Chapters 4–5 1. The verb “to be” 2. Adjectives and agreement 3. Uses of the ablative 4. Prepositions 5. Adverbs
Feb 24, 2016
Chapters 4–51. The verb “to be”
2. Adjectives and agreement
3. Uses of the ablative
4. Prepositions
5. Adverbs
1. The verb “to be”
cōgitō ergō sum
amō ergō sum …
labōrō ergo sum …
1. The verb “to be”cōgitō ergō sum
cōgitās ergō es
cōgitat ergō est
cōgitāmus ergō sumus
cōgitātis ergō estis
cōgitant ergō sunt
principal parts:sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
cōgitāre soleō, ergō esse dēbeō …
I tend to think, therefore I ought to exist …
1. The verb “to be” Two senses
… et quod sursum est deorsum faciuntand what is up, they make down.
nihil bonum est quod nōn est honestumNothing is good that is not honorable.
Christiānus sum, nōn CicerōniānusI am a Christian, not a Ciceronian.
cōgitō ergō sumI think therefore I am
esse, aut nōn esse?To be, or not to be?
sunt Nocturnae!! …Witches exist (there are witches)!!…
est locus …A place exists (there is a place) …
cōgitō bene, ergō bonus sumI think well, therefore I am good
1. The verb “to be” Two senses
… et quod sursum est deorsum faciuntand what is up, they make down.
nihil bonum est quod nōn est honestumNothing is good that is not honorable.
Christiānus sum, nōn CicerōniānusI am a Christian, not a Ciceronian.
cōgitō ergō sumI think therefore I am
esse, aut nōn esse?To be, or not to be?
sunt Nocturnae!! …Witches exist (there are witches)!! …
EXISTENTIAL
LINKING (“COPULA”)
cōgitō bene, ergō bonus sumI think well, therefore I am good
existential est: often first
in the sentence
1. The verb “to be” Truly existential …
By Roman Hands 50:
N – F – F – N – S – N – C
Nōn fuī.
Fuī.
Nōn sum.
Nōn cūrō.
2. Adjectives
Christiānus sum, nōn Cicerōniānus
—St. Jerome (4th c. CE)
Sometimes derived from nouns:
Christus ChristiānusCicerō Cicerōniānus
Rōma Rōmānusdeus dīvīnus
Principal parts:Christiānus, -a, -um
bonus, -a, -ummalus, -a, -um
aeger, aegra, aegrumnoster, nostra, nostrum
līber, lībera, līberum
1. Adjectives declined
2. Adjectiveslinked to nouns or on their own
bonus vir sum, nōn malus vir
bonus vir sum, nōn malus
I am a good man, not a bad (man).
bonus sum, nōn malus
bona sum, non mala
bonum est, nōn malum.
vir is merely implied the second time round(“gapping”, or “ellipsis”)
“Man”, “woman”, “thing”—depending
on gender of adjective.
“Substantive” use of adjective: noun merely implied.
2. Adjectives agreement with noun according to number, gender, and case
singular pluralm. f. n. m. f. n.
agricola bonus
dominus bonus
agerbonus
rosa bona templum bonum
agricolae bonī
rosae bonae
templa bona
E.G. NOMINATIVE NOUNS WITH NOMINATIVE ADJECTIVES
Now in the genitive plural …
agricolārum bonōrumrosārum bonārum
templōrum bonōrum
2. AdjectivesAgreement also in linking contexts
episcopus bonus
episcopus est bonus
episcopus esse bonus dēbet, nōn malus
3. Uses of the ablative
ABLATIVECASE
MEANS/INSTRUMENT
oculīs vidēmusWe see with (by means of)
our eyes
templum incendiō consumptum
a temple consumed by fire
SEPARATION
ACCOMPANIMENT(typically with cum + person
in abl.)
cum puerō puellāque amubulāmus
We walk with the boy and girl
MANNER(typically with cum + thing in
ablative)
bonō cum animō nāvigāmus
We sail with (in) a good state of mind.
LOCATION
and combined with certain prepositions
…
4. Prepositions
Vīperam sub ālā nūtrīcās
You are nourishing a viper under your wing.
—addressed to Trimalchio in Petronius, Satyrica
sub:a preposition that “takes” the ablative
4. PrepositionsPrepositions taking
accusativePrepositions taking ablative
Vīpera trāns agrum ambulat.
Vīpera sub rosās ambulat.
Vipera ad silvam ambulat.
Vīpera in silvām ambulat.
Vīpera in silvā habitat.
Vīpera sub rosīs est.
Vīpera ex silvā ambulat.
Vīperam prō silvā vidēmus!
Vīpera ā silvā ambulat.
4. PrepositionsPrepositions taking
accusativePrepositions taking ablative
ACCUSATIVE: TYPICALLY INVOLVING MOTION TOWARD
OR AGAINST
Vīpera trāns agrum ambulat.
Vīpera sub rosās ambulat.
Vipera ad silvam ambulat.
Vīpera in silvām ambulat.
Vīpera in silvā habitat.
Vīpera sub rosīs est.
Vīpera ex silvā ambulat.
Vīperam prō silvā vidēmus!
ABLATIVE: TYPICALLY INVOLVING MOTION AWAY FROM
OR LOCATION
4. Prepositions Proverb toolkit ē terrā ad caelum
From earth to heaven+ ACC. + ABL.
ad (to, toward)in (into, onto, against)
per (through)trans (across, beyond)
ā/ab (away from)cum (with)
ē/ex (out of, from)in (in, on)
prō (in front of; on behalf of; instead of)
sub (underneath)
angusta (n. pl. narrows)alta (n. pl. heights)astra (n. pl. stars)terra (f. sg. earth)silva (f. sg. forest)pontus (m. sg. sea)caelum (n. sg. heaven, sky)
imperium (n. sg. power)sapientia (f. sg. wisdom)consilium (n. pl. strategy)arma (n. pl. arms)regnum (n. sg. kingship)cūra (f. sg. care, anxiety)
5. AdverbsIrregular Regular 2nd declension
(add –ē to stem)Regular 3rd declension
(add –(i)ter to stem)
facile (easily)nōn (not)
nunc (now)saepe (often)
tandem (finally)tum (then, at that time,
next)
altus (high, deep)
altē (loftily, deeply)
fortis (courageous)
fortiter (courageously)
nōn cōgitō, ergō nōn sum
nunc tandem nōn saepe altē cōgitō, ergō nunc nōn sum