Chapters 19 and 21. Students will be able to identify and describe the causes of the Industrial Revolution.

Chapters 19 and 21

• Students will be able to identify and describe the causes of the Industrial Revolution.

1. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin?2. Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?3. What was its overall impact on society?

• In 1750- most people had land and worked the land using simple tools

• People made their own clothes by hand• People did not travel, or if they did, they did not

travel far.• People used horse drawn carriages

• In contrast: people in 1850 had land and worked in factories, had manufactured clothing, and were able to travel further.

• Between 1830-1855 an American dentist was the first to use an anesthetic- drug that prevents pain during surgery.

• Skyscrapers

• Second Agricultural Revolution brought great advancements of farming and farming products.

• Educated farmers began to exchange news about experiments they have tried.

• New methods of crop rotation• Lord Charles Townshend- urged farmers to grow

turnips• Jethro Tull- invented a new seed drill

• Enclosure- the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers

• By 1700s- they wanted to create larger fields that could be cultivated more efficiently.

• British Parliament facilitated enclosures through legislation

• As millions of acres were enclosed, farm output rose and so did profit.

• Many farm laborers were thrown out of work• People moved to cities to get jobs working in

factories

• Agricultural revolution contributed to the rapid of the population

• Why was there a population increase?• Agricultural revolution reduced the risk of death from

famine • Surplus of food • People ate better= people were healthier

• One vital source of energy was coal- used to develop the steam engine

• 1712- Thomas Newcomen- developed the steam engine

• James Watt made Newcomen’s invention more efficient

• Production of iron- used to make machines and buildings

• Had the advantage of plentiful natural resources and natural ports

• Rivers supplied water power for construction of canals

• Canals increased trade • Communication and transportation were prevalent • Had skilled workers who wanted to expand

production

• The British economy was beginning to prosper• Business class had capital- money used to invest

in enterprises• Enterprises- business organization in an area such

as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories • Britain had a stable government which supported

economic growth• Entrepreneurs- those who managed and

assummed the financial risks of starting new businesses.

• The Industrial Revolution first began in the textile industry

• Took their inspiration from India’s cotton cloth• Britain wanted to take India’s cotton cloth industry

home• Putting-out system- cottage industry- raw cotton

was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread

• Iron was needed to create machines and engines• Fuel to create was running out- trees• Turn to coal

• Putting-out system took a very long time• In America, inventor Eli Whitney invented a

machine called the cotton gin that helped to separate seed from raw cotton to speed up the pace

• New machines were large and needed room• They were too large and expensive to operate at

home• Originally they were in sheds near rivers- they

used water power to run• Eventually they required more and more workers

and the sheds became larger

• As production increased, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods to move goods from place to place

• Used turnpikes- private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll to use them

• Goods traveled faster • Canals- water transportation• Locomotives- the use of steam-powered rails.

Today we know them as railroads.

• Once inventors developed machines that could produce large qualities of goods more efficiently, prices fell.

• Lower prices made goods more affordable and created more consumers who further fed the demands for goods.

• Urbanization- movement of people to cities• People would suffer with dangerous conditions like

dangerous working and living conditions, unsafe, unsanitary, overcrowded housing, poverty

• Population increased in the cities • Where did the cities spring up?

• The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class along with the working class

• Middle class: owned and operated the new factories, mines, railroads, and other industries. Lifestyle was more comfortable than working class.

• Working class: packed into tiny rooms, lived in tenements, no running water or sanitation, garbage was on the street

• Men, women, and children worked 12-16 hours a day

• Machines were very dangerous

• Women were more desirable than men• Paid less • Adapted more easily

• Children:• Originally children were used to work on farms• Had small hands which could be used to do delicate work

and to fix machines

• Labor unions- worker organizations• Rallied for better working conditions and better

pay

• Methodism• John Wesley- stressed the need for a personal

sense of faith • Methodism promised forgiveness of sin and a

better life to come • Attempted to rekindle hope among the working

poor• Read the Bible

Section 4: New Ways of Thinking• Thomas Malthus:• British economist• Theory: poverty was unavoidable due to the population

increase• Looked to natural laws that governed the world of

business and economics• Malthus believed the population would outpace the food

supply• Urged families to have fewer children • Did not want healthcare for the poor • He was wrong!! The food supply grew faster than the

population

Laissez-Faire• Adam Smith- Hands off!• Free Market Economy- the economy would produce more

goods at lower prices making them affordable to everyone

David Ricardo• Believed the working class would never escape

poverty• Also believed that wage increased were not

necessary because they would never help people cover their basic necessities

• Did not want the government to help the poor

Utilitarian• Jeremy Bentham believed the goal of society

should be the “greatest happiness for the greatest number”

• Supported individual freedom• Believed the government should be involved • John Stewart Mill also believed in individual

freedom

• Robert Owen• No difference between rich and poor• Had a “model community” in New Lanark, Scotland where

everyone in society worked and shared all property

• System of government led by a small elite where they controlled all economic and political life

• Argued that there was “the history of class struggles” between the “haves” and the “have-nots”• Haves- owned and controlled the means of production and

ultimately controlled the wealth• Have-nots- proletariat- working class

• Workers would take control of the means of production and set up a classless society- end all struggles

• Never actually practices• Social democracy- a political ideology where there

is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system

• Flawed view of government/economy • By the end of the 20th century, few nations were

communist governments, almost all countries follow free-market capitalism.