Charin Tongkasame Environmental Expert/Engineer PAL Consultants Co., Ltd. (PALCON) INWEPF 4 th Steering Meeting and Symposium July 5, 2007 WATER POLLUTION.

Charin Tongkasame Charin Tongkasame

Environmental Expert/EngineerEnvironmental Expert/EngineerPAL Consultants Co., Ltd. (PALCON)PAL Consultants Co., Ltd. (PALCON)

INWEPF 4INWEPF 4thth Steering Meeting and Symposium Steering Meeting and Symposium

July 5, 2007 July 5, 2007

WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY RICE FARMING IN THAILANDRICE FARMING IN THAILAND

OBJECTIVES OF PAPEROBJECTIVES OF PAPER

TO PRESENT :TO PRESENT :

Overall Picture of Water Pollution Caused Overall Picture of Water Pollution Caused by Agricultural NPSs and Rice Farming in by Agricultural NPSs and Rice Farming in Thailand (by DPC)Thailand (by DPC)

Results ofResults of Two Case Studies (by PALCON Two Case Studies (by PALCON for RID)for RID)

Recommended Guidelines for Management Recommended Guidelines for Management of Water Pollution from Agricultural NPSsof Water Pollution from Agricultural NPSs

1.1. OVERALL PICTURE (by DPC)OVERALL PICTURE (by DPC) Agricultural Areas in Thailand in 2002Agricultural Areas in Thailand in 2002

So, Paddy Fields Could be SignificantSo, Paddy Fields Could be SignificantSources of Water Pollutants from ANPSsSources of Water Pollutants from ANPSs

47.2 x 1.047.2 x 1.066 ha ha

29.0 %29.0 %

40.1 %40.1 %

18.9 %18.9 %

12.0 %12.0 %Paddy FieldsPaddy Fields

ForestsForests

OthersOthers

Upland CropsUpland Crops

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Organic Matters (BOD)

Pesticides

MAJOR MAJOR POLLUTANTS POLLUTANTS CAUSEDCAUSEDBY ANPSs & RICE BY ANPSs & RICE FARMINGFARMING(by DPC)(by DPC)

PERCENTAGES OF POLLUTANTS FROM PERCENTAGES OF POLLUTANTS FROM

PADDY FIELDS, 2002PADDY FIELDS, 2002 (by DPC)(by DPC)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Per

Cen

t of

Pol

luta

nts

Cau

sed

by

Pad

dy

Fie

lds

Per

Cen

t of

Pol

luta

nts

Cau

sed

by

Pad

dy

Fie

lds

TNTN TPTP BODBOD PesticidesPesticides

7.597.59

40.9740.97

49.1249.1253.2653.26

PollutantPollutantConcentration (mg/l)Concentration (mg/l)

ThailandThailand ForeignForeign

1. TN1. TN 4.34.3 1.2-2.31.2-2.3

2. TP2. TP 1.0-1.91.0-1.9 0.1-0.30.1-0.3

3. BOD3. BOD 3.85-5.083.85-5.08 3.8-6.03.8-6.0

4. Pesticides4. Pesticides 0.001-0.0020.001-0.002 --

CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS FROM PADDY FIELDS (by DPC)FROM PADDY FIELDS (by DPC)

Considerably High Contents of Pollutants Considerably High Contents of Pollutants From Paddy FieldFrom Paddy Fields in Thailands in Thailand

2.2. RESULTS OF CASE STUDIESRESULTS OF CASE STUDIES

1)1) PRANBURI O&M PROJECT IN PRANBURI O&M PROJECT IN

PRACHUAB KHIRI KHAN, PRACHUAB KHIRI KHAN,

SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE

OF CENTRAL THAILAND OF CENTRAL THAILAND (2005)(2005)

- Paddy Fields = 18.8% - Paddy Fields = 18.8%

2)2) MUNO AND PASEMUS O&M MUNO AND PASEMUS O&M

PROJECTS IN NARATHIWAS, PROJECTS IN NARATHIWAS,

A SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE OFA SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE OF

THAILAND (1998) THAILAND (1998)

-- Sharing Same Main CanalSharing Same Main Canal

-- Paddy FieldsPaddy Fields == 51.0%51.0%

Water Quality and Aquatic Biology Water Quality and Aquatic Biology

Studies Studies

Sampling in Rainy and Dry SeasonsSampling in Rainy and Dry Seasons

in Irrigation and Drainage Canals in Irrigation and Drainage Canals

Locations of Locations of Case – Study Projects Case – Study Projects

MPOMPMPOMPNarathiwasNarathiwas

PrachuabPrachuabKhiri KhanKhiri Khan

POMPPOMP

BangkokBangkok

DO (mg/l)DO (mg/l)

373373

7.357.35

PRANBURI O&M PROJECTPRANBURI O&M PROJECT-- Water Quality (WQ)Water Quality (WQ)

954954

5.245.24

1.801.802.602.60

4.74.7

2222

EC (EC (µµs/cm)s/cm) BOD (mg/l)BOD (mg/l) FCBFCB(MPN/100 ml)(MPN/100 ml)

Dry SeasonDry Season Irrigation CanalIrrigation Canal

Drainage CanalDrainage Canal

2.052.05

861861

0.470.47

6.206.20

3.543.54

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton(10(1066 cell/m cell/m33))

Rainy SeasonRainy Season Irrigation CanalIrrigation Canal

Drainage CanalDrainage Canal

Benthic FaunasBenthic Faunas(org./m(org./m33))

Fish Standing CropFish Standing Crop(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

-- Aquatic Biology (AB)Aquatic Biology (AB)PRANBURI O&M PROJECTPRANBURI O&M PROJECT

533533

DO (mg/l)DO (mg/l)

3333

6.66.6

-- Water Quality (WQ)Water Quality (WQ)

164164

0.70.7

2.32.3

4.04.0

6.76.7

4.04.0

EC (EC (µµs/cm)s/cm) BOD (mg/l)BOD (mg/l)pHpH

Dry SeasonDry Season Irrigation CanalIrrigation Canal

Drainage CanalDrainage Canal

MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTSMUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS

1.861.86

132132

4.274.27

176176 17.317.3

7.27.2

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton(10(1066 cell/m cell/m33))

Dry SeasonDry Season Irrigation CanalIrrigation Canal

Drainage CanalDrainage Canal

Benthic FaunasBenthic Faunas(org./m(org./m33))

Fish Standing CropFish Standing Crop(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

-- Aquatic Biology (AB)Aquatic Biology (AB)MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTSMUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS

CONCLUSIONS :CONCLUSIONS :

1)1) Water Pollution due to ANPSs Is Water Pollution due to ANPSs Is Significant, and Will Become More Significant, and Will Become More Serious in FutureSerious in Future

2) Paddy Fields Contribute 2) Paddy Fields Contribute Significant Significant Pollutant Loads, esp. BOD, TP, TN, Pollutant Loads, esp. BOD, TP, TN, TDS, EC, Coliform TDS, EC, Coliform Bacteria; with Bacteria; with Pesticides to a Lesser Degree Pesticides to a Lesser Degree

3)3) Good Pollution Control Is Needed for Good Pollution Control Is Needed for ANPSs and Paddy FieldsANPSs and Paddy Fields

3. GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF 3. GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF WATER POLLUTION FROM ANPSsWATER POLLUTION FROM ANPSs

COUNTRY’S GUIDELINES :COUNTRY’S GUIDELINES :

- Agricultural Development Plan for - Agricultural Development Plan for 2002-2006 2002-2006

- Policy and Master Plan for Use of Pesticides- Policy and Master Plan for Use of Pesticides GAP (Appropriate Uses to Prevent Excessive GAP (Appropriate Uses to Prevent Excessive

and Untimely Uses to Minimize Residues)and Untimely Uses to Minimize Residues) Stringent Control of Import and Uses of Toxic Stringent Control of Import and Uses of Toxic

Agrichemicals Agrichemicals Definite Management Programs/Projects/Definite Management Programs/Projects/

Measures Need to Be Planned & ImplementedMeasures Need to Be Planned & Implemented

RECOMMENDED WPM FOR ANPSs &RECOMMENDED WPM FOR ANPSs &PADDY FIELDSPADDY FIELDS

(1) FORMULATION OF POLICIES AND(1) FORMULATION OF POLICIES AND

GUIDELINES GUIDELINES

GAPsGAPs GPMPs GPMPs

Databases PreparationDatabases Preparation

Plan for Implementation of Definite WPMPlan for Implementation of Definite WPM

Programs/Projects/MeasuresPrograms/Projects/Measures

For Major River Basins, Sub-basins, For Major River Basins, Sub-basins,

Large Project AreasLarge Project Areas

(2)(2) PREPARATION OF GOODPREPARATION OF GOOD

DATABASES : INCLUDINGDATABASES : INCLUDING

WQ, Aquatic BiologyWQ, Aquatic Biology

Agri Practices (Use of Agri Practices (Use of

Agrichemicals)Agrichemicals)

Pollution from Other SourcesPollution from Other Sources

Effects of Pollution on AB, Effects of Pollution on AB,

Fisheries, etc.Fisheries, etc.

Regular UpdatesRegular Updates

(3)(3) IMPLEMENTATION OF WPM IMPLEMENTATION OF WPM PROGRAMS/PROJECTS/MEASURES PROGRAMS/PROJECTS/MEASURES BY USING LOCALBY USING LOCAL

PARTICIPATORY METHOD : PARTICIPATORY METHOD : INVOLVINGINVOLVING

-- Farmers, Farmers’ Groups and Networks Farmers, Farmers’ Groups and Networks -- Local Agricultural Officials Local Agricultural Officials -- Local Admin. Offices (PAOs, TAOs)Local Admin. Offices (PAOs, TAOs)-- Educational Institutes ConcernedEducational Institutes Concerned

(4)MONITORING AND EVALUATION

OF WPM PROGRAMS

- Performance of Participants

- Performance of the Program

- Recommending Program

Improvements

FORMULATION OFPOLICIES & GUIDELINES

WPM FOR ANPSs

DATABASE PROGRESSUPDATE OF PROGRAM

IMPLEMENTATION

DATABASE MONITORINGUPDATE AND

EVALATION

LOCAL PARTICIPATION

RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS

DATABASES

IMPROVEMENTS

GAPs, GPMPsWPM Programs

Thank Thank YouYou

GENERATION RATES AND PRECENTAGES OFGENERATION RATES AND PRECENTAGES OF

POLLUTANTS FROM PADDY FIELDS, 2002POLLUTANTS FROM PADDY FIELDS, 2002

Total LoadTotal Load Gen. Rate byGen. Rate by % Caused% Caused

PollutantPollutant from All ANPSsfrom All ANPSs Paddy FieldsPaddy Fields by Paddyby Paddy

(tons/yr)(tons/yr) (kg/ha/yr)(kg/ha/yr) FieldsFields

1. 1. TNTN 886,218 886,218 26.5026.50 40.9740.97

2. TP2. TP 223,719223,719 8.028.02 49.1249.12

3. BOD3. BOD 624,113624,113 24.2624.26 53.2653.26

4. Pesticides4. Pesticides 1,1631,163 0.00650.0065 7.597.59

High Contributions of Pollutants by Paddy FieldsHigh Contributions of Pollutants by Paddy Fields

PRANBURI O&M PROJECTPRANBURI O&M PROJECT

-- Water Quality (WQ)Water Quality (WQ)

ParameterParameterDry SeasonDry Season Rainy SeasonRainy Season

ICIC DCDC ICIC DCDC

1. 1. EC (EC (s/cm)s/cm) 373.4373.4 954.0954.0 668.0668.0 1,737.01,737.0

2. pH2. pH 7.637.63 7.637.63 7.877.87 7.657.65

3. DO (mg/l)3. DO (mg/l) 7.357.35 5.245.24 9.009.00 7.907.90

4. BOD (mg/l)4. BOD (mg/l) 1.801.80 2.602.60 1.201.20 1.601.60

5. Nitrate-N (mg/l)5. Nitrate-N (mg/l) NDND 0.030.03 2.282.28 0.090.09

6. Phosphate (mg/l)6. Phosphate (mg/l) NDND NDND NDND 0.030.03

7. Pesticides (ppb)7. Pesticides (ppb) NDND NDND NDND NDND

8. Coliform Bacteria (MPN/100 ml)8. Coliform Bacteria (MPN/100 ml)

- Total Coliform- Total Coliform 4949 350350 9,0009,000 3,0003,000

- Faecal Coliform- Faecal Coliform 4.74.7 2222 500500 3,0003,000

-- Aquatic Biology (AB)Aquatic Biology (AB)

ParameterParameterDry SeasonDry Season Rainy SeasonRainy Season

ICIC DCDC ICIC DCDC

1. Plankton1. Plankton

1) Phytoplankton (101) Phytoplankton (1066 cells/m cells/m33)) 0.2510.251 0.2280.228 2.0522.052 0.4670.467

2) Zooplankton (102) Zooplankton (1066 org./m org./m33)) 0.0790.079 0.1170.117 0.2120.212 0.1850.185

2. Benthic Faunas2. Benthic Faunas

1) Density (org./m1) Density (org./m33)) 1,6611,661 924924 861861 533533

3. Fish3. Fish

1) Standing Crop (kg/ha)1) Standing Crop (kg/ha) -- -- 6.206.20 3.543.54

There Are Adverse Effects of Pollution There Are Adverse Effects of Pollution

in Return Flows on WQ & ABin Return Flows on WQ & AB

MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS -- Water QualityWater Quality

ParameterParameterDry SeasonDry Season Rainy SeasonRainy Season

ICIC DCDC ICIC DCDC

1. EC (1. EC (s/cm)s/cm) 32.632.6 164.4164.4 456.0456.0 801.0801.0

2. pH2. pH 6.76.7 4.04.0 6.56.5 3.63.6

3. TDS (mg/l)3. TDS (mg/l) 35.635.6 82.082.0 291.2291.2 451.0451.0

4. DO (mg/l)4. DO (mg/l) 6.66.6 0.70.7 7.77.7 7.17.1

5. BOD (mg/l)5. BOD (mg/l) 2.32.3 4.04.0 0.80.8 1.01.0

6. Nitrate-N (mg/l)6. Nitrate-N (mg/l) 0.070.07 0.040.04 0.040.04 0.010.01

7. Phosphate (mg/l)7. Phosphate (mg/l) 0.120.12 0.090.09 0.050.05 0.010.01

8. Pesticides (8. Pesticides (g/l)g/l)

- DDT- DDT 0.010.01 0.050.05 NDND 0.100.10

- Heptachlor- Heptachlor 0.010.01 NDND 0.0050.005 0.010.01

-- Aquatic BiologyAquatic Biology

ParameterParameterDry SeasonDry Season Rainy SeasonRainy Season

ICIC DCDC ICIC DCDC

1. Plankton1. Plankton

1) Phytoplankton (101) Phytoplankton (1066 cells/m cells/m33)) 1.8561.856 4.2694.269 1.6641.664 2.1202.120

2) Zooplankton (102) Zooplankton (1066 org./m org./m33)) 0.0260.026 0.0220.022 0.0780.078 0.0010.001

2. Benthic Faunas2. Benthic Faunas

1) Density (org./m1) Density (org./m33)) 132132 176176 4444 154154

3. Fish3. Fish

1) Standing Crop (kg/ha)1) Standing Crop (kg/ha) 17.317.3 7.27.2 11.611.6 2.02.0

There are also Adverse Effects of Pollution There are also Adverse Effects of Pollution in Return Flows on WQ and ABin Return Flows on WQ and AB