2012 DA14) occurred about 16 hours later;
the very dierent orbits ofthe two objects showed they were
unrelated to each other.
Contents1 Initial reports
1.1 Atmospheric entry1.2 Strewn eld
2 Injuries and damage3 Reactions
3.1 Media coverage4 Impactor orbital parameters5 Meteorite
scramble6 Coincidental asteroid approach7 See also8 Notes9
References10 Further reading11 External links
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The meteor's path in relationto the ground.
Illustrating all "phases", fromatmospheric entry
toexplosion.
Initial reportsLocal residents witnessed extremely brightburning
objects in the sky in Chelyabinsk, Kurgan,Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, and
Orenburg Oblasts, theRepublic of Bashkortostan, and in
neighbouringregions in Kazakhstan,[8][9][10] when the
asteroidentered the Earth's atmosphere over
Russia.[11][12][13][14][15] Amateur videos showed a reballstreaking
across the sky and a loud boom severalminutes
afterwards.[16][17][18] Eyewitnesses alsofelt intense heat from the
reball.[19]
The event began at 09:20:21 Yekaterinburg time,[6]several
minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise
inYekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the bolide appeared
brighter than thesun,[9] as was later conrmed by NASA.[20] An image
of the object was also takenshortly after it entered the atmosphere
by the weather satellite Meteosat 9.[21]Witnesses in Chelyabinsk
said that the air of the city smelled like gunpowder.[21]
Atmospheric entryThe visible phenomenon due to the passage of
anasteroid or meteoroid through the atmosphere iscalled a
meteor.[22] If the object reaches theground, then it is called a
meteorite. During theChelyabinsk meteoroid's traversal, there was
abright object trailing smoke, then an air burst(explosion) that
caused a powerful shock wave, thecause of the damage to thousands
of buildings inChelyabinsk and its neighbouring towns. Thefragments
entered dark ight (without theemission of light) and created a
strewn eld ofnumerous meteorites on the snow-covered ground(ocially
named Chelyabinsk meteorites).According to the Russian Federal
Space Agency, preliminary estimates indicatedthe object was an
asteroid moving at about 30 km/s in a "low trajectory" when
itentered Earth's atmosphere. According to the Russian Academy of
Sciences, themeteor then pushed through the atmosphere at a
velocity of 15 km/s.[14][21][23]The radiant (the apparent position
of origin of the meteor in the sky) appears
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A sample found by UralFederal University scientistsat Lake
Chebarkul. Theobject is part of theChelyabinsk meteorite.
from video recordings to have been above and to the left of the
rising Sun.[24]The United States space agency NASA estimated the
diameter of the bolide atabout 1720 m and has revised the mass
several times from an initial 7,700tonnes (7,600 long tons; 8,500
short tons),[11] until reaching a nal estimate of10,000
tonnes,[11][25][26][27][28] (11,000 short tons, greater than the
total weightof the Eiel Tower).[1][29] The air burst and shock wave
registered onseismographs at magnitude 2.7.[30][31][32] On 1 March
2013 NASA published adetailed synopsis of the event, stating that
at peak brightness (at 09:20:33 localtime), the meteor was 23.3 km
(14.5 miles, 76,000 feet) high, located at 54.8N,61.1E. At that
time it was travelling at about 18.6 km/s (11.6 mi/s), (about67,000
km/h, or about 41,750 mph) almost 60 times the speed of
sound.[1][33]
The Russian Geographical Society said the passingof the meteor
over Chelyabinsk caused three blastsof dierent power. The rst
explosion was the mostpowerful, and was preceded by a bright
ash,which lasted about ve seconds. Initial altitudeestimates ranged
from 3070 km, with an explosiveequivalent of roughly 500 kilotonnes
of TNT(2,100 TJ)[21][34][35] (about 20% greater than theformer
Soviet Union's own RDS-6s nuclear devicetest detonation in 1953).
The hypocentre of theexplosion was to the south of Chelyabinsk,
inYemanzhelinsk and Yuzhnouralsk. Due to theheight of the air
burst, the atmosphere absorbedmost of the explosion's
energy.[36][37] Theexplosion's shock wave reached Chelyabinsk
and
environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds[38] and 2
minutes 57 secondslater.[39] The object did not release all of its
energy in the form of an explosion,because some 90 kilotons of TNT
(about 3.75 x 1014 joules, or 0.375 PJ) of thetotal energy of the
reball was emitted as visible light according to NASA's
JetPropulsion Laboratory.[1][40]The infrasound waves given o by the
explosions were detected by 20 monitoringstations designed to
detect nuclear weapons testing run by the ComprehensiveTest Ban
Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission, including at the
distantAntarctic station, some 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) away.
The blast of theexplosion was large enough to generate infrasound
returns, after circling theglobe, at distances up to about 85,000
kilometres (53,000 mi). Multiple arrivalsinvolving waves that
traveled twice around the globe have been clearly identied.A
preliminary estimate of the explosive energy using empirical
period-yield
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This visualization shows theaftermath observations byNASA
satellites and computermodels projections of theplume and meteor
debristrajectory around theatmosphere.
scaling relations gives a value of 460 kilotons ofTNT
equivalent.[41][42] The meteor explosionproduced the largest
infrasounds ever to berecorded by a United Nations
monitoringsystem,[43] so great that they reverberated aroundthe
world several times, taking over a day todissipate.[44] Additional
scientic analysis of USmilitary infrasound data was aided by
anagreement reached with US authorities to allow itsuse by civilian
scientists, implemented only about amonth before the Chelyabinsk
meteor event.[15][44]Early analysis of CCTV and dashcam video
postedonline indicated that the meteor approached fromeast by
south, and exploded about 40 km south ofcentral Chelyabinsk above
Korkino at a height of 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000feet), with
fragments continuing in the direction of Lake
Chebarkul.[1][45][46][47]In November 2013, results were published
based on a more careful calibration ofdash cam videos in the eld
weeks after the event during a Russian Academy ofSciences eld
study, which put the point of peak brightness at 29.7 km
altitudeand the nal disruption of the thermal debris cloud at 27.0
km, settling to26.2 km, all with a possible systematic uncertainty
of +/- 0.7 km.[6]The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in
the Chelyabinsk region wasthe Kunashak meteor shower of 1949, after
which scientists recovered about20 meteorites weighing over 200 kg
in total.[48] The Chelyabinsk meteor isthought to be the biggest
natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere sincethe 1908
Tunguska event,[49][50][51] and the only one conrmed to have
resultedin a large number of injuries,[52][Note 1] although a small
number of panic-relatedinjuries occurred during the Great Madrid
Meteor Event of 10 February 1896.[53]
Strewn eldFurther information: Chelyabinsk meteorite
In the hours following the visual meteor sighting, a 6-metre (20
ft) wide hole wasdiscovered on Lake Chebarkul's frozen surface. It
was not immediately clear ifthis was the result of an impact,
however, scientists from the Ural FederalUniversity collected 53
samples from around the hole the same day it wasdiscovered. The
early specimens recovered were all under 1 centimetre (0.39 in)in
size and initial laboratory analysis conrmed their meteoric origin.
They areordinary chondrite meteorites and contain 10% iron. The
ocial name for such
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Strewneld map of recoveredmeteorites (253 documentednd
locations, status of 18July 2013).
A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz)Chelyabinsk meteoritespecimen, one of many
foundwithin days of the airburst,this one between the villagesof
Deputatsky andEmanzhelinsk. The brokenfragment displays a
thickprimary fusion crust withow lines and a heavilyshocked matrix
with meltveins and planar fractures.Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39
in).
fragments is designated as Chelyabinskmeteorite.[2] The
Chelyabinsk meteor was laterdetermined to come from the LL
chondritegroup.[54]Pieces of the meteor were discovered by
anexpedition from the Ural Federal University.[55]In mid-February
2013, a team of six RussianEmergencies Ministry scuba divers
examined thebottom of the lake but found no fragment largeenough to
have caused the 6-metre-wide hole in
the ice.[56][57][58]In June 2013, Russian scientists reported
thatfurther investigation by magnetic imaging belowthe location of
the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul hadidentied a 60-centimetre (2.0
ft)-size meteoriteburied in the mud at the bottom of the lake.
Beforerecovery began, the chunk was estimated to weighroughly 300
kilograms (660 lb).[59]Following an operation lasting a number of
weeks,it was raised from the bottom of the Chebarkullake on 16
October 2013. With a total mass of654 kg (1,442 lb) this is the
largest found fragmentof the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Initially, it
tippedand broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting intothree
pieces.[60][61]In November 2013, a video from a security camerawas
released showing the impact of the fragmentat the Chebarkul
lake.[6][62] This is the rstrecorded impact of a meteorite on
video. From themeasured time dierence between the shadowgenerating
meteor to the moment of impact,scientists calculated that this
meteorite hit the iceat about 225 meters per second, 64 percent of
thespeed of sound.[6]In the days immediately after the initial
visual meteor sighting, ocials in theneighbouring country of
Kazakhstan said they were looking for two possibleunidentied
objects that may have impacted in Aktobe Province, adjacent to
theaected Russian regions.[63][64] To date, no further
announcements have been
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Shattered windows in thefoyer of the ChelyabinskDrama
Theatre
made.
Injuries and damageThe blast caused by the meteor's air burst
causeda considerable number of injuries. Russianauthorities stated
that 1,491 people, including 311children, sought medical attention
in ChelyabinskOblast within the rst few days.[3] Health ocialssaid
112 people had been hospitalised, with two inserious condition. A
52-year-old woman with abroken spine was own to Moscow
fortreatment.[21] Most people were hurt by shattered,falling or
blown-in glass.[21][65] The intense lightfrom the meteor,
momentarily 30 times brighterthan the Sun,[35] led to over 180
cases of eye pain,and 70 people subsequently reported temporary
ash blindness.[66] Twenty people reported ultraviolet burns
similar to sunburn,possibly intensied by the presence of snow on
the ground.[66]A fourth-grade teacher in Chelyabinsk, Yulia
Karbysheva, was hailed as a heroafter saving 44 children from
imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowingthe origin of the
intense ash of light, Karbysheva thought it prudent to
takeprecautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away
from the room'swindows and to perform a duck and cover maneuver.
Karbysheva, who remainedstanding, was seriously lacerated when the
blast arrived and window glasssevered a tendon in one of her arms;
however, none of her students, whom sheordered to hide under their
desks, suered cuts.[67]After the air blast, car alarms went o and
mobile phone networks wereoverloaded with calls.[68] Oce buildings
in Chelyabinsk were evacuated. Classesfor all Chelyabinsk schools
were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows.[21] Atleast 20
children were injured when the windows of a school and
kindergartenwere blown in at 09:22.[69] Following the event,
government ocials inChelyabinsk asked parents to take their
children home from schools.[70]
Approximately 600 m2 (6,500 sq ft) of a roof at a zinc factory
collapsed during theincident.[71] Residents in Chelyabinsk whose
windows were smashed quicklysought to cover the openings with
anything available, to protect themselvesagainst temperatures of 15
C (5 F).[72] Approximately 100,000 home-ownerswere aected,
according to Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich.[73]
He
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The collapsed roof over thewarehouse section of a zincfactory in
Chelyabinsk
also said that preserving the water pipes of thecity's central
heating system was the primary goalof the authorities as they
scrambled to containfurther post-explosion damage.[21]By 5 March
2013 the number of damagedbuildings was tallied at over 7,200,
which includedsome 6,040 apartment blocks, 293 medicalfacilities,
718 schools and universities, 100 culturalorganizations, and 43
sport facilities, of which onlyabout one and a half percent had not
yet beenrepaired.[4] The oblast's governor estimated thedamage to
buildings at more than 1 billionrubles[74] (approximately US$33
million).Chelyabinsk authorities said that broken windows of
apartment homes, but notthe glazing of enclosed balconies, would be
replaced at the state's expense.[75]One of the buildings damaged in
the blast was the Traktor Sport Palace, homearena of Traktor
Chelyabinsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The arenawas
closed for inspection, aecting various scheduled events, and
possibly thepostseason of the KHL.[76]
ReactionsDmitry Medvedev, the Prime Minister of Russia, conrmed
a meteor had struckRussia and said it proves the "entire planet" is
vulnerable to meteors and aspaceguard system is needed to protect
the planet from similar objects in thefuture.[16][77] Dmitry
Rogozin, the deputy prime minister, proposed that thereshould be an
international programme that would alert countries to "objects of
anextraterrestrial origin",[78] also called potentially hazardous
objects.Colonel General Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the Central
Military District,created task forces that were directed to the
probable impact areas to search forfragments of the asteroid and to
monitor the situation. Meteorites (fragments)measuring 1 to 5 cm
(0.39 to 1.97 in) were found 1 km (0.62 mi) from Chebarkulin the
Chelyabinsk region.[79]On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News
reported that the United NationsOce for Outer Space Aairs had
suggested the investigation of creating an"Action Team on
Near-Earth Objects", a proposed global asteroid warningnetwork
system, in face of 2012 DA 's approach.[80][81] As a result of the
impact,two scientists in California proposed directed-energy weapon
technologydevelopment as a possible means to protect Earth from
asteroids.[82][83]
14
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Meteor air burstExtensive dash cam footage from the
atmospheric entry
onwards(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZxXYscmgRg) on YouTube
Explosion
eyewitness(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6uOzFo2MQg) on
YouTube
Bright light and sound recorded by astationary surveillance
camera(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efvP-RRuJuA) on YouTube
Video of meteor explosion that stirredpanic in Urals
region(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90Omh7_I8vI) on YouTube
External video
Q = Aphelion, q = Perihelion, a = Semi-major axis, e =
Eccentricity, i = Inclination, = Ascending node longitude, =
Argument of perihelion
Further information: Asteroid impact avoidanceMedia coverageThe
Russian government put out a briefstatement within an hour of the
event, butthe event was rst covered in the US byhockey blog Russian
Machine NeverBreaks.[84] Heavy coverage by theinternational media
had begun by the timethe Associated Press put out a brief
reportwith the Russian government'sconrmation less than two
hoursafterwards.[84][85] Less than 15 hoursafter the meteor impact,
videos of themeteor and its aftermath had been viewedmillions of
times.[86]The number of injuries caused by theasteroid led the
Internet-search giantGoogle to remove a Google Doodle fromtheir
website, created for the predictedpending arrival of another
asteroid,2012 DA .[87] New York City planetariumdirector Neil
deGrasse Tyson stated theChelyabinsk meteor was unpredicted because
no attempt had been made to ndand catalogue every 15-metre
near-Earth object.[88] In television media interviewsshortly
afterwards Tyson also noted the disturbing closeness of the
twocompletely unrelated events.On 27 March 2013 a broadcast episode
of NOVA titled "Meteor Strike"documented the Chelyabinsk meteor,
including the large amounts of meteoriticscience revealed by the
numerous videos of the airburst posted online by ordinarycitizens.
The NOVA program called the video documentation and the
relatedscientic discoveries of the airburst "unprecedented". The
documentary alsodiscussed the much greater tragedy "that could have
been" had the asteroidentered the Earth's atmosphere more
steeply.[44][89]
Impactor orbital parameters
Multiple videos of the Chelyabinsk superbolide, particularly
from dashboard
14
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Source Q q a e i AU ()Popova, Jenniskens,Emel'yanenko etal.;
Science[6]
2.780.20
0.740.02
1.760.16
0.580.02
4.930.48
326.4420.003
108.33.8
Lyytinen viaHankey; AMS[90] 2.53 0.80 1.66 0.52 4.05 326.43
116.0Zuluaga, Ferrin;arXiv[91] 2.64 0.82 1.73 0.51 3.45 326.70
120.6Borovicka, et al.;IAU[92] 2.33 0.77 1.55 0.50 3.6 326.41
109.7Zuluaga, Ferrin,Geens; arXiv[93]
1.816 0.716 1.260.05
0.440.03
2.984 326.5 0.3
95.5 2
Chodas, Chesley;JPL via Sky andTelescope[94]
2.78 0.75 1.73 0.57 4.2
Insan[95] 1.5 0.5 3Proud; GRL[96] 2.23 0.71 1.47 0.52 4.61
326.53 96.58de la FuenteMarcos; MNRAS:Letters[97]
2.48 0.76 1.62 0.53 3.82 326.41 109.44
Preliminary orbital solutions for impacting asteroid
cameras and trac cameras, helped to establish the meteor's
provenance as anApollo asteroid.[92][98] Sophisticated analysis
techniques included the subsequentsuperposition of nighttime
stareld views over recorded daytime images, as wellas the plotting
of the daytime shadow vectors shown in several online
videos.[44]The radiant of the impacting asteroid was located in the
constellation Pegasus inthe Northern hemisphere.[91] The radiant
was close to the Eastern horizon wherethe Sun was starting to
rise.[91]
The asteroid belonged to the Apollo group of near-Earth
asteroids,[91][99] and wasroughly 40 days past perihelion[90]
(closest approach to the Sun) and hadaphelion (furthest distance
from the Sun) in the asteroid belt.[90][91] Severalgroups
independently derived similar orbits for the object, but with
sucient
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variance to point to dierent potential parent bodies of this
meteoroid.[96][97][100]The Apollo asteroid 2011 EO was initially
proposed as a likely candidate for therole of the parent body of
the Chelyabinsk superbolide.[97] The more recentlypublished orbits
are similar to the 2-kilometer-diameter asteroid(86039) 1999 NC to
suggest they had once been part of the same object.[101]
Meteorite scrambleIn the aftermath of the air burst of the body,
a large number of small meteoritesfell on areas west of
Chelyabinsk, generally at terminal velocity, about the speedof a
piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper.[102] Analysis of the
meteor showedthat all resulted from the main breakup at 3427 km
altitude.[6] Local residentsand schoolchildren located and picked
up some of the meteorites, many located insnowdrifts, by following
a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface ofthe snow.
Speculators have been active in the informal market that has
rapidlyemerged for meteorite fragments.[102]On the rst anniversary
of this event, 15 February 2014, during the 2014 WinterOlympics in
Sochi, in addition to their Olympic medals, the day's ten
goldmedalists were also given special commemorative medals which
featuredfragments of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Although there were
only seven dierentmedal events, one was a team event. Winners
included:[103][104]
Anna Fenninger in women's super-GIda Ingemarsdotter, Emma Wikn,
Anna Haag and Charlotte Kalla in
women's cross-country 4 5 km relayZhou Yang in women's short
track 1500 metresViktor Ahn in men's short track 1000
metresAlexander Tretiakov in men's skeletonZbigniew Brdka in men's
speed skating men's 1500 metresKamil Stoch in men's ski jumping
large hill individual
Coincidental asteroid approachPreliminary calculations rapidly
showed the object was not related to longpredicted 15 February
close approach of what was at the time known as asteroid2012 DA
(later named 367943 Duende) that passed the Earth 16 hours later
ata distance of 27,700 km.[11][105][106] The Sodankyl Geophysical
Observatory,[24]Russian sources,[107] the European Space
Agency,[108] NASA[11] and the RoyalAstronomical Society[109] all
indicated the two objects could not have beenrelated because the
two asteroids had widely dierent trajectories.
40
43
14
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Comparison of the formerorbit of the Chelyabinskmeteor (larger
elliptical blueorbit) and asteroid 2012 DA14(smaller circular blue
orbit),showing that they aredissimilar.
See alsoAsteroid impactavoidanceB612 FoundationImpact eventList
of meteor airbursts
Meteor processionMeteorite hunterNear-Earth
objectSpaceguardFoundationTorino Scale
Notes^ Historical, normally accurate, Chinese records ofthe 1490
Ch'ing-yang event describe over 10,000deaths, but have never been
conrmed.
1.
References^ a b c d e Yeomans, Don; Chodas, Paul (1 March 2013).
"Additional Details on theLarge Fireball Event over Russia on Feb.
15, 2013" (http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/reball_130301.html).
NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Oce.
Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20130430164941/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/reball_130301.html)
from the original on 2013-04-30. "Note that [the]estimates of total
energy, diameter and mass are very approximate."NASA's webpage in
turn acknowledges credit for its data and visual diagrams to:
Peter Brown (University of Western Ontario); William Cooke
(Marshall SpaceFlight Center); Paul Chodas, Steve Chesley and Ron
Baalke (JPL); Richard Binzel(MIT); and Dan Adamo.
1.
^ a b "Chelyabinsk"
(http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165).Meteoritical
Bulletin Database. The Meteoritical Society.
Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20130603103339/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=57165)
from the original on 2013-06-03.
2.
^ a b " 1500" [Thenumber of victims of the meteorite approached
1500] (http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml) (in
Russian). . 18 February 2013.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20130502144652/http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/18/02/2013/845595.shtml)
from the original on 2013-05-02.
3.
^ a b "Meteorite-caused emergency situation regime over in
Chelyabinsk
region"(http://rbth.ru/news/2013/03/05/meteorite-caused_emergency_situation_regime_over_in_chelyabinsk_region_23513.html).
RussiaBeyond The Headlines (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). Interfax. 5 March
2013. Archived(http://archive.is/huMns) from the original on
2013-06-23.
4.
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AttributionThis article contains portions of text translated
from the correspondingarticle of the Russian Wikipedia. A list of
contributors can be found there inits history
(http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2013_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&action=history)
section.
Further readingBalcerak, E.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (2013).
"Nuclear test monitoringsystem detected meteor explosion over
Russia". Eos, Transactions AmericanGeophysical Union 94 (42): 384.
Bibcode:2013MNRAS.436L..15D(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.436L..15D).doi:10.1002/2013EO420010
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China and some related human casualty events". Meteoritics 29
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(//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-1114).
Synopsis: "A calculation based on the number of casualty events
in theChinese meteorite records suggests that the probability of a
meteoritestriking a human is far greater than previous
estimates."
External links"Meteor vapour trail from space"
(http://www.ickr.com/photos/simon_rp/8478844942/). Image captured
by EUMETSAT satellite."Satellite views of meteor vapor trail over
Russia" (http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/12356).
CIMSS Satellite Blog."Russia Meteor Not Linked to Asteroid Flyby"
(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html).
NASA." " [Collection of videos and photographsof the meteor and
resulting damage] (http://chelyabinsk.ru/text/news/621775.html).
Chelyabinsk website (in Russian)."Meteor Strike"
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html).NOVA
documentary broadcast, 53 minutes, aired 27 March 2013.
PBS."Includes extensive scientic analysis of the worldwide
infrasoundmonitoring network data from which the megaton energy
estimates weremade."
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