Characteristics of Life. PP PDF(1)

8/10/2019 Characteristics of Life. PP PDF(1)

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All living things share some basic characteristics:

1. Organization2. Movement3. Made up of cells4. Reproduce5. Grow and / or develop6. Obtain and use energy7. Respond to the environment8. Adapt through evolution


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#1 OrganizationLife is organized on many structural levels


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Check out this animation that gives you a

sense of scale of some of the structuresstudied in biology! Its AWESOME!!!!
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/


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AtomsThe smallest unit of matter Composed of:

ProtonsPositive chargeLocated in the nucleus

NeutronsNeutral chargeLocated in the nucleus

ElectronsNegative charge

Locates in orbits around the nucleusMost important elements in biology are:

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus


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Molecules

Groupings of atomsbonded together Important bio-molecules: Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates


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Organelles

Membrane bound sub-cellular structures thatperform specificfunctions for a cell.

Examples: Mitochondria Chloroplasts Nucleus Golgi


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Cells

The smallest

unit defined aslife


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Tissues

A group of cellshaving a similarstructureworkingtogether toperform aspecificfunction


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Organs

Groupings of

tissues unitedto perform aspecificfunction


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Organisms

Living things that

have (or candevelop) the abilityto act or functionindependently.


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Populations

Localized

groups oforganismsbelonging to

the samespecies


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Communities

Populations

of speciesliving in thesame area.


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Ecosystems

Energyprocessingsystems ofcommunityinteractionsthat include

abioticenvironmentalfactors such assoil and water.


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Biomes

Large scaleecosystemsclassified bypredominantvegetation typeand distinctive

combinations ofplants andanimals.


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Biosphere

The sum

of all oftheplanetsbiomes


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Each level of biological organizationexhibits emergent pro per t ies (c l ick l ink)

Ex.Capillaries

transport

blood(property notexhibited by

individualendothelial

cells).
http://www.ehow.com/info_8232868_emergent-properties.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/info_8232868_emergent-properties.html


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#2 Movement All living organisms have internal movement;

the ability to move substances from one partof their body to another.

Some living organisms show externalmovement as well; the ability to move fromplace to place in a habitat.


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#3: Composed of one or more cells


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The cell theory

1. All known living things are made up

of cells.2. The cell is structural & functional

unit of all living things.3. All cells come from pre-existing

cells by division (spontaneous

generation does not occur).


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Evidence for the Cell Theory

Read this short summary of evidence for the

cell theory .
http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/scientific-experiments/scientific-method4.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/scientific-experiments/scientific-method4.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/scientific-experiments/scientific-method4.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/scientific-experiments/scientific-method4.htm


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Cells in multicellular organisms

differentiate (click link to read what this means!)
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/cell-differentiation.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/cell-differentiation.html


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Cells are either prokaryotic or

eukaryotic

Prokaryotic All bacteria cells Lack membrane bound

organelles Tend to besmaller in size thaneukaryotic cells

DNA not in nucleus(since they dont haveone) and not coiled intochromosomes

Eukaryotic Found in protists, plants,

fungi and animals Contain membrane

bound organelles DNA (found inside the

nucleus) can coil aroundproteins to formchromosomes


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Whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, all

cells share four common structures

CellmembraneCytoplasm

DNARibosomes


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#4: ReproductionEach organism arises through reproduction in whichDNA instructions are transmitted from parents tooffspring .


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A complexmechanism forcopying DNA

Passing theinformation encodedin DNA from parent tooffspring via sexual orasexual reproduction

Reproduction is based on:


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Sexual:Reproduction involvesthe fusion of a male

and a female gamete(egg and sperm)Results in a newgenome that isdifferent than that ofeither parent.Example: flowerpollination in plants


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Asexual:

Reproduction withoutthe fusion of gametesProduces a clone ofthe original organism,and therefore doesnot increase genetic

variation in thespecies as a whole.Example: binaryfission in bacteria


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#5: Grow and / or developGrowth means to get bigger in size


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Development involves a change in thephysical form or physiological make-up of anorganism


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#6 Obtain and use energyLiving organisms need energy to grow,develop, repair damage, and reproduce


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For most life forms

The ultimate source of energy is the sun


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Producers (AKA autotrophs)

Organisms that trapsolar energy byphotosynthesis anduse it to convert CO2into a usable foodsource (glucose).

Plants, blue-greenalgae


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Saprotrophs (AKA decomposers)Organisms that secreteenzymes on dead

organisms that causedecomposition, and thenthey absorb the resultingsimple compounds intotheir bodies. So they donot ingest whole food, butrather, they absorbdecomposed and digestedfood.

Bacteria and fungi.


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One reason organisms needenergy is to maintainhomeostasis A tendency for an organism to

maintain a constant internalenvironment (i.e. temperature,salt concentration, and pH)


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Organisms rely on their metabolism to

maintain homeostasis

Metabolism: The sum of all the

chemical reactions inan organism by whichmolecules are

combined together(ANABOLISM) or

broken apart(CATABOLISM) in turnstoring or releasingenergy.


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#7 Respond to the EnvironmentOrganisms react to stimuli in the environment: Light

Temperature Odor Sound Gravity Heat Water Pressure Visual

An example is a plants leaves and stemsgrowing toward light, or a person moving a handfrom a hot surface.


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#8 Adapt Through EvolutionAdaptation - an inherited behavior or

characteristic that enables an organism tosurvive & reproduce.

Over time, adaptations are modified bynatural selection.


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Characteristics of Life. PP PDF(1)

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