Cheema Seminar

8/7/2019 Cheema Seminar

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EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODSEFFECT OF PLANTING METHODSAND SPACINGS ON GROWTH ANDAND SPACINGS ON GROWTH AND

YIELD OF COTTONYIELD OF COTTON

GURTEJ SINGH CHEEMAGURTEJ SINGH CHEEMA

(L(L--20032003--AA--33--M)M)


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COTTON THE KING OF FIBRESCOTTON THE KING OF FIBRES

IndustrialIndustrial commoditycommodity ofof worldwideworldwideimportanceimportance

GrownGrown forfor fibre,fibre, fuelfuel andand edibleedible oiloil ProvidesProvides 6565--7070%% rawraw materialmaterial forfortextiletextile industryindustry

EmploymentEmployment generatorgenerator (Provides(Provides 200200--

manman--days/hadays/ha ofof employment)employment)..


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RECENT CRISIS IN COTTONRECENT CRISIS IN COTTON

Rising cost of productionRising cost of production Heavy insect/pest attackHeavy insect/pest attack

Heavy use of pesticidesHeavy use of pesticides Cultivation of nondescript varietiesCultivation of nondescript varieties Shortage of certified seedShortage of certified seed

Inadequate price support systemInadequate price support system


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Today,Today, II willwill discussdiscuss withwith youyou thethetwotwo importantimportant aspectsaspects ofof cottoncotton

productionproduction

PlantingPlanting methodsmethods SpacingSpacing


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PLANTING METHODSPLANTING METHODS

PlantingPlanting methodsmethods playplay aa veryvery importantimportant roleroleinin cropcrop productivityproductivity byby affectingaffecting thethe cropcropestablishmentestablishment.. PlantingPlanting methodsmethods maymay varyvary fromfromplaceplace toto placeplace keepingkeeping inin viewview thethe soil,soil, climaticclimatic

andand waterwater availabilityavailability conditionsconditions ofof aa particularparticularareaarea..

Various planting methods includeVarious planting methods include

1.1. Flat bed methodFlat bed method

2.2. Raised bed methodRaised bed method

3.3. Furrow methodFurrow method

4. Ridge Method4. Ridge Method

5.5. Crowbar methodCrowbar method

6.6. Transplanting methodTransplanting method


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FLAT BED METHODFLAT BED METHOD ConventionalConventional // NormalNormal sowingsowing methodmethod MostMost commonlycommonly usedused methodmethod

BullockBullock (or)(or) TractorTractor operatedoperated drillsdrills usedusedforfor sowingsowing..

FloodFlood irrigationirrigation isis usedused


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RAISED BED METHODRAISED BED METHOD

SowingSowing onon bedsbeds mademade atat aa heightheight aboveabove thethefieldfield surfacesurface.. CommonlyCommonly usedused techniquetechnique inin cropscrops likelike

Wheat,Wheat, Soybean,Soybean, GramGram andand MaizeMaize etcetc..

NewNew techniquetechnique forfor cottoncotton plantingplanting ImprovesImproves waterwater distribution,distribution, WUE,WUE, FUEFUE.. FacilitatesFacilitates easeease inin mechanicalmechanical weedingweeding

besidesbesides improvingimproving soilsoil physicalphysical structurestructure..

CropCrop escapesescapes fromfrom waterloggingwaterlogging duringduring rainyrainyseasonseason PossibilityPossibility forfor BroadbedBroadbed andand controlledcontrolled traffictraffic

farmingfarming


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37.5 CM

30.0 CM

NORMAL RAISED BEDS


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105.0 CM

30.0 CM

BROADBEDS


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FURROW METHODFURROW METHOD

Sowing in furrowsSowing in furrows Hills are marked at appropriateHills are marked at appropriate

distancesdistances More efficient use of inputsMore efficient use of inputs Leads to proper seedlingsLeads to proper seedlings

establishmentestablishment Higher soil moisture content atHigher soil moisture content at

sowing than ridge, FIRBSsowing than ridge, FIRBS


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RIDGE METHODRIDGE METHOD

Better crop establishmentBetter crop establishment Improve water use efficiencyImprove water use efficiency Crop escapes from waterloggingCrop escapes from waterlogging


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CROWBAR METHODCROWBAR METHOD

InvolvesInvolves makingmaking holesholes atat markedmarked hillshillsbyby usingusing CrowbarCrowbar HolesHoles ofof 1515 cmcm depthdepth andand 1010 cmcm

diameterdiameter areare mademade

HolesHoles areare filledfilled withwith eithereither wheatwheat strawstraworor FYMFYM andand mixedmixed withwith BHCBHC 1010%% inin2525::11 ratioratio

TwoTwo seedsseeds sownsown atat eacheach hillhill 55 cmcm awayaway

andand thenthen coveredcovered withwith soilsoil.. EachEach hillhill isis wateredwatered dailydaily tilltillestablishmentestablishment ofof thethe seedlingsseedlings

CommonlyCommonly usedused inin MaharashtraMaharashtra andand

adjoiningadjoining regionregion


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TRANSPLANTING METHODTRANSPLANTING METHOD

SeedlingsSeedlings raisedraised inin tubestubes (or)(or)PolythenePolythene bagsbags

Tubes/bagsTubes/bags areare filledfilled withwith soilsoil && FYMFYM((22::11))

Tubes/bagsTubes/bags areare wateredwatered dailydaily tilltillestablishmentestablishment ofof seedlingsseedlings

SavingSaving ofof costlycostly seedseed TimelyTimely cropcrop establishmentestablishment afterafter wheatwheat CropCrop escapesescapes fromfrom crustcrust formationformation

resultingresulting fromfrom showersshowers


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April 20 Transplanting April 20 Direct Sown


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PERFORMANCE OF COTTON UNDERPERFORMANCE OF COTTON UNDERFLAT AND FIRB SYSTEMFLAT AND FIRB SYSTEM

PlantingPlantingsystemsystem

Bolls/plantBolls/plant Yield (kg/ha)Yield (kg/ha)

Flat BedFlat Bed 28.8028.80 23042304

FIRBSFIRBS 28.6028.60 22162216

Kharub & Chauhan (2002)

Karnal

2nd International Agronomy Congress, New Delhi

Nov. 26-30, 2002


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EFFECT OF LAND CONFIGURATION ON GROWTHEFFECT OF LAND CONFIGURATION ON GROWTHAND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF COTTONAND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF COTTON

LandLandconfigurconfigur

ationation

MonopodMonopodialial

branchesbranches/ plant/ plant

SympodialSympodialbranches/branches/

plantplant

No. ofNo. ofBolls/Bolls/

plantplant(opened)(opened)

Wt. ofWt. ofseedseed

cotton/cotton/plant (g)plant (g)

YieldYield(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

Flat BedFlat Bed 2.762.76 15.9415.94 18.0518.05 54.1554.15 14551455

RidgesRidges 2.662.66 16.2716.27 18.7218.72 56.6556.65 15071507

SEdSEd .07.07 .08.08 .25.25 .03.03 21.221.2

Dangore et al(2001)

Nagpur

Soils and Crop Journal 11 (2) : 219-222N-L, P-M, K-H

Soil- M Black pH-8.3


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EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS ON DRYEFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS ON DRYMATTER AND SEED COTTON YIELD (kg/ha)MATTER AND SEED COTTON YIELD (kg/ha)

Planting MethodPlanting Method Dry matterDry matter

(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

Seed cottonSeed cottonyield (kg/ha)yield (kg/ha)

Normal sowingNormal sowing 1773.31773.3 1065.61065.6CrowbarCrowbarmethodmethod

2435.62435.6 1514.41514.4

TransplantingTransplanting 2098.92098.9 1213.31213.3

RidgesRidges 1954.41954.4 1154.41154.4

CD (P=0.05)CD (P=0.05) 336.61336.61 221.70221.70

Pundarikakshudu et al (1992)

NagpurJ Agric Sci62 (4) :263-67

N-L, P-M, K-H

pH-8.1


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EFFECT OF PLANTING AND IRRIGATION METHODS ON SEEDEFFECT OF PLANTING AND IRRIGATION METHODS ON SEEDCOTTON YIELD AND WATER USE PARAMETERSCOTTON YIELD AND WATER USE PARAMETERS

TreatmentsTreatments SeedSeedcottoncotton

yieldyield(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

IrrigationIrrigationwaterwater

appliedapplied(cm)(cm)

ProfileProfilewaterwater

depletiondepletion(cm)(cm)

TotalTotalwaterwater

expenseexpense(cm)(cm)

Water UseWater Useefficiencyefficiency

(kg ha(kg ha

--11

cmcm--11))

MM11 Conv. PlantingConv. Planting(75 cm) + flood(75 cm) + floodirrigationirrigation

19601960 40.440.4 12.712.7 82.482.4 26.126.1

MM22 Ridge/furrowRidge/furrow(75 cm) planting(75 cm) planting irrigation eachirrigation eachfurrowfurrow

19821982 30.130.1 11.311.3 71.171.1 32.032.0

MM33--Ridge/ furrowRidge/ furrow(75 cm) planting +(75 cm) planting +irrigationirrigationalternative furrowalternative furrow

19901990 23.323.3 12.212.2 65.065.0 35.735.7

MM44 Paired row,Paired row,ridge and furrowsridge and furrows(150 cm) +(150 cm) +irrigation eachirrigation eachfurrowfurrow

20102010 24.424.4 9.29.2 63.763.7 36.736.7

Aujla et al(1991)

Arid Soil Research & Rehabitelation 5: 225-34


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EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS ON SEEDCOTTON YIELD

Planting methodPlanting method Seed cotton yieldSeed cotton yield

(q/ha)(q/ha)Bed PlantingBed Planting 23.523.5

Flat plantingFlat planting 21.521.5

CD (p=0.05)CD (p=0.05) NSNSDhillon et al 2000

Ludhiana

15th Conference of Intl. Tillage Research

Organization, Texas, USA


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EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS, ONSEED COTTON YIELD

Planting methodPlanting method Seed cotton yieldSeed cotton yield

(q/ha)(q/ha)

BedBed 22.022.0

FurrowFurrow 13.313.3

FlatFlat 17.517.5

Deol

Ludhiana (Unpublished)


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SPACINGSPACING

ConnectedConnected withwith rootroot development,development,plantplant growthgrowth andand fruitfruit formationformation

OptimumOptimum numbernumber ofof plantsplants perper unitunit areaarea

mustmust bebe sownsown toto getget potentialpotential yieldsyields TooToo highhigh oror tootoo lowlow plantplant densitiesdensitiesresultresult inin yieldyield reductionreduction

CloserCloser spacingspacing causescauses competitioncompetition

betweenbetween plantsplants andand increasedincreased pestpest andanddiseasedisease attackattack

WiderWider spacingspacing avoidsavoids plantsplants fromfrom takingtakingfullfull useuse ofof soil,soil, light,light, airair andand otherother

inputsinputs


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EFFECT OF SPACING ON SEED COTTON YIELDEFFECT OF SPACING ON SEED COTTON YIELDAND YIELD ATTRIBUTING CHARACTERSAND YIELD ATTRIBUTING CHARACTERS

SpacingSpacing(cm)(cm)

Boll weightBoll weight(g)(g)

Bolls/Bolls/plantplant

PlantPlantheightheight

(cm)(cm)

SeedSeedcottoncottonyieldyield

(kg/ha)(kg/ha)67.5 x 1567.5 x 15 3.543.54 25.1125.11 130.0130.0 15221522

67.5 x 3067.5 x 30 3.543.54 26.0426.04 123.5123.5 16001600

67.5 x 4567.5 x 45 3.543.54 26.4626.46 128.0128.0 13981398

CDCD(P=0.05)(P=0.05)

NSNS NSNS NSNS NSNS

Nehra and Chandra (2001)

Sri Ganganagar

Cotton

Res J15 (2) : 147-150

N-L, P-M, K-H


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EFFECT OF SPACING ON YIELD ANDEFFECT OF SPACING ON YIELD ANDGROWTH OF COTTONGROWTH OF COTTON


Boll /plantBoll /plant Boll weightBoll weight

(g)(g)


(cm)(cm)


(kg/ha)(kg/ha)60 x 1560 x 15 17.0217.02 2.642.64 78.7278.72 10261026

60 x 3060 x 30 22.6622.66 2.732.73 74.7674.76 825825

60 x 4560 x 45 25.6025.60 2.842.84 75.9775.97 695695

CDCD(P=0.05)(P=0.05)

0.650.65 NSNS NSNS 117117

Sharma et al(2001)

KhandwaCotton Res J15 (2) : 151-53

N-L, P-M, K-M


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SEED COTTON YIELD OFHYBRID DHB-105AS INFLUENCED BY SPACING

Spacing (cm)Spacing (cm) Seed cotton yield (kg/ha)Seed cotton yield (kg/ha)

60 x 6060 x 60 17281728

90 x 6090 x 60 17611761

120 x 60120 x 60 17701770

CD (P=0.05)CD (P=0.05) NSNS

Hallikeri et al(2002)

Siruguppa

Cotton Res J16 (2) : 147-48

Soil-Deep Black


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EFFECT OF SPACING ON SEED COTTON

YIELD (kg/ha)

Spacing (cm)Spacing (cm) Seed cotton yield (kg/ha)Seed cotton yield (kg/ha)

75 x 3075 x 30 14961496

75 x 1575 x 15 14301430

90 x 3090 x 30 14751475

90 x 1590 x 15 14031403

Hallikeri & Halemani (2002)

Siruguppa

Cotton Res J16 (2) : 184-85


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GROWTH AND YIELD OF A COTTON ASGROWTH AND YIELD OF A COTTON ASAFFECTED BY DIFFERENT SPACINGSAFFECTED BY DIFFERENT SPACINGS

SpacingsSpacings(cm)(cm)


(cm)(cm)

Bolls/Bolls/plantplant

BollsBollsweightweight

(g)(g)


70 x 2070 x 20 131.5131.5 16.616.6 3.63.6 22002200

70 x 3070 x 30 123.2123.2 17.117.1 3.63.6 23702370

70 x 4070 x 40 117.0117.0 17.417.4 3.53.5 20002000

70 x 5070 x 50 115.2115.2 18.318.3 3.63.6 20402040

100 x 20100 x 20 129.3129.3 18.418.4 3.53.5 18501850

100 x 30100 x 30 124.9124.9 18.918.9 3.43.4 18501850

100 x 40100 x 40 121.3121.3 20.120.1 3.63.6 16301630

100 x 50100 x 50 116.2116.2 22.322.3 3.63.6 15401540

LSDLSD(P=0.005)(P=0.005)

7.37.3 4.14.1 NSNS 470470

Deol and Brar (2003)Ludhiana

JCotton Res & Dev Assoc17 (2) : 247-48


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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INTEREFFECT OF DIFFERENT INTER--AND INTRAAND INTRA--ROWROWSPACINGS, ON NUMBER OF BOLLS AND SEED COTTONSPACINGS, ON NUMBER OF BOLLS AND SEED COTTON

YIELD OF DESI VARIETIES (LUDHIANA)YIELD OF DESI VARIETIES (LUDHIANA)

SpacingSpacing

(cm)(cm)

LDLD--327327 LDLD--694694

Bolls/Bolls/

plantplant


Bolls/Bolls/

plantplant


67.5 x 3067.5 x 30 18.018.0 11601160 18.518.5 12881288

67.5 x 4067.5 x 40 19.819.8 10241024 17.617.6 12771277

67.5 x 6067.5 x 60 17.817.8 919919 16.016.0 11611161

100 x 30100 x 30 18.018.0 926926 17.517.5 12591259

100 x 45100 x 45 20.220.2 923923 19.819.8 10721072

100 x 60100 x 60 19.519.5 734734 21.621.6 10711071

Brar et al(2002)

Ludhiana

Contd..

CD (P=0.05 = NS)


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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INTEREFFECT OF DIFFERENT INTER--AND INTRAAND INTRA--ROW SPACINGS, ONROW SPACINGS, ON

NUMBER OF BOLLS AND SEED COTTON YIELD OF DESI VARIETIESNUMBER OF BOLLS AND SEED COTTON YIELD OF DESI VARIETIES

(ABOHAR)

SpacingSpacing

(cm)(cm)

LDLD--327327 LDLD--694694

Bolls/planBolls/plantt


Bolls/planBolls/plantt


67.5 x 3067.5 x 30 22.222.2 20282028 21.421.4 22942294

67.5 x 4067.5 x 40 25.025.0 18111811 23.023.0 24772477

67.5 x 6067.5 x 60 24.424.4 20232023 23.323.3 26522652

100 x 30100 x 30 23.023.0 19401940 25.125.1 22212221

100 x 45100 x 45 23.123.1 19161916 24.424.4 23242324

100 x 60100 x 60 22.622.6 16191619 24.024.0 22302230

Brar et al(2002)

Abohar

CD (P=0.05 = NS)


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SEED COTTON YIELD OF DESI COTTON ASSEED COTTON YIELD OF DESI COTTON ASAFFECTED BY DIFFERENT PLANT SPACINGSAFFECTED BY DIFFERENT PLANT SPACINGS

Spacing (cm)Spacing (cm) Total seed cotton yield (q/ha)Total seed cotton yield (q/ha)

20032003 20042004

3030 26.126.1 30.730.7

4545 25.525.5 30.730.7

6060 21.321.3 27.227.2

LSD (P=0.05)LSD (P=0.05) 2.42.4 2.92.9

Annual Reports, Deptt of Agron & Agromet


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EFFECT OF PLANT SPACING ON GROWTH, YIELDEFFECT OF PLANT SPACING ON GROWTH, YIELDAND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OFAND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF HIRSUTUMHIRSUTUM COTTONCOTTON


Seed cottonSeed cottonyieldyield

(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

Boll weightBoll weight(g)(g)

Bolls/plantBolls/plant Plant heightPlant height(cm)(cm)

67.5 x 3067.5 x 30 21782178 3.103.10 37.6637.66 152.70152.70

67.5 x 4567.5 x 45 22272227 3.383.38 45.3645.36 149.40149.40

CD (P=0.05CD (P=0.05 NSNS 0.170.17 4.424.42 NSNS

Nehra and Kumawat (2003)

Sriganganagar

J Cotton Res Dev 17 (1) : 41-42


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EFFECT OFDIFFERENT INTRA ROW SPACINGS ON YIELD

AND RELATED CHARACTERS OFHIRSUTUMCOTTON


PlantPlantheight (cm)height (cm)

Bolls/plantBolls/plant Boll weightBoll weight(g)(g)

Seed cottonSeed cottonyieldyield

(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

67.5 x 3067.5 x 30 161161 16.816.8 3.483.48 15011501

67.5 x 4567.5 x 45 147147 22.622.6 3.403.40 13871387

CDCD(P=0.05)(P=0.05)

NSNS 3.63.6 NSNS NSNS

Singh et al(2003)

Faridkot

J Cotton Res Dev 17 (2) : 249


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EFFECT O

FSPACING ON GROWTH, YI

ELD ANDYIELD PARAMETERS OFUPLAND COTTON



(cm)(cm)

Bolls/Bolls/

PlantPlant

BollBollweight (g)weight (g)


(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

60 x 3060 x 30 85.9885.98 18.2018.20 3.123.12 887887

60 x 4560 x 45 87.0487.04 23.0523.05 2.862.86 883883

60 x 6060 x 60 86.3786.37 24.9524.95 2.872.87 863863

Tomar et al(2000)

Indore

Indian J Agron45 (4) : 776-81N-L, P-L, K-H


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EFFECT O

FSPACING ON YI

ELDATTRIBUTES AND SEED COTTON YIELD

Spacing (cm)Spacing (cm) No. ofNo. ofbolls/plantbolls/plant

BollBoll

Wight (g)Wight (g)


60 x 1560 x 15 10.910.9 3.193.19 14881488

60 x 3060 x 30 12.912.9 3.043.04 13811381

60 x 4560 x 45 13.313.3 2.992.99 12491249

CD (P=0.05)CD (P=0.05) 1.11.1 0.090.09 6565

Srinivasan et al(2001)

Tamil Nadu

Madras Agric J88 (10-12) : 689-90N-M, P-M, K-H


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EFFECT OF PLANT SPACING ON COTTONSpacingSpacing(cm)(cm)


(cm)(cm)

Bolls/Bolls/

PlantPlant(opened)(opened)



(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

67.5 X 1567.5 X 15 127.80127.80 15.2015.20 3.4403.440 16.9016.90

67.5 X 3067.5 X 30 124.50124.50 20.9020.90 3.4703.470 19.1019.10

67.5 x 4567.5 x 45 117.90117.90 23.5023.50 3.4803.480 14.8014.80

CDCD(P=0.05)(P=0.05)

3.293.29 0.820.82 NSNS 1.221.22

Brar et al (2002)

Ludhiana

J Res P A U

N-L, P-M, K-M


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EFFECT O

FSPACING ON GROWTH, YI

ELDPARAMETERS AND SEED-COTTON YIELD



(cm)(cm)

Bolls/Bolls/

PlantPlant

(opened)(opened)



(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

60 x 1060 x 10 77.077.0 18.718.7 4.24.2 18.718.7

60 x 2060 x 20 78.378.3 20.420.4 4.54.5 20.420.4

60 x 3060 x 30 77.977.9 19.619.6 4.64.6 19.619.6CDCD(P=0.05)(P=0.05)

NSNS 0.540.54 0.020.02 0.880.88

Prasad and Prasad (1993)

New Delhi

Indian J Agron38 (4) : 606-608

N-L, P-M, K-M


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Seed cotton yield (q/ha) of AmericanSeed cotton yield (q/ha) of American

cotton as affected by plant spacingscotton as affected by plant spacingsSpacingSpacing

(cm)(cm)20012001 20022002 20032003

3030 19.819.8 27.127.1 20.420.4

4545 19.119.1 25.925.9 18.518.5

6060 18.318.3 27.127.1 18.518.5

LSDLSD(p=0.05)(p=0.05)

NSNS NSNS NSNS

Annual Progress Reports

Department of Agronomy & Agromet


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Beds made dry then irrigated for settlement


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Normal flat bed sowing


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Beds made at optimum moisture


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Furrow method


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Sowing on dry beds followed by irrigation


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Seed cotton yield of American cotton as affected by planting

methods and spacings

TreatmentTreatment Seed Cotton Yield (q/ha)Seed Cotton Yield (q/ha)

Planting methodsPlanting methods

Sowing on dry beds followed bySowing on dry beds followed byirrigationirrigation

31.831.8

Sowing on beds at optimum moistureSowing on beds at optimum moisture 29.429.4

Sowing on beds made dry and thenSowing on beds made dry and thenirrigated for settlementirrigated for settlement

32.132.1

Furrow plantingFurrow planting 32.632.6

Flat plantingFlat planting 34.134.1

LSD (p=0.05)LSD (p=0.05) NSNS

Spacings (cm)Spacings (cm)

4545 31.131.1

6060 32.932.9

7575 32.132.1

LSD (p=0.05)LSD (p=0.05) NSNS


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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

FIRBS due to its numerous advantages is beingFIRBS due to its numerous advantages is beingadopted in many crops. In cotton too ifadopted in many crops. In cotton too ifrecommended it may result in saving ofrecommended it may result in saving ofresources.resources.

Transplanting of cotton can also prove beneficialTransplanting of cotton can also prove beneficialfor establishing an early crop and for saving onfor establishing an early crop and for saving oncostly seeds.costly seeds.

A. cotton varieties do well at wider spacingsA. cotton varieties do well at wider spacingswhereas desi varieties require relatively closerwhereas desi varieties require relatively closer

spacing.spacing. Hybrids require still wider spacing.Hybrids require still wider spacing.

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