Charts Summary

7/27/2019 Charts Summary

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Communications

The Radio Frequency Spectrum

Band nameABBR

ITUband

frequency wavelengthpropagation

mode

< 3 Hz > 100,000 km -

Extremely low frequency ELF 1 3–30 Hz 100,000 km – 10,000 km -

Super low frequency SLF 2 30–300 Hz 10,000 km – 1000 km -

Ultra low frequency ULF 3 300–3000 Hz 1000 km – 100 km -Very low frequency VLF 4 3–30 kHz 100 km – 10 km Ground Wave

Low frequency LF 5 30–300 kHz 10 km – 1 km Ground Wave

Medium frequency MF 6 300–3000 kHz 1 km – 100 m Ground Wave

High frequency HF 7 3–30 MHz 100 m – 10 m Sky Wave

Very high frequency VHF 8 30–300 MHz 10 m – 1 m Space Wave

Ultra high frequency UHF 9 300–3000 MHz 1 m – 100 mm Space Wave

Super high frequency SHF 10 3–30 GHz 100 mm – 10 mm Space Wave

Extremely high frequency EHF 11 30–300 GHz 10 mm – 1 mm Space Wave

Tremendously high frequency THF 300 GHz 3000GHZ < 1 mm

Satellites

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Geostationary /

Geosynchronous (GEO)

Orbit Height 100 - 300 mi 6,000 - 12,000 mi 22,300 mi

Orbital velocity 17,500 mph 9580 mph 6879 mph

Orbital time (period) 1.5 hours 5-12 mph 24 hours

Satellite Availability 15 min per orbit 2 - 4 hours per orbit 24 hours per orbit

Operating Frequency 1.0 GHz to 2.5 GHz 1.2 GHz - 1.66 GHz 2 GHz - 18 GHzMotorola's Iridium Satellite system (66-satellite constellation for mobile phone

system) GPS, NAVSTAR

Satellite classification to sizeSize Mass Cost

Large Satellite > 1,000 kg > $ 100 M

Small Satellite 500 - 1,000 kg $ 50 - 100 M

Mini Satellite 100 - 500 kg $ 5 - 20 M

Micro Satellite 10 - 100 kg $ 2 - 3 M

Nano Satellite < 10 kg < $ 1 M

Loudness level0 - 15 dB very faint

15 - 30 dB faint

30 - 60 dB moderate

60 - 80 dB loud

80 - 130 dB very loud

130 dB deafening

Microwave frequency bandsBand Frequency in GHz

L 1-2

S 2-4

C 4-8

X 8-12

Ku 12-18

K 18-27

Ka 27-40

Millimeter 40-300

Sub-millimeter >300

10 Octaves of human hearing1st octave 20 - 40 Hz

Lower Bass2ndoctave

40 - 80 Hz

3rd octave 80 - 160 HzUpper Base

4th octave 160 - 320 Hz5th octave 320 - 640 Hz

Lower Midrange6th octave 640 - 1280 Hz

7th octave 1280 - 2560 Hz

8th octave 2560 - 5120 Hz Upper midrange

9th octave 5120 - 10240 HzTreble

10th octave 10240 - 20480 Hz



Optimum volume per person for varioustypes of hall

Type of HallOptimum Volume

/person (m3)

concert halls 7.1

Italian-type operahouses

4.2 - 5.2

churches 7.1 - 9.9

cinemas 3.1

Rooms for speech 2.8

Sound Pressure LevelsSource SPL (dB)

faintest audible sound 0

whisper 20

Quiet residence 30

Soft stereo in residence 40

Speech range 50-70

cafeteria 90

Pneumatic jack hammer 90Loud crowd noise 100

Accelerating motorcycle 100

Rock concert 120

Jet Engine (75 feet away) 140

Optimum reverberation (@500 to 1kHz)Room Function Reverberation time (s)

Recording andbroadcasting studios 0.45 - 0.55

Elementary classrooms 0.6 - 0.8

Playhouses, intimate

drama production 0.9 - 1.1Lecture and conferencerooms 0.9 - 1.1

Cinema 0.8 - 1.2

small theaters 1.2 - 1.4

High school auditoriums 1.5 - 1.6

General purposeauditoriums 1.5 - 1.6

Churches 1.4 - 3.4

Super Group Carrier FrequencyL600 Mastergroup U600 Mastergroup

SupergroupCarrier

frequency

(kHz)

SupergroupCarrier

frequency

(kHz)

1 612 13 1116

2 Direct 14 13643 1116 15 1612

4 1364 16 1860

5 1612 17 2108

6 1860 18 2356

7 2108 D25 2652

8 2356 D26 2900

9 2724 D27 3148

10 3100 D28 3396

AT&T’s FDM Hierarchy VB channels Groups supergroups mastergroups jumbogroups

Group 12 - - - -supergroup 60 5 - - -

mastergroup 600 50 10 - -

Jumbogroup 3600 300 60 6 -

Superjumbogroup 10800 900 180 18 3

CCITT’s FDM Hierarchy VB channels Groups supergroups mastergroups

Group 12 - - -

supergroup 60 5 - -

mastergroup 300 25 5 -

Jumbogroup 900 75 15 3

Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy (North American)

Line TypeDigitalSignal

Bit rate(Mbps)

ChannelCapacity

# of T1 Services Offered Medium

DS0 64Kbps 1/24 of T-1 twisted pair

T1 DS1 1.544 24 1 VB telephone twisted pair

T1C DS1c 3.152 48 2 VB telephonetwisted pair,microwave

T2 DS2 6.312 96 4 VB tel, picture phone Coax, microware

T3 DS3 44.736 672 28VB tel, picture phone,

TVCoax, fiber optics

T4M DS4 274.176 4032 168 same as T3 but more capacity fiber optics



A

X1 X2

X3

Motors

Motorclass

maxtemperature

(0C)

A 105

B 130

F 155

H 180

Mode identification forMultivibrator

CN1 CN2 Mode

Resistor Resistor Bistable

Resistor Capacitor Monostable

Capacitor Capacitor Astable

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Japanese Multiplexing HierarchyLevel Data Rate (Mbps) Channel Capacity

1 1.544 24

2 6.312 92

3 32.064 480

4 97.728 1140

5 565.148 7680

European standardLevel Data Rate (Mbps)

ChannelCapacity

timeslots

E-1 2.048 30 32

E-2 8.448 120 128

E-3 34.368 480 512

E-4 139.264 1920 2048

E-5 565.992 7680 8192

ELECTRONICSSummary for all 2-input gates

Inputs Output of each gate

A B AND NAND OR NOR EX-OR EX-NOR

0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

Typical Characteristics of IC Logic Families

IC Logic Family Fan OutPower

Dissipation (mW)

Propagation

Delay (ns)

Noise

margin (V)

Standard TTL 10 10 10 0.4

Schottky TTL 10 22 3 0.4

Low power Schottky TTL 20 2 10 0.4ECL 25 25 2 0.2

CMOS 50 0.1 25 3

Level of IntegrationLevel Of Integration No. of gates per chip

Small Scale Integration (SSI) less than 12

Medium Scale Integration (MSI) 12-99

Large Scale Integration (LSI) 100-9,999

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) 10,000-99,999

Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) 100,000 or more

Amplifier

Amplifier class efficiencyconduction

angleinput signal

used

A 50% 360° 100%

AB 51-99% 181° to 359° > 50% < 100%

B 78% 180° 50%

C 85% 0° to 179° 50%

TV channel Frequency allocationchannel

#Frequency band

(MHz)

2 54 - 60

Low VHF Channels

3 60 - 66

4 66 - 72

5 76 - 82

6 82 - 88

88 - 108 FM band

7 174 - 180

High Band VHFChannels

8 180 - 186

9 186 - 192

10 192 - 198

11 198 - 204

12 204 - 210

13 210 - 216

14-83 470-890 UHF

Resonant – Circuit Feedback OscillatorsOscillator Type X1 X2 X3

Hartley L L C

Colpitts C C L

Clapp C C Series LC (net L)

Pierce Crystal C C Crystal (net L)



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Commonly magnetized alloysPermalloy 22% iron and 78% nickel

Hipernik 40% Fe and 60% Ni

Perminvar Ni 43%, Iron 34%, Cobalt 23%

Constantan 40-60% copper / thermocouples

Nichrome 15-20% chromium and has high electrical resistance

Distress Frequencyaeronautical 121.5 MHz

Maritime (radiotelegraphy) 2182 kHz

CB (40 channels, 8Km) 26.965-27.475 MHz

Mobile Phones (W)- Analog Digital

Class I 0.6 4

Class II 1.6 1.6

Class III 3 0.6

Data ratesGPRS 170 kbps

EDGE 384 kbps

3G 2 MbpsBluetooth 720 Kbps

FiberOptics

10 Gbps

modulation technique Application

QAM - PSK Digital Microwave

GFSK (DECT)Cordless phone

GMSK GPRS8PSK EDGE

BPSK CDMA

∏/4-DQPSK D-AMPS

CATVClass I TV Channel/Station-- off-the-air channels, DBS feeds

Class II w/o auxiliary equipment – scrambling

Class III w/ auxiliary equipment

Class IV provides signaling path CATV, PPV

(Precise & Standard Positioning Service)

GPS PPS SPS

horizontal 22 m 100 m

vertical 27.7 m 156 m

Time interval 200 nsec 340 nsec

Magnetic Field IntensityEquator 32,000 nT

North Pole 64,000 nT

Velocity of SoundWater 5000 ft/sec Steel 5150 m/s

Wood 3300 m/s

MPEG 1 CD/internet

MPEG 2 (DCT) - DVD - SVCD ripper

MPEG 3 HDTV

MPEG 4 DivX

MPEG 7 Multimedia content Description Interface

MPEG 21 Multimedia Framework

N0N Un-Mod carrier, No info

A1A Telegraphy

C3F VSB Tx for TV signal

F1B FSK

F8E FM stereo Mux signal

A3C AM Fax

F3C FM Fax

A3E AM Telephony, DSB

F3E FM Telephony

G3E PM Telephony

H3E SSB FC

J3E SSB SC

R3E SSB RC

Monolithic IC (µm) transistor 20 x 12

resistor 6 x 30

diodes 10 x 15

Curie temperature (0C)

Cobalt 1130Iron 770

Nickel 358

Gondolinium 16

Moore’s Law (bps) 2015 2050

1 Billion 500 Trillion

Electron Capacity = 2n2

Broadband wireless access for fixed, nomadic, mobile: (MHz)

IMT 2000 maximum data rate

Flicker noise Voltage

Cable TV:

EnergyLevel(PrincipalQuantumNumber)

ShellLetter

ElectronCapacity

1 K 2

2 L 8

3 M 18

4 N 32

5 O 186 P 8

7 Q 2

Specifications Cable TypeMax Length

(m)

10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 100

10Base2 Thin Coax Cable 180

10Base5 Thick Coax Cable 500

10BaseF Fiber optic cable 2000

100BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 100

100BaseTX Unshielded Twisted Pair 220

< 1 1-2 2-3 3-5 5-10 > 10

450-470 1900-1910 2400-2483 3400-3600 5150-5350 10150-10650

- 1980-1990 2500-2700 - 5470-5850 -

Slow moving vehicles? 384 kbps

High speed vehicle? 144 kbps

Wire-wound resistor? 0.01 µV to 0.2µV

Carbon-composition? 0.1µV to 2µVcarbon film 0.05µV-3μV

metallic film (wire) 0.02µV-0.2µV

matching (RF) 16 dB

terminal isolation 28 dB

sound carrier isolator 40 dB

spurious radiation rejection 60 dB

cross modulation 80 dB

adjacent channel isolation -60 dB

audio signal level 1 dB

video SNR for modulator 36 dB



IC types

Film

Hybrid

Monolithic

ICpackaging

TO

Flatpack

DIP

BlackoutR1 Weak black out

R2 10 mins

R3 < 1 hour

R4 1-2 hours

R5 more than 2 hours

SUF for 3G (MHz/million):Frequency paired unpaired

5 MHz P 5M P 3M

5-10 8M 6M

10-15 10M 8M

>15 15M 12M

Brain waves:

Δ – < 3 Hz

θ – 4 to 8 Hz

α – 8 to 12 Hz

β – 13 to 30 Hz

PackagingLevel 0 Resistor, diodes (non repairable parts)

Level 1 Sub-modules attached to circuit cards

Level 2 circuit cards, mother boards etc.

Level 3 Drawers

Level 4 Cabinets

spike 6000v in sec

surge 110%

dip / sag 80% - 85 %

IS-41 Roaming

IS-54 D-AMPS

IS-95 CDMA One

IS-136 TDMA, North American Digital Cellphone

IS-136.2 roaming, ∏/4-DQPSK

OP AMPS

LM 101 General purpose OP-AmpLM 741C Industries Standard

OP 177A Ultra Precision Amp

secondary cell battery

lead-acid

nickel cadmium

silver-zinc

silver-cadmium

- AC (mA) at 60 Hz DC (mA)

Perception 0 to 1 0 to 4

Surprise 1 to 4 4 to 15

Reflex action 4 to 21 15 to 80

Mascular inhibition 21 to 40 80 to 160

Respiratory failure 40 to 100 160 to 300

Fatal Over 1600 300mA

Commercials (minutes)Programduration

MLA OUT-MLA

60 15 1730 7.5 8.5

15 3.5 4

5 15sec 1.5

PhosphorP1 Green Oscilloscope

P4 White Monochrome

P22 RGB colored

P31 Green Oscilloscope

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Names and AccomplishmentAbraham Abesamis Chairman NTC

Neil BhorCalculated the radius andvelocity of electron

Ernest Rutherford Measure atomic radius

Christian Hulsmeyer Radar

Theodor Maiman Developed LASER

Backham & KAO Clad glass fiber

Marc Anderseen MOSAIC

Norio Taniguchi Nanotech

Burell Smith MAC Mother Board

Bob Khan & Vinton Cerf Designed TCP/IP

Ted Hoff Designed Microprocessor

Gilbert Hyatt Invented Microprocessor

Isaac Asimov 3 law of “Robotics”, 1969

Karel Čapek coined Robot, 1920

Tim Bernes-Lee designed HTTP

Tomas Watson IBM founder

William Gibson Cyberspace

Douglas Engelbart Mouse

Bob Metcalfe EthernetLarry Robert Arpanet

John Barger Web-log

Brattain and Bardeen Inventor Transistor

John Pierce Coined "transistor"

Vinton Cerf FTP/Father of internet

Jack st. Claire Kilby IC

Ted Nelson Coined “Hyper text”

Jack Raskin Founder of Macintosh

Seymour Roger Cray Super Computer

Bob Noyce & Gordon Moore Intel fair child

Giovanni Caselli Pantelegraph

Antonio Meucci 1st Inventor of the telephone

Vic Hayce Father of Wi-Fi

Agusta Ada BryonWorld 1st ComputerProgrammer

Steve Jobs, Steven Wozniak Apple computer

Edwin Armstron Superheterodyne (radio)

Mark Tilden Robosapien

Harry Nyquist Negative Feedback Amplifier

Carl Beredicks discovered germanium in 1915

Dr Carl Zener development of zener diode

Dr Leo Esaki invented tunnel diode

Randall and BootInventor of MagnetronRichard Feynman subatomic to atom manipulation



Erlang B do not reappear during test peri

Erlang C Held in the system until satisfied

Poisson satisfied or abandoned

SCR NPN + PNP

Diac two 4-layer SCR

Triac two SCR back-to-back

Colpitts tapped capacitor

Hartley tapped inductorArmstrong Magnetic Coupling

Clapp series LC

Velocity FactorCoax 0.66 / 0.6-0.8

Twin lead 0.8

Open wire 0.9

V.32 9600 bps

V.34bis 33.6 kbps

V.90 56 kbps

ASIMO Honda

QRIO Sony

HUBO Korea

Robosapien toy like robot

Bang-bang Robot Limit stop

Turns Ratio of Transformerstep up less than unity

step down greater than unity

Maxwell Bridge Medium Q

Hay Bridge High Q

RFID frequency bands13.553 MHz 13.567 MHz

918 MHz 920 MHz

2446 MHz 2454 MHz

- GPS GLONASSSatellites 24 21 (3 spare)

Orbital Planes 6 3

Satellites / Planes 4 8

Plane Separation 600 1200

Satellite Separation 600 450

Inclination 550 64.80

Orbital Period 12 Hours 11 Hours & 15mins

Altitude 20,200 km 19,100 km

Mechanical Configurations of Industrial RobotsArticulated arm or joined- arm configuration

Spherical configurations up, down, left, right, pivot at certain angle

Cylindrical configuration 360

Cartesian or rectilinear up/down/left/ right

SCARA (Selective Compliance

Assembly Robot Arm) 4 axis robot with rotating elements that movein single plane

Types of RobotsSemi-Autonomous Needs some human intervention

Autonomous Needs no human intervention

Tele-Operated Remote controlled

Androids Resemble humans

Cyborgs Mixture of human and machine parts

Automatons Automatically follow programmed instructions

MicrophonesLow Z High Z

dynamic crystal

carbon condenser

ribbon electret

Proton 2 up quarks 1 down quar

Neutron 2 down quarks 1 up quar

FAX- Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

Mins / page 6 3 6-15 sec / page

scan lines / inch 90 100Standard Fine Superfine

100 or 98 200 or 196 400 or 392

Bluetooth

classMaximum Permitted

dB Power (mW/dBm)Range

class 1 100 mW (20dBm) ~100m

class 2 2.5 mW (4dBm) ~10m

class 3 1 mW (0dBm) ~1m

IP version Addresses

IPv4 232

IPv6 2128

Welding TypeCarbon Arc Welding Occurrence of blow holes

Electron Beam Welding Vacuum tube/ high velocity electrons applied in the materials

Spot Welding a type of resistance welding

MIG (metal inert gas) high deposit rate/uses consumable wire electrodes

TIG (tungsten inert gas) Uses non-consumable wire electrodes

Plasma arc Welding wine glass / shielding gas

Pressure Welding atom-atom bond

Electric Resistance Seam Welding uses disc electrodes

Charts Summary

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