Chapters 13,14, and 15. Mangrove a tropical tree with roots that extend both above and beneath water. Savannas tropical grasslands with only.

Africa

Chapters 13,14, and 15

Mangrove a tropical tree with roots that

extend both above and beneath water. Savannas tropical grasslands with only a few

trees. Harmattan a dusty wind.

Nigeria

One of the world’s major oil-producing

countries Most people work as farmers. Subsistence farms small plots that grow just

enough to feed their families. Cacao a tropical tree whose seeds are used

to make chocolate and cocoa.

Economic Challenges

About 250 ethnic groups

Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, and Ibo Compound group of houses surrounded by

walls. About half the population are Muslim 40% Christian Civil war a fight among different groups

within a country

Nigeria’s People

Five countries—Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso,

Niger, and Chad, are located in an area known as the Sahel, which means “border”.

Most here traditionally herd livestock Overgraze strip areas so bare that plants

cannot grow back. Drought a long period of extreme dryness

and water shortages. Desertification process in which grassland

areas become desert.

Land and History of the Sahel

Mostly subsistence farmers Mostly Muslim Mauritania exports fish and iron ore Mali is developing a gold mining industry. Chad has oil deposits, but no money to build

pipelines.

The People of the Sahel

11 coastal countries Deforestation All earned their independence by the late

1970s

West Africa’s Coastal Countries

Gambia, Senegal, and Guinea work in

agriculture Guinea also rich in bauxite and diamonds Senegal phosphate Liberia is only West African nation that was

never a colony. Cote d’Ivoire “ivory coast”

People of Coastal West Africa

Canopy an umbrella-like forest covering Congo River provides hydroelectric power

electricity generated by flowing water. Exports gold, petroleum, diamonds, and

copper. More than 200 ethnic groups 75% are Christian First settled 10,000 years ago Bantu moved here form Nigeria around AD

600s or 700s.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Most people here farm. Tsetse fly causes sleeping sickness. Cameroon forest products, petroleum, and

bauxite CAR only diamonds

Cameroon and the Central African

Republic

Both won their independence from France in

1960. Congo River supports most of Congo’s

farmland. Both countries depend heavily on farming. deforestation

Congo and Gabon

Equatorial Guinea and Sao Tome and Principe

are both island nations. Equatorial Guinea became independent from

Spain in 1968 Farming, fishing, and forestry are important. Oil was recently found.

Sao Tome and Principe gained independence from Portugal in 1975 Volcanic islands Coconuts, bananas, and cacao

Island Countries

Coral reef Poaching the illegal hunting of protected wildlife Free enterprise system Nairobi capital Cassava a plant whose roots are ground to

porridge. Swahili and English Won independence from Great Britain in 1963. Most people are farmers Mombasa is the chief port.

Kenya

Serengeti Plain Kilimanjaro highest point in Africa Most work in farming or herding Lake Victoria Africa’s largest lake. Sisal a plant fiber used to make rope and

twine Habitat the type of environment in which a

particular animal species lives Ecotourists people who travel to another

country to view its natural wonders.

Tanzania

Fertile, green land with mountains, lakes, and

wild animals. Mild climate due to elevation. Plantains a kind of banana 2/3 of population are Christians Autonomy self government Today one of the fastest growing economies

in the world.

Uganda

Watershed a region that is drained by a river Endangered species a plant or animal under

the threat of extinction (gorillas) Coffee is the main export for both countries Genocide the deliberate murder of a group of

people because of their race or culture.

Rwanda and Burundi

Sudan is the largest country in Africa North Desert Central fertile because of Blue and White Nile

Rivers South Swampy Sugar cane, nutes, dates, and cotton

Sudan

Scientists believe they have found the remains

of the oldest known human ancestors in Ethiopia

Rain is not consistent. 85% live in rural areas.

Ethiopia

1993 won its independence from Ethiopia Most people are farmers

Eritrea

Plates huge slabs of rock that make up the

earth’s crust Two of these plates are pulling away from each

other in Djibouti One of the hottest, driest places on the earth.

Djibouti

Most people are nomadic herders Clans No real government in charge today.

Somalia

South Africa African elephant Miniature shrew South Africa is the most industrialized country

in Africa World’s largest producer and exporter of gold. Large deposits of diamonds, chromite,

platinum, and coal.

A Land Rich in Resources

Black ethnics make up 78% of the population. 1600s, the Dutch settled in South Africa

Known as Boers, a Dutch word for farmers Pushed Africans off the best land

1910, British take control 1948, whites set up a system of apartheid or

“apartness” This made it illegal for racial and ethnic groups

to mix and limited the rights of blacks.

South Africa’s History and People

Within South Africa lie two other African

nations—Lesotho and Swaziland Enclaves small countries located inside a

larger country.

South Africa

Copper belt large area of copper mines that

stretches across northern Zambia 80% of Zambia’s income comes from copper.

Gained independence from Britain in 1964

Zambia

500 species of fish in Lake Malawi 400 orchid species British colony until 1964.

Malawi

Gold, copper, iron ore, and asbestos AIDS Name comes from a great city in the AD

1100s.

Zimbabwe

Diamonds account for more than 75% of

Botswana’s export income Became independent from Britain in 1966. Today, have one of Africa’s strongest

democracies.

Botswana

Exclave a small part of a country that is

separated from the main part. Oil accounts for 90% of Angola’s export

earning A colony of Portugal until 1975.

Angola

Became independent in 1990 after being ruled

by South Africa, and Germany before that. Deposits of diamonds, copper, gold, zinc,

silver, and lead. Leading producer of uranium

Namibia

Slash-and-burn farming a method of clearing

land for plating by cutting and burning forests. Cyclones intense storms with heavy rains

and high circular winds. Major crops cashews, cotton, sugarcane, tea,

coconuts, and tropical fruits

Mozambique

The island of Madagascar broke away from the

continent about 160 million years ago Produces most of the world’s vanilla beans Coffee is the main cash crop.

Madagascar

Volcanoes formed the countries of Comoros

and Mauritius thousands of years ago Seychelles

Small Island Countries