Charles Babbage & Ada Lovelace Jessica Young .

Charles Babbage Charles Babbage & Ada Lovelace& Ada Lovelace

Jessica YoungJessica Young

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Charles BabbageCharles Babbage

December 26, 1791 – December 26, 1791 – October 18, 1871October 18, 1871

Cambridge – Trinity Cambridge – Trinity College & PeterhouseCollege & Peterhouse

Married Georgiana Married Georgiana Whitmore on July 2, 1814Whitmore on July 2, 1814

Seven children (only three Seven children (only three lived until adulthood)lived until adulthood)

Founded Analytical Founded Analytical Society, British Association Society, British Association for the Advancement of for the Advancement of Science, and Statistical Science, and Statistical Society of LondonSociety of London

http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~dempe/schuelerpr_neu/pics/babbage.jpg

Ada LovelaceAda Lovelace

December 15, December 15, 1815 – November 1815 – November 27,185227,1852

Educated in Educated in MathematicsMathematics

Married William Married William King on July 8, King on July 8, 18351835

Three childrenThree childrenhttp://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dirk/.image/ada_1838.jpg

TimelineTimeline

1798-9 – first paper-making machine1798-9 – first paper-making machine 1800 – cloth production through use of machines1800 – cloth production through use of machines 1803 – Jacquard – automatic loom with punched 1803 – Jacquard – automatic loom with punched

cardscards 1816 – first working electric telegraph1816 – first working electric telegraph 1820 – Thomas – arithmometer 1820 – Thomas – arithmometer 1834 – Babbage – Analytical Engine1834 – Babbage – Analytical Engine 1837 – Morse – electromagnetic telegraph1837 – Morse – electromagnetic telegraph 1843 – Scheutz – first working difference engine1843 – Scheutz – first working difference engine 1866 – America and Europe were connected with 1866 – America and Europe were connected with

Atlantic CableAtlantic Cable

http://www.cs.gordon.edu/courses/cs104/lectures/history/cards.jpg

Difference TableDifference Table

Successive values of Successive values of xx Differences noted between each adjacent Differences noted between each adjacent

value of f(value of f(xx))

f(f(xx)=)=xx22+2x+3+2x+3

xx 11 22 33 44 55 66

f(f(xx)) 66 1111 1818 2727 3838 515111stst differencdifferencee

55 77 99 1111 1313

22ndnd differencdifferencee

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

Difference EngineDifference Engine

Mathematical tablesMathematical tables Government paid him more Government paid him more

than 17,000 pounds ($1.3 than 17,000 pounds ($1.3 million today)million today)

““It isn’t a computer. It is a It isn’t a computer. It is a dedicated, ‘hardwired’ dedicated, ‘hardwired’ calculator. It crunches calculator. It crunches numbers the only way it numbers the only way it knows how—by the method knows how—by the method of difference.” (Cherfas)of difference.” (Cherfas)

Difference Engine No. 2 Difference Engine No. 2 completed in 1991 on the completed in 1991 on the 200200thth anniversary of his anniversary of his birthday birthday

http://library.thinkquest.org/C0115420/Cyber-club%20800x600/Gif/pics/Babbage/Difference-Engine.gif

Scheutz Difference EngineScheutz Difference Engine(Georg & Edvard)(Georg & Edvard)

Finished in 1843Finished in 1843 Based on Babbage’s Based on Babbage’s

designdesign ““Scheutz probably Scheutz probably

succeeded where succeeded where Babbage did not Babbage did not because Scheutz was because Scheutz was not a perfectionist like not a perfectionist like Babbage: Scheutz Babbage: Scheutz allowed some allowed some compromises in order compromises in order to bring the machine to bring the machine to fruition.” (Norman)to fruition.” (Norman)

http://www.dudleyobservatory.org/images/Artifact_images/difference%20engine.jpg

Analytical EngineAnalytical Engine

General-purpose General-purpose computercomputer

Technological Technological limitationslimitations

Punch cardsPunch cards ““Babbage differed from Babbage differed from

Morse and Bell in one Morse and Bell in one essential way—his ideas essential way—his ideas were so far ahead of his were so far ahead of his time that there was little time that there was little practical use for his practical use for his calculating engines calculating engines when he invented when he invented them.” (Norman)them.” (Norman)

http://www.virtualtravelog.net/entries/2004-03-AE_Mill_2.1.png

Ada’s “Notes”Ada’s “Notes”

Menabrea articleMenabrea article Ada’s ‘Notes’Ada’s ‘Notes’

Mastery of mathematical theory and Mastery of mathematical theory and numerical techniques used by Babbagenumerical techniques used by Babbage

Correction of errors by Menabrea and Correction of errors by Menabrea and BabbageBabbage

Is Babbage the ‘Father of Is Babbage the ‘Father of Computers’?Computers’?

Did Ada actually contribute?Did Ada actually contribute?

SourcesSources

Cherfas, Jeremy. “Seeking the soul of an old machine: Charles Babbage’s difference Cherfas, Jeremy. “Seeking the soul of an old machine: Charles Babbage’s difference engine is ready to run – built for the first time 150 years after it was designed.” engine is ready to run – built for the first time 150 years after it was designed.” ScienceScience 252 (1991): 1370-1. 252 (1991): 1370-1.

Fuegi John and Fuegi, Jo Francis, "Lovelace & Babbage and the Creation of the 1843 Fuegi John and Fuegi, Jo Francis, "Lovelace & Babbage and the Creation of the 1843 'Notes'," 'Notes'," IEEE Annals of the History of ComputingIEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 25,  no. 4,  pp. 16-26,  Oct-, vol. 25,  no. 4,  pp. 16-26,  Oct-Dec,  2003. Jo Francis, "Lovelace & Babbage and the Creation of the 1843 'Notes'," Dec,  2003. Jo Francis, "Lovelace & Babbage and the Creation of the 1843 'Notes'," IEEE Annals of the History of ComputingIEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 25,  no. 4,  pp. 16-26,  Oct-Dec,  2003. , vol. 25,  no. 4,  pp. 16-26,  Oct-Dec,  2003.

Hyman, Anthony. Hyman, Anthony. Charles Babbage – Pioneer of the ComputerCharles Babbage – Pioneer of the Computer. Princeton, New . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982.Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982.

James, C. L. and Morrill, D. E. 1983. The real Ada, countess of Lovelace. James, C. L. and Morrill, D. E. 1983. The real Ada, countess of Lovelace. SIGSOFT SIGSOFT Software Engineering NotesSoftware Engineering Notes 8, 1 (Jan. 1983), 30-31. 8, 1 (Jan. 1983), 30-31.

Kidwell, Peggy A. and Paul E. Ceruzzi. Kidwell, Peggy A. and Paul E. Ceruzzi. A Smithsonian Pictorial HistoryA Smithsonian Pictorial History. Washington: . Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Lee, J. A. N. “Charles Babbage.” 30 Sept. 1994. Virginia Tech. 3 Apr. 2006. Lee, J. A. N. “Charles Babbage.” 30 Sept. 1994. Virginia Tech. 3 Apr. 2006. <http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Babbage.html>.<http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Babbage.html>.

Norman, Jeremy M. Norman, Jeremy M. From Gutenburg to the Internet – A Sourcebook on the History of From Gutenburg to the Internet – A Sourcebook on the History of Information Technology. Information Technology. Novato, California: historyofscience.com, 2005.Novato, California: historyofscience.com, 2005.

Toole, Betty A., Ed.D. Toole, Betty A., Ed.D. Ada, the Enchantress of NumbersAda, the Enchantress of Numbers. Mill Valley, California: . Mill Valley, California: Strawberry Press, 1992.Strawberry Press, 1992.

Williams, Michael R. Williams, Michael R. A History of Computing Technology. 2A History of Computing Technology. 2ndnd ed. ed. Washington: IEEE Washington: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997.Computer Society Press, 1997.

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Difference Table ExampleDifference Table Example

x3

x 1 2 3 4 5

f(x)

1st difference    

2nd difference        

3rd difference            

1 8 27 64 125

7 19 37 61

12 18 24