Characterization of Multi-Porosity Unconventional Reservoirs and their Relationship to Oil and Gas Productivity Roberto Aguilera, CNOOC Nexen Chair on Tight Oil and Unconventional Gas Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary March 10, 2015
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Characterization of Multi-Porosity
Unconventional Reservoirs and their Relationship to Oil and Gas Productivity
Roberto Aguilera,
CNOOC Nexen Chair on Tight Oil and Unconventional Gas Schulich School of Engineering,
University of Calgary March 10, 2015
OBJECTIVES
Discuss multi-porosity unconventional reservoirs.
Show that there is a continuum that goes from conventional to tight gas to shale gas to tight oil
to shale oil reservoirs Relate pore throat apertures to oil and gas rates
in vertical and horizontal wells. Make the work tractable by using actual
published data.
Slide 2
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 2
A multidisciplinary integration of:
Geoscience (G) Formation evaluation (F)
Reservoir drilling, completion and stimulation (R) Reservoir engineering (RE)
Economics and externalities (EE)
Focus is on increasing production rates and ultimate recoveries economically and responsably from tight oil and unconventional gas reservoirs
GFREE
3
Dual-porosity Triple-porosity Multi-porosity in shales Effect on water saturation Flow units: from conventional , to tight gas, to
shale gas, to tight oil, to shale oil, to condensate reservoirs
Link of petrophysics with decline analysis Conclusions
OUTLINE
4
(A) Frontier Formation, (B) William Fork, (c) Travis peak, (D) Travis Peak : Shanley et al., 2004
5
Cadomin Fm. - Elmworth Deep Basin (7-23-69-13W6)
(Moslow, 2005)
microfracture cross-cutting clasts and sandy matrix
2
3 slot
1
Intg. Ø
Flourescence
2660.m Ø=5.0%, Kmax=24mD
6
Porosity in Organic Matter (Barnett Shale) (Ruppel and Loucks, 2008)
7
Porosity in Organic Matter
SEM Imaging , thin section Colorado Shale (courtesy D. Rokosh, ERCB, SPE 137795)
COLORADO SHALE (CANADA)
8
DUAL POROSITY Matrix and Fractures
(or Matrix and Slot Porosity)
9
BORAI’S DATA (SPE FE, 1987) Area= 10,000 Km2, 5 Formations in 14 Abu Dhabi Fields
10
11
Porosity Exponent m, Mesa Verde Formation, USA (Data Source: Byrnes et al., Kansas Geological Survey, 2006)
MATERIAL BALANCE APPLICATION (Lopez and Aguilera, SPE 165681, 2013)
Contribution of free gas, adsorbed gas and diffusion gas from kerogen to total cumulative gas production in Devonian shale gas reservoirs (Appalachian Basin)
Slide 24
24
FLOW UNITS: FROM CONVENTIONAL TO TIGHT GAS TO
SHALE GAS TO TIGHT OIL TO SHALE OIL RESERVOIR
(THERE IS A CONTINUUM)
25
FLOW UNIT
A flow unit is defined as a stratigraphically continuous reservoir subdivision characterized by a similar pore type (Hartmann and Beaumont, 1999), for example by a similar rp35
(Aguilera, 2002):
rp35=2.665 (k/100φ)^0.45
Slide 26
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 26
Conventional vs. Continuous Type Accumulations (Used mostly to Explain Tight Gas)
(Pollastro and Schenk; 2002, Moslow, 2008)
Slide 27
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 27
Real Data Conventional and
Low Permeability Rocks
Slide 28
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 28
Elk City Oil Field (Sneider et al., 1983)
One-Column Format
Slide 29
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 29
Unconventional Reservoirs, Elk City Oil Field (SPE 165350, 2013) Data from Sneider et al., 1983
One-Column Format
Slide 30
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 30
Unconventional Reservoirs (Elk City Oil Field) Slide 31
Sneider et al, 1983 Multi-Porosity
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 31
Unconventional Reservoirs, Cardium SS, Pembina Oil Field (Source of Data: MacKenzie, 1975)
Slide 32
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 32
Slide 33
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs
Real Data Shale Gas
33
Flow Units
34
Unconventional Reservoirs: Shale Gas (SPE 132845)
Slide 35
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 35
Slide 36
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs
Real Data Shale Gas and Tight Gas
36
Unconventional Reservoirs: Shale Gas and Tight Gas (SPE 132845)
One-Column Format
Slide 37
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 37
Flow Units
GFREE RESEARCH PROJECT
38
Slide 39
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs
Real Data Tight Oil
39
Unconventional Reservoirs: Bakken Tight Oil
One-Column Format
Slide 40
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 40
Unconventional Reservoirs, Cardium SS, Pembina Oil Field (Source of Data: MacKenzie, 1975; Hamm and Struyk, 2011)
Slide 41
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 41
Unconventional Reservoirs: Tight and Shale
One-Column Format
Slide 42
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 42
Flow Units
1.0E-12
1.0E-11
1.0E-10
1.0E-09
1.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
PER
MEA
BILI
TY (M
D)
POROSITY
FHR, B SOFT SHALES
0.040.0250.014
rp35microns0.55
NIKANASSIN
0.15MARCELLUS
HURON
BC CANADA
CRUSHED SAMPLES?
0.004
UTICA
UTICA
B.DEL
B.FW
B.M1H
0.0005
0.00005
GFREE RESEARCH PROJECT
43
Slide 44
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs
Theoretical Data Pore Scale Modeling
44
Flow Units (Pore Scale Modeling)
Rahmanian et al., SPE 133611 Microsimulation at the pore throat level: • Pore throat radii • Permeability • Porosity • Relative perms • Cap pressures • Electrical properties • Rock Mechanics • Stimulation • Prod allocation in commingled completions
GFREE RESEARCH PROJECT
Knudsen Number
Viscous Flow
Diffusion Dominated Flow
45
Microsimulation at the pore throat
level will supplement
results of rp, k, phi, rel perms, cap pressures,
electrical properties, rock
mechanics
Brittle? Ductile? Type of
Stimulation? Effect of Sw,
mud Filtrate, leak-off on embedment?
Unconventional Reservoirs and Potential Oil and Gas Rates
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 46
Microsimulation at the pore throat
level will supplement
results of rp, k, phi, rel perms, cap pressures,
electrical properties, rock
mechanics
Brittle Ductile Type of
Stimulation Effect of Sw,
mud Filtrate, leak-off on embedment
Unconventional Reservoirs and Potential Oil and Gas Rates
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs
Conden-sate
47
OIL RATE VS. rP35 (Source of rate data: Martin, Solomon and Hartmann, 1997)
(Source of rp35 data: Aguilera, 2002-2003)q = 295.87(rp35)
PETROPHYSICAL DUAL, TRIPLE AND MULTIPLE POROSITY MODELS DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY
CAN BE LINKED TO OIL AND GAS PRODUCTIVITY
50
Linear Flow in a Dual-Porosity Reservoir towards a Hydraulic Fracture of Infinite Conductivity
(Adapted from Aguilera, SPE 16442, 1987)
51
DECLINE ANALYSIS IN INFINITE-ACTING TRIPLE POROSITY RESERVOIR WITH RESTRICTED INTERPOROSITY FLOW DOMINATED BY LINEAR/BILINEAR FLOW
(Leguizamon and Aguilera, SPE 142727, 2011)
52
qD = dimensionless rate, tD = dimensionless time, w = storativity ratio, f = function, cc = commingled completion exponent, d = dual, t= triple
Infinite-Acting Linear Reservoir with Restricted Interporosity Flow
53
-0.5
Infinite-Acting Reservoir with Unrestricted Interporosity Flow
54
-0.5
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Tight Gas Field, Well i1
66
Triple Porosity q Decline Commingled Completion Production Matching
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05
q, m
3 / d
Time, hours
Well 1
Measured Rate Calculated rateHistory Matching Well 2
67
Tight Gas Field, Well i1
68
Tight Gas Field, Well i3
69
Tight Gas Field, Well i3
70
BDF
Slide 71
Inter-linear Flow Period
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 71
Slide 72
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03qD
tD
Decline Rate with Unrestricted Inter-Linear Transition FlowTriple Porosity Model Dominated by Linear Flow
Linear Flow (slope = -0.5)
Unrestricted Transition (slope ∼ -0.75)
Linear
Transition
Linear
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 72
73 Hamm and Struik (2011)
Slope – 0.75
Slide 74
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 74
Slope – 0.75
Slide 75
Multi-Porosity • Unconventional Reservoirs 75
Conclusions
• Multi-porosity models allow integration of petrophysical and production decline analysis and provide input data for material balance (and simulation) studies.
• There is a continuum between conventional gas, tight gas and shale gas reservoirs (same for oil reservoirs).
76
Acknowledgements
Paper # • Paper Title • Presenter Name
CNOOC NEXEN GFREE Research Team
Schulich School of Engineering at U of C Servipetrol Ltd.