Chapter4 Microbial growth Isolation of pure cultures the growth curve Measurement of microbial growth The continuous culture of microorganisms.

Chapter4 Microbial growth

Isolation of pure cultures

the growth curve

Measurement of microbial growth

The continuous culture of microorganisms

Isolation of pure cultures

• Pure culture: a population of cells arising from a single cell, to characterize an individual species. They are required for the careful study of an individual microbial species.

• Single colony

• How to get 1. Dilute-pour/spread plate technique: dilutepour/spread isolated colonies 2. Streak plates: inoculating loop

Petri Disk Cultivation of a Pure Strain

The Streak Plate Technique: to obtain a pure clone

Laboratory Culture of Microorganisms

1.5% Agar

Colony morphology and growth individual species often form colonies of characteristic size and appearance.

The growth of colonies on agar

• At the colony edge: cells grow at maximum rates;

• In the center of colony: cells are lying; growth is much slower

Cause: Oxygen, nutrients and toxic products

The colony center is much thicker than the edge.Cell-cell communication and quorum sensing

Microbial growth• Batch culture:  When microorganisms are

grown in a closed system, population growth remains exponential for only a few generations and then enters a stationary phase due to factors like nutrient limitation and waste accumulation.

• Continuous Culture: If a population is cultured in an open system with continual nutrient addition and waste removal, the exponential phase can be maintained for long periods.

.

The growth curve The logarithm of the number of viable cells versus the incubation time.

The Growth Cycle of Populations

(a) Lag phase: cells begin to synthesize inducible enzymes and use stored food reserves.

(b) Logarithmic growth phase: the rate of multiplication is constant.

(c) Stationary phase: death rate is equal to rate of increase.

(d) Death phase: cells begin to die at a more rapid rate than that of reproduction.

Lag phase• no immediate increase in cell mumber. The

cell is synthesizing new compoments. ATP, cofactor, ribosomes, enzymes.• The lag phase varies in length with the con

dition of the microorganisms and the nature of the medium.

• How to shorten the lag phase?

Exponential phase/log phase

• Microorganisms are growing and dividing at the maximal rate possible.

• The population is most uniform in terms of chemical and physiological properties.

• Such culture: biochemical and physiological studies.

Stationary phase

• Balance between cell division and cell death.

Poplation growth ceases and the growth curve becomes horizontal.

Bacteria: 109 cells per ml;

Protozoan and algae: 106 cells per ml.

• Reasons: 1. Nutrient limitation

2. The accumulation of toxic waste products

3. A critical population level is reached

Death phase• The decline in the number of viable cells.• Starvation can be a positive experience for bacteria.

1. decrease overall size: protoplast shrinkage;

nucleoid condensation.

2. Produce a variety of starvation proteins.

3. Increase peptidoglycan cross-linking and cell wall strength.

4. The Dps protein protects DNA.

5. Chaperones prevent protein denaturation and renature damaged proteins.

G1 Primary growth phase of the cell during which cell enlargement occurs, a

gap phase separating cell growth from replication of the genome

S phase in which replication of the genome occurs

G2 Phase in which the cell prepares for separation of the replicated genomes,

this phase includes synthesis of microtubules and condensation of DNA to form coherent chromosomes, a gap phase separating chromosome replication from miosis.

M phase called miosis during which the microtubular apparatus is associated and subsequently used to pull apart the sister chromosomes.

Cell life cycle in Eukaryotic cells

G1 S G2 M

G1 R D

Eukaryotic cell:

Prokaryotic cell:

The time required for a cell to divide (and its population to double) is called the generation time.

generation time

Suppose that a bacterial population increases from103 cells to 109 cells in 10 hours. Calculate the generation time.

Num

ber

of c

ells

Time

Nt = No x 2n

No = number of bacteria at beginning of time interval.

Nt = number of bacteria at end of any interval of time (t).

G = generation time

T = time , usually expressed in minutes

n = number of generation

G = t log2 / log Nt – log No

Generation timeGeneration time

• Example Example

100 bacteria present at time 0 100 bacteria present at time 0

If generation time is 2 hrIf generation time is 2 hr

After 8 hr mass = 100 x 2After 8 hr mass = 100 x 244

3 types of cell division

a. Binary Fission b. Buddingc. Multiple Fission

Most bacterial cells reproduce asexually by binary fision, a process in which a cell divides to produce two nearly equal-sized progeny cells. Binary fision involves three processes:

Increase in cell size (cell elongation),

DNA replication

Cell division

Binary fision

Binary Fission (二分裂 )

Attention: difference between cocci and bacilli in binary fission

Budding (芽殖 )

Multiple Fission

Measurement of microbial growth

• Population mass

• Population number

No single technique is always best.

Measurement of cell numbers

• Total cell count (direct observation under microscope)

• Viable count (plate count or colony count)– Spread plate method– Pour plate method– The membrane filtration procedure

–The plates required to have between 30 and 300 colonies.

Direct counting

•Electronic counters: the Coulter Counter for larger microorganisms such as protozoa, algae, and nonfilamentous yeasts.

•The counting chamber

Disadvantages: 1. The microbial population must be fairly large for accuracy because such a small volume is sampled.2. Difficult to distinguish between living and dead cells

Viable count: Spread plate methodand Pour plate method

Three basic steps:

• Dilution,

• Plating

• Incubation

Problems: 1. Clumps of cells.colony forming units(CFU);2. employed agar medium cannot support growth of all the viable microorganisms present.3. Hot agar: spread plates>pour plates

Measuring viable bacteria

colonycolony

Colony forming unitsColony forming units

Viable Count: Dilution

Viable Count: Plating

Incubation (and counting)

Spread plate method

Pour plate method

The membrane filtration procedure• Analyze aquatic samples

实验 9：滤膜法测定水中大肠菌群数（设计性）

Measurement of cell mass

1. Dry weight: useful for measuring the growth of fungi.

cells growing in liquid medium are collected by centrifugation, washed, dried in an oven, and weighed.

for bacteria, not very sensitive2. Turbidity and microbial mass measurement3. The amount of a substance total protein or nitrogen chlorophyII(algae)

Measuring bacterial mass (live + dead) Measuring bacterial mass (live + dead) in liquid culturein liquid culture

TurbidityTurbidity(Cloudiness)(Cloudiness)

Measuring cell density:Turbidity vs Cell density

The continuous culture of microorganisms

• Continual provision of nutrients and removal of wastes.

• A microbial population can be maintained in the exponential growth phase and at a constant biomass concentration for extended periods in a continuous culture system.

• The chemostat: Chemostat used for continuous cultures,

rate of growth can be controlled either by controlling the rate at which new medium enters the growth chamber or by limiting a required growth factor in the medium

• The turbidostat: measures the absorbance or turbidity of the

culture in the growth vessel. automatically regulated to maintain a prede

termined turbidity or cell density.

How to maintain Exponential Growth?

Questions

• How to obtain a pure culture? How to calculate cell growth?

• How to describe the colony morphology?• How cells divide themselves? How to do viable c

ount?• What is the microbial cell growth cycle?• How to measure the cell mass and number?• What is continuous culture, chemostat, turbidosta

t? • How to maintain exponential growth?