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Mansour Mahamane1, Frank Vollmer2, Sophia Baumert1, Ana Luz, Maria Julieta Matediane3, James Paterson2, Emily Wollen2, Genevieve Patenaude2, Isilda Nhantumbo3, Marc Metzger2, Almeida Sitoe1, Luis Artur1, Romana Bandeira1, Mariana Carvahlo1, Jone Fernando Junior1, Janet Fisher2, Isla Grundy4, Duncan Macqueen3, Sa Nogueira Lisboa1, Natasha Ribeiro1, Casey Ryan2, Hemant Tripathi2
1 University Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique; 2 University of Edinburgh, UK; 3 IIED ; 4 University of Zimbabwe
Charcoal production, ecosystem services and wellbeing in Mozambique:searching for win‐win scenarios in Mopane woodland
Gaza province has highest number of charcoal licences throughout the country.
Map: Courtesy of Ana Luz
First land cover change driver in MabalaneDistrict:
Charcoal production
Importance of charcoal for income in Mabalane
Charcoal production is one of the main economic activities in the Mabalane district to generate cash income (for 67% of sample)
Sources of Income
Figure: Courtesy of Frank Vollmer
Mopane woodlands Mabalane district
Charcoal kilnMabalane district
Photo: Courtesy of Emily Woollen
Mopane woodland after charcoal production Mabalane district
Farmlands: dry climate and poor quality soilMabalane district
Photo: Courtesy of Emily Woollen
Two types of charcoal supply chains identified small‐scale (village) large‐scale outsider operators
Figure: Courtesy of Sophia Baumert
VALUE GENERATION AT VILLAGE LEVEL
1) Local production and selling to wholesalers
2) Outsider production
MZN/sack MZN/sack20% of licences issued 15 15Licence fee of association 45Contribution to village by outsiders 25Margins for local producers 167Revenues to village 227 40
Margins for wholesaler/outsider 280 490
Total annual % remaining in village 44.8 7.7
8% of the total profit generated remains within the communities.
When local producers and associations are involved the value can increase to 45%.
Profit distribution
Table: Courtesy of Sophia Baumert
Income distribution
Unequal production pattern
Unequal income distribution (Gini = 0.48; official rural Gini = 0.37)
Lorenz Curve Income
80% of households producing charcoal of the sampled total60% of hhs <= the mean production
Figure and Table: Courtesy of Frank Vollmer
Conceptualization of multidimensional well‐being
• Alkire‐Foster method for well‐being aggregation (decomposability; focus on acute well‐being)
List of well‐being dimensions, Indicators, cut‐off lines and weightingsDimensions Indicators Deprived if… Nested weighting scale
1. The household´s sanitation facility is not improved (according to the MDG guidelines), or it is improved but shared with other households
2. The household does not have all‐year long access to clean drinking water (according to the MDG guidelines) or clean water is more than 30 minutes walking from home
3. Any child has died in the household
4. Illnesses remain undiagnosed and untreated by professional health specialists
5. No household member is able to read and write and no household member achieved at a minimum EP1 or attended the Portuguese colonial school system .
0.66 (6.7)
0.66 (6.7)
0.66 (6.7)
0.66 (6.7)
0.66 (6.7)
Social capital
1. Food security
2. Access to services, associations and credit
1. Household did experience a food shortage in the past
2. The household did not receive advice from an extension agent during the last 12 months, and did not receive a credit in the last 12 months, and is currently not a member in an agricultural or forestry association.
1.665 (16.6)
1.665 (16.6)
Economic capital
1. Assets owned
1. Housing (floor, roof, walls)
1. If do not own more than one of: radio, TV, telephone, bicycle, bed, motorbike or refrigerator and do not own a car or truck
2. The household has sand or smoothed mud floor, the household has grass or poles roof; the household has sand, mud, grass or poles walls
1.665 (16.6)
1.665 (16.6)
Table: Courtesy of Frank Vollmer
Integrating tools approach
Current land cover map
Land cover map in 2035Ecosystem services
Rural wellbeing
Bayesian belief networks
QUICKScan
Scen
arios o
f the
future m
aps
Ecosystem services map in 2035
Cenário A Cenário B Cenário CScenarios of the future
GIS
Scenarios approach
Identification of main land use change drivers in Mozambique
Scenarios approach
Identification of main land use change drivers in Mozambique
Construction of scenarios narratives
Evaluation of the narratives
Final construction of scenarios at national and
provincial scale
Cenário A
Public policies stronger promoting international and large scale private sector as the main development motor and a reduced local voice (participation) accompanied with low implementation of social and environmental policy provisions.
Resulting scenarios:
Empowered citizens improve the organization of civil society
Cenário B
There is also a real commitment of the government for improving education and training and for practicing of a more open and transparent governance.
The proliferation of internet‐based technologies, increases the voice of local organizations
Local organizations push the government to increase the public involvement in rural
development an improvement of the public services.
Resulting scenarios:
Cenário C
At the same time an improvement in education, empowerment and environmental stewardship allows some communities to self‐organise and improve their well‐being.
Large parts of Mozambique’s land are in long term private leases or concessions
Resulting scenarios:
BBN approach
video
First internal BBN draft
Workshops for construction of
BBN
Workhops at 3 scales
BBN workshops at village scale
video
BBN workshops at province scale
BBN approach
video
First internal BBN draft
Workshops for construction of
BBN
Analysis of results:
first version of the BBN
Adaptation to data availability
Population with data
Evaluation and corrections
Mabalane‐Charcoal BBN
Interventionse.g. Adapt charcoal licensing process to communities
Outsider drivers of changee.g. Charcoal demand
Land use/land cover changee.g. farmland, type of forest (mopane, simbiri, etc)