See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/44798352 Characterization of elemental and structural composition of corrosion scales and deposits formed in drinking water distribution systems ARTICLE in WATER RESEARCH · AUGUST 2010 Impact Factor: 5.53 · DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.043 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS 21 READS 109 6 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Ching-Yu Peng University of Washington Seattle 19 PUBLICATIONS 101 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Gregory V Korshin University of Washington Seattle 104 PUBLICATIONS 1,993 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Melinda Friedman Confluence Engineering Group, LLC 17 PUBLICATIONS 170 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Gregory V Korshin Retrieved on: 09 November 2015
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Characterization of elemental and structural compositionof corrosion scales and deposits formed in drinking waterdistribution systems
Ching-Yu Peng a,*, Gregory V. Korshin a, Richard L. Valentine b, Andrew S. Hill c,Melinda J. Friedman c, Steve H. Reiber d
aDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98105-2700, USAbDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1527, USAcConfluence Engineering, 517 NE 92nd Street, Seattle, WA, USAdHDR Inc. 500 108th Ave NE Suite 1200, Bellevue, WA 98004-5549, USA
wat e r r e s e a r c h 4 4 ( 2 0 1 0 ) 4 5 7 0e4 5 8 0 4579
illustrates the cumulative magnesium occurrence profiles.
The results for hydrant flush solids were higher than pipe
specimens, with the median Mg concentrations 800 mg/g and
340 mg/g, respectively.
3.3.9. AluminumAluminum (Al) was the ninthmost common element found in
deposit samples, with amedian concentration of 620 mg/g. The
10th and 90th percentile aluminum concentrations were
120 mg/g and 3400 mg/g, respectively. Aluminum presence in
deposits canbedue to thedepositionof aluminaAl2O3, gibbsite
Al(OH)3, precipitationof amorphousaluminumhydroxide, and
formation of aluminosilicates. Surface adsorption/co-precipi-
tation reactions involving freeAl3þ and its complexesmay also
account for its occurrence. Sources of aluminum may include
the treated water, either due to natural occurrence in source
water and/or the application and treatment “breakthrough” of
aluminum-based coagulants. Fig. 3(b) illustrates the cumula-
tive aluminumoccurrence profiles for all samples. The profiles
for pipe specimens and hydrant flush solids are dissimilar,
with the Al levels in pipe specimens being higher across the
entire range. ThemedianAl concentrations for pipe specimens
andhydrantflush solids are 640 mg/g and555 mg/g, respectively.
3.3.10. ZincZinc (Zn) was the tenth most abundant element found in
deposit samples, with amedian concentration of 230 mg/g. The
10th and 90th percentile zinc concentrations were 24 mg/g and
1900 mg/g, respectively. Sources of zinc may include the
treated water, either due to natural occurrence in source
water, applications of zinc orthophosphate and “inner” sour-
ces such as its presence as in galvanized pipe and as
a component in copper-based alloys. Internal corrosion of
galvanized iron piping appears to be the primary source of
zinc in many samples. Indeed, comparison between cast iron
and galvanized iron specimens showed that Zn concentration
was much higher in the latter case, with median Zn concen-
trations being 185 mg/g and 8422.5 mg/g (Supplementary
Information Table S2). Fig. 3(c) illustrates the cumulative Zn
occurrence profiles for all deposit samples and the different
sample types. The profiles for pipe specimens and hydrant
flush solids are dissimilar, with the results for pipe specimens
being higher across the entire range. The median zinc
concentrations for pipe specimens and hydrant flush solids
are 290 mg/g and 110 mg/g, respectively.
4. Conclusions
Characteristics of corrosion scales formed in drinking water
distribution systems predominated by unlined cast iron pipes
and deposits mobilized during hydrant flushing events were
determined using SEM/EDS, XRD and ICP/MS. XRD data
showed that goethite (a-FeOOH), magnetite (Fe3O4) and
siderite (FeCO3) were the primary crystalline phases identi-
fied in most of the samples. Among the major constituent
elements of the scales, iron was most prevalent by a consid-
erable margin, followed, in the order of decreasing preva-
lence, by sulfur, organic carbon, calcium, inorganic carbon,
phosphorus, manganese, magnesium, aluminum and zinc.
The nature of relatively abundant organic carbon found in
the scales remains to be determined. The cumulative occur-
rence profiles of iron, sulfur, calcium and phosphorus for
pipe specimens and hydrant flush solids were similar. For
TOC, TIC and magnesium, the cumulative occurrence profiles
showed that hydrant flush solids have consistently higher
levels of these components compared with pipe specimens.
On the other hand, the cumulative occurrence profiles for
manganese, aluminum and zinc indicated that pipe speci-
mens tended to have higher concentrations of these
elements than hydrant flush solids. Comparison of relative
occurrences of these elements indicates that hydraulic
disturbances may have relatively less impact on the release
of manganese, aluminum and zinc. However, observations
concerning differences of concentrations of selected
elements in pipe specimens and hydrant flush solids need to
be confirmed in further exploration of hydraulically immobile
and mobile solids originating from the same systems. Zinc
concentrations in the scales formed on galvanized iron were
much higher than those formed on cast iron, with internal
corrosion suspected of being the major sources of zinc in the
former case.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by Water Research Foundation
(Project Number 3118) and the USEPA. The authors would like
to thank the WRF project manager Dr. Jian Zhang and the
personnel of the EPA laboratory, Cincinnati, OH for carrying
out analyses for carbon and sulfur in solid samples. The
content and conclusions are the views of the authors and do
no necessarily reflect the views of the funding agency.
Appendix. Supplementary data
The supplementary data associated with this article can
be found in the on-line version at doi:10.1016/j.watres.
2010.05.043.
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