Chapter2.Review of Related Literarture

7/23/2019 Chapter2.Review of Related Literarture

1/34

P PWU-CDCEC CALAMBA ALVA CENTER ROSAL ST. BRGY. UNO, CROSSING CALAMBA CITY, LAGUNAContact No.: 0922-821-9!8"09!9-90#-!18$"091%-$2%-$#$ T&'. No: (0#9) $08-19!"

(02)#20-8209

Chapter 2

THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

T*+ c*at& &&nt&/ o&+ona' '+t&at& an/ t/+& &+&3&/ to

4+& +n+4*t to t*& cont&nt o t*& t/5. L+t&at& an/ &&ac*& t*at 5+&'/

+6'+cat+on an/ &'&anc& to t*& 7&ct 6att& 7&+n4 +n&t+4at&/ 3&&

a'o +nc'/&/ +n t*+ c*at&.

S&&a' '+t&at& an/ t/+& *a& 7&&n 6a/& +n t*& *+'++n& an/

ot+/& t*& *+'++n& 3+t* /+&ct an/ +n/+&ct 7&a+n4 on t*& 7&ct to 7&

t/+&/ +n t*+ +n&t+4at+on.

Forei! Literat"re

I!ter!atio!a# Co-operati$e A##ia!%e i! &''() Coo&at+& a&

4+/&/ 75 +nc+'&. T*&& +nc+'& a& t*& &6o3&+n4 a6&3o 75

3*+c* coo&at+& 6o& on +n t*&+ /a+'5 act++t+&, 3+t*ot 7&+n4 'ot +n t*&

6a;& o t*&+ o3n o&at+on. T*&& a& a'o t*& &n&4+;+n4 too' on 3*+c*

t*& coo&at+& 'oo an/ 4a t*& t& an/ a&/'5 co& 3+t* t*&

t&


2/34


(02)#20-8209

In >+n'an/, t*& S Go tat&/ to ca5 ot a co*&&nt 'an o o7 3&''?

7&+n4 act++t+&. T*& S Go + ''5 a3a& o t*& +6otanc& o /&&'o+n4

o7 3&''?7&+n4 an/ t*& a+o o6 +t can ta& a at o t*& Go


3/34


(02)#20-8209

ant+t5 3+t* 4oo/ a'& o 6on&5. B&+/& t*+ &/cat+on to &on+7'&

con6t+on, ot*& a&ct o t*& o&ct +nc'/& a++n4 a3a&n& on t*&

a+ o''t+on, t*& o''t+n4 +n/t5 an/ t*& Co2 &6++on co6+n4 o6 ca.

A 'a4& an4& o ot*& o&ct oc on TV (to 6a& c*+'/&n conc+o

o t*& /+D&&nc& 7&t3&&n +ta' an/ &a' 3o'/), 3at& 6ana4&6&nt,

777'&?46, at oo/, 3at& con6t+on, 6o7+'& *on&, c*oco'at& an/

*o&.

It t 6a& 4oo/ &n& t*& co6an+& 6t 7& conc&n&/ 3+t* t*&+

ota7+'+t5F c'&a'5, 3+t*ot ot, t*& co6an5 3o'/ +6'5 c&a& to &@+t

an/ t*&& 3o'/ 7& no 7&n&t acc+n4 to an5on&. In &c&nt 5&a, *o3&&,

t*&& *a 7&&n an +nc&a+n4 a6ont o att&nt+on a+/ to t*& n/&'5+n4

&t*+c o *o3 co6an+&, an/ at+c'a'5 6't+nat+ona', co6&t& +n an

+nc&a+n4'5 4'o7a'+;&/ 6a&t'ac&, an/ &c+&'5 3*at &on+7+'+t+& a&

aoc+at&/ 3+t* /o+n4 7+n& a7oa/. T*&& &t+on a& not n&3, 7t

t*&5 *a& a6&/ +nc&a+n4 +6otanc& to/a5. C+t+n4 t/+& 75 . Scott

A6ton4, Ma5& &ot t*at +n t*& 19%0, t*&& 3a a+'5 4'o7a' an/

*o6o4&no &on& to +nc&a+n4 cooat& && to 6a& /&c++on

3+t* t*&+ 7otto6 '+n& o&6ot +n 6+n/ +/&nt+&/. A6ton4 &5&/

ao@+6at&'5 2,000 6ana4&6&nt t/&nt o6 t&n cont+& to 'a5 t*&

o'& o cooat& 7oa/ 6&67& o a 6't+nat+ona' *a6ac&t+ca'

co6an5F t*& at*o o&/ t*& &t+on o 3*&t*& t*& co6an5 *o'/

&6o& a /4 t*at *a/ 7&&n on/ to &n/an4& *6an '+& o6 t*& 6a&t.

A 7oa/ 6&67&, ''5 %9 &c&nt &&/ to 3+t*/a3 t*& /4 an/ o4*t


4/34


(02)#20-8209

'&4a' an/ o'+t+ca' act+on to &+t*& /&'a5 o to 4o&n6&nt &Dot to 7an

t*& /4 (Ma5&, 1999).

L+&3+&, t*& B*oa' ta4&/5 ca&/ 75 =o3 C*&6+ca' an/ t*& E@@on

Va'/&; o+' +'' a& t o6& o t*& 7&tt&-no3n +ntanc& o t*& /+at&

t*at too 'ac& +n t*& 'at& 20t* c&nt5 t*at c'&a'5 /&6ontat&/ t*& o3&

o t*& 6't+nat+ona' to ca& &no6o /&atat+on on t*& *&a't* an/

a&t5 o n&+4*7o+n4 co66n+t+& + nconta+n&/. Not ++n4'5, t*&&

&&nt *a& &'t&/ +n a /&6an/ o t*& +6o+t+on o cooat&

&on+7+'+t+& (M&*6&t H M&n/&, 200!). Unotnat&'5, t*&& at*o

o+nt ot t*at, T*&& att&n o +66&/+at& /&n+a' an/ /o3n'a5+n4 o

3+t**o'/+n4 o +ta' +no6at+on &&6 a contant t*&6& +n t*&& cooat&

act++t+& 3*+c* *a& /&atat+n4 +6act on 'oca' co66n+t+&. Sc*

&@&c+& o o3& 3+t*ot &on+7+'+t5 + a &+o Ja3 +n t*& 3o+n4 o

4'o7a' 4o&nanc&.K (M&*6&t H M&n/&, 200!).

Cooat& Soc+a' R&on+7+'+t5 (CSR) *a &6&at&/ 6ana4&6&nt

act+c& an/ t*&o5 to a o+nt 3*&& CSR can 7& &&&/ to a t*& 'at&t

6ana4&6&nt a/ (Gt*&5, Lan4&, H Mo+n4, 200). o3&&, o a CSR

+nt&4at+on +nto 7+n& oc&& *a 7&&n &5 n&&n. oc&t (2008),

o &@a6'&, n/ t*at 6ot 6 conc&ta'+;& CSR +6a+'5 a a too' to

&/c& + an/ o&at+ona' cot. On'5 a 6+no+t5 o 6 + acta''5 +n4

CSR a a 6&an to /+& +nnoat+on. In t*&+ t/5 o 1$0 G&6an an/ B+t+*

*a6ac&t+ca' co6an+& B'6-t&& an/ a+n (2001) +6+'a'5 n/

t*at &4'at+on an/ t&c*no'o4+ca' o4& a& t*& t3o 6a+n /+& o


5/34


(02)#20-8209

ta+na7+'+t5 +nnoat+on. T*&5 o7&&/ t*at t*& '& o &6&4+n4 6a&t

n+c*& 3a no +6otant 6ot+ato o t*& 6 t/+&/. T*+ + notnat&

+nc& 7+n4+n4 ta&*o'/& +nto t*& +nnoat+on oc& oD& +6otant

ootn+t+& to +nc&a& 7ot* t*& oc+a' an/ nanc+a' &o6anc& o 6.

T*+ &ot + at o t*& No/+c C&nt& on Cooat& R&on+7+'+t5 (NCCR) a

co''a7oat+& &&ac* &Dot, 7+n4+n4 to4&t*& CSR c*o'a o6 =&n6a,

S3&/&n, No3a5, >+n'an/, an/ Ic&'an/ n/& t*& ono*+ o t*& =an+*

Co66&c& an/ Co6an+& A4&nc5 (=CCA) 3+t* t*& 4oa' o t/5+n4 CSR-

/+&n +nnoat+on +n t*& No/+c &4+on.

+t* t*+ '+t&at& &+&3 Co&n*a4&n B+n& Sc*oo' (CBS) a+6 to

o+/& t*& t*&o&t+ca' 4on/+n4 o t*& &6++ca' 3o to 7& n/&ta&n 75

t*& NCCR. T*& &ot a'' +nto & at: a 7+& &+&3 o &5 conc&t +n

t*& CSR /&7at& (+.&. o4an+;at+ona' '&4+t+6ac5, 6oa' c*o+c&, ta&*o'/&

+nt&act+on, an/ ta+na7'& /&&'o6&nt)F a *ot /+c+on o t*& tat& o

t*& at o +nnoat+on '+t&at& (+.&. +nc&6&nta' . a/+ca' +nnoat+onF

ta+n+n4 . /+t+& +nnoat+onF &-/+&n +nnoat+on, t*&

&nt&&n&+a' oc&, t*& o'& o t*& &nt&&n&, +nt+tt+ona'

&nt&&n&*+)F an ana'5+ o &@tant 7'+cat+on on CSR an/ +nnoat+on

(cooat& oc+a' +nnoat+on, 7a& o t*& 5a6+/ (BO), oc+a'

&nt&&n&*+, an/ &co-+nnoat+on)F an ana'5+ o oc+a' +nnoat+on on

a'' o '&&' /+c&/ +n t*& t atF 3& c'o& 75 o+/+n4 a '+t o 4'o7a'

&@a6'& o oc+a' +nnoat+on 7an/.


6/34


(02)#20-8209

>o Mo+n4 an/ Sc*'t; (200), t*+ A6&+can CSR aoac* &&6 to

a&a /& to t*& act t*at CSR + co66on'5 &4a/&/ +n t*& Un+t&/ Stat&

o6 a *+'ant*o+c &&ct+& a +n Eo& t*&& + a ta/+t+on to

co66n+cat& CSR +n a 6o& +6'+c+t an/ &act+& 3a5.

T*&& + no a4&&6&nt +n t*& '+t&at& conc&n+n4 a /&n+t+on o CSR

(o+n, 200!) t*at 3o'/ co6+& a'' t*& a&ct t*+ t&6 +no'&. T*&

o'/ B+n& Conc+' o Sta+na7'& =&&'o6&nt, an o4an+;at+on t*at

n+t& o6& 200 '&a/+n4 co6an+& aon/ t*& co66+t6&nt to ta+na7'&

7+n& /&&'o6&nt, /&n& co6an+& oc+a' &on+7+'+t5 to3a/ t*&

oc+&t5 +n 4&n&a': CSR + t*& cont+n+n4 co66+t6&nt 75 7+n& to

7&*a& &t*+ca''5 an/ to cont+7t& to &cono6+c /&&'o6&nt 3*+'& +6o+n4

t*& a'+t5 o '+& o t*& 3ooc& an/ t*&+ a6+'+& a 3&'' a o t*& 'oca'

co66n+t5 an/ oc+&t5 at 'a4&K.

B& an/ Lo4/o6 7+n4 to /+c+on, t*&&o&, t*at o6& c*o'a

a4& t*at /&+t& o 4&n&at+n4 *ot-t&6 cot, CSR + a7'& to a5 oD +n

t*& 'on4-t&6. Co6an+& ca5+n4 on o'+c+& co66+tt&/ to oc+&ta'

/&6an/ 3o'/ 7&n&t o6 4&at& oc+a' '&4+t+6ac5 3+t* '& 4o&n6&nt

&4'at+on, an/ t*at a 7&tt& oc+&t5 + +6'5 4oo/ o 'on4-t&6 ota7+'+t5.

A a &'t, a 3a5 on/ 75 t*& at*o to '+n CSR to t*& &cono6+c

+nt&&t o t*& 6 3a t*& conn&ct+on o co6an5


7/34


(02)#20-8209

to t*& 6, +n at+c'a 75 ot+n4 co& 7+n& act++t+& an/ t*

cont+7t+n4 to t*& 6 &D&ct+&n& +n acco6'+*+n4 +t 6++onK.

o3&&, t*&& a& ot*& aoac*& to CSR t*at tota''5 oo& t*&

/&n+t+on a7o&. T*& 6ot c'a+ca' +&3 + t*at t*& oc+a' &on+7+'+t5 o

7+n& + to +nc&a& +t otK (>+&/6an, 2000) 3*+'& oc+a' &on+7+'+t5

+ con+/&&/ to 7& n/& 4o&n6&nta' /t+&.

R&conc+'+n4 t*& 6 &cono6+c o+&ntat+on 3+t* +t oc+a' o+&ntat+on

*a 7&&n a &t+on +n t*& CSR /&7at&. In o/& to &ta7'+* a o+7'&

an3& to t*+ /&7at&, Cao'' *a /&&'o&/ a o-at conc&ta'+;at+on o

CSR +nc'/&/ t*& +/&a t*at cooat+on *a not on'5 &cono6+c an/ '&4a'

o7'+4at+on 7t a'o &t*+ca' an/ *+'ant*o+c &on+7+'+t+& a 3&''.

Acco/+n4 to t*& at*o, to 7& acc&t&/ a '&4+t+6at&, CSR *a to a//&

t*& &nt+& &ct6 o o7'+4at+on 7+n& *a to oc+&t5, +nc'/+n4 t*& 6ot

n/a6&nta': &cono6+cK (2001).

Cao'' *a /&&'o&/ a /&n+t+ona' CSR 6o/&' 3*&& t*& &nt+& an4&

o 7+n& &on+7+'+t+& + &67ac&/. Acco/+n4 to *+6, o +n/ o

oc+a' &on+7+'+t+& cont+tt& CSR: &cono6+c, '&4a', &t*+ca' an/

*+'ant*o+c.

T*& 5a6+/ /&+ct&/ t*& &cono6+c &on+7+'+t+& a t*& on/at+on

on 3*+c* a'' ot*& ('&4a', &t*+ca' an/ *+'ant*o+c &on+7+'+t+&) &t.

T*& at*o a'o &6*a+;& t*at 7+n& *o'/ not '' t*&& &&nt+a''5

7t &ac* on& *o'/ 7& '''&/ at a'' t+6& 6&an+n4 t*at t*& oc+a''5


8/34


(02)#20-8209

&n4a4&/ o4an+;at+on *o'/ t+& to 6a& a ot, o7&5 t*& 'a3, 7&

&t*+ca' an/ 7& a 4oo/ cooat& c+t+;&n.

=& to t*& at an4& o t*& conc&t o CSR, o6& at*o o4*t to

nao3 t*& /&n+t+on an/ &ta7'+*&/ o6& a&a 3*&& a co6an5 +

&@&ct&/ to 3o on +n o/& to 7& &co4n+;&/ a a oc+a''5 &on+7'&

o4an+;at+on.

San Cot, +n *& 7oo &nt+t'&/ Mana4+n4 Cooat& R&tat+on: T*&

N&3 C&nc5K (200!) /&/+cat& a '' c*at& o Cooat& Soc+a'

R&on+7+'+t5 3*&& *& a&t t*at t*& o''o3+n4 to+c 6a5 7& a//&&/

75 CSR o'+c+&: o''t+on an/ &n+on6&nta' +&F '5-c*a+n

6ana4&6&ntF *6an +4*tF &t*+ca' +n&t6&ntF 4oo/ 4o&nanc&F o'+t+ca'

an/ oc+a' +&F 4&n&a' 7+n& &t*+cF &6'o5&& +4*tF ta+n+n4,

/&&'o6&nt an/ &/cat+onF ta&*o'/& &n4a4&6&nt an/ /+a'o4&F c'&an

t&c*no'o45 an/ t*& o&a'' &tat+on o t*& cooat+on.

Ot*& c*o'a c* a An/+o an/ McInto* (2001) &&nt a 6o&

conc+& +/&a o t*& a&a 3*&& CSR can 7& &/. Acco/+n4 to t*&6, a CSR

o'+c5 + &@&ct&/ to conta+n o a&a: &n+on6&nt, 3o'ac&, co66n+t5

an/ 6a&t 'ac&.

So6& ot*& &&ac*& c* a S&n an/ B*attac*a5a (2001)

n/&tan/ CSR a a co6'&@ co6++n4 +@ a&ct: &n+on6&nt,

&6'o5&& ot, co66n+t5 ot, o/ct, /+&+t5 an/ non-/o6&t+c

o&at+on.


9/34


(02)#20-8209

On& o t*o& 6ot ++7'& c*an4& 44&t&/ 75 o6& &&ac*&

&&6 to 7& t*& c&nt o'& t*& non-4o&n6&nta' o4an+;at+on a& 'a5+n4

+n t*&+ +nt&act+on 3+t* co6an+&. So6& &&ac*& *o3 t*at NGO a&

'ac+n4 a &'&ant '&&' o +6otanc& +n /+a'o4& 3+t* t*& cooat& 3o'/

a t*&5 aa&nt'5 *a& +/&nt+&/ t*+ +nt&act+on a a 6ann& to +nJ&nc&

cooat& tat&45 (Bc*&'' H Coo, 200).

T*+ c'o& co''a7oat+on /&+ct&/ 75 a t3o-3a5 CSR co66n+cat+on

6a5 '&a/ to an +nc&a+n4 o4an+;at+ona' a3a&n& &4a/+n4 ta&*o'/&

&@&ctat+on to3a/ t*& co6an5 a 3&'' a cont+7t& to +/&nt+5 ot&nt+a'

+& t*at 6a5 +6act cooat& a&t. o3&&, + &c+a''5 &6'o5&/,

t*+ &n4a4&6&nt an/ 6ta' &'at+on*+ co6an5"ta&*o'/& 6a5 &o&

/+tt (Can& H L+&&5, 200!).

In t*&+ t/5 a7ot CSR co66n+cat+on tat&4+&, Mo+n4 an/

Sc*'t; (200) a+& &5 &+/&nc& ca''+n4 o t*& +6otanc& o +6'+c+t

CSR co66n+cat+on 75 +n4 anna' &ot o 3&7+t& a 6o& con&n+&nt

an/ &c& 3a5 to con&5 CSR 6&a4& at*& t*an /&+4n+n4 cooat&

a/&t++n4 o cooat& CSR ca6a+4n. T*&n, t*&5 a4& t*at t*& 6o& a

co6an5 &@o& t*&+ &t*+ca' an/ oc+a' a67+t+on, t*& 6o& t*&5 a&

7&ct to attact c+t+c+6.

G&n&a''5 + a co6an5 ac& &+t*& a 'ac o &co4n+t+on o6

ta&*o'/& o a 7a/ &tat+on 6o6&nt c* a a cooat& can/a', +t

t&n/ to o6ot& a'+t+& c* a con&5+n4 a CSR 6&a4& to oc+&t5

3*+c* 6a5 '&a/ to a 7+44& acc&ntat&/ /+tt.


10/34


(02)#20-8209

T*& /+c+on a7ot t*& & o t*& ta&*o'/& aoac* +n

co66n+cat+n4 not on'5 CSR 7t an5 +n/ o cooat& 6&a4& + o+nt&/

ot 75 Con&''+&n (200#), 3*o a5 t*at t*& t& an/ cc& o an5

co6an5 +n to/a5 oc+&t5 /&&n/ c+t+ca''5 on *o3 +t + +&3&/ 75 &5

ta&*o'/&.

Acco/+n4 to B*attac*a5a an/ S&n (200#), t*+ aa&nt o+t+&

conn&ct+on 7&t3&&n con6& aoa' an/ co6an+& &n4a4&/ 3+t* CSR

+n+t+at+& 3*+c* 6a5 cont+7t& to +nc&a+n4 a'& *a cont+7t&/

+4n+cant'5 +n &c&nt 5&a to t*& t&n4t*&n+n4 o CSR act++t+& 75

7+n& co66n+t5, *+t+n4 t*& /&7at& on oc+a' cooat& +no'&6&nt

o6 3*&t*&K to *o3K.

A't*o4* &o'& a5 t*at CSR + +6'+&/ +n t*&+ c*a& /&c++on,

tat+t+c on/ +n t*& &5 /&&'o&/ 75 B*attac*a5a an/ S&n 6a t*&

&a' nat& o cto6& &on& to CSR act++t+&. Acco/+n4 to t*&+

n/+n4, +t + +6otant o 6ana4& to n/&tan/ *o3 an/ 3*5 con6&

&on/ to CSR +n+t+at+& +nc& t*&5 /o not /o +t +n t*& a6& 3a5. >o

+ntanc&, 3*at 3o o on& con6& &46&nt, /o& not 3o o anot*&

(B*attac*a5a an/ S&n, 200#).

Acco/+n4 to Ra6aa65 an/ Y&n4 (2009), +nc& t*& 'at& 1990 CSR

&&ac* *a 7&&n oc+n4 on an +6otant an/ 'a4&t ta&*o'/& 3*o +

acta''5 a /+& o CSR: con6&. T*at + 3*5 +t + +6otant to n/&tan/

+n t*& o''o3+n4 &ct+on 3*at t*& aca/&6+c &&ac*& *a& 7&&n n/+n4 +n

t&6 o t*& 3&+4*t CSR *a +n con6& c*a+n4 *a7+t.


11/34


(02)#20-8209

>o6 t*& t+6& o A/a6 S6+t*, t*o4* t*& a4& o +n/t+a'+;at+on, t*&

G&at =&&+on an/ t*& &c&nt *a'-c&nt5 4'o7a'+;at+on an/ o&+t5,

t*& o& an/ o'& o 7+n& *a 7&&n a oc o /&7at& (ot &t a',

2002). Mc* o t*& /&7at& *a &o'&/ aon/ t3o *+&ac*a' o+t+onF

na6&'5 *a&*o'/& t*&o5 an/ ta&*o'/& t*&o5 (R4+67ana &t a', 2008).

S*a&*o'/& t*&o5 &&&nt t*& c'a+ca' aoac* to 7+n&, acco/+n4

to t*+ t*&o5 a 6 &on+7+'+t5 &t o'&'5 3+t* +t *a&*o'/&

(Coc*an, 199#). On t*& ot*& *an/ ta&*o'/& t*&o5 a4& t*at

o4an+;at+on a& not on'5 acconta7'& to +t *a&*o'/& 7t *o'/ 7a'anc&

a 6't+'+c+t5 o ta&*o'/& +nt&&t (Van Ma&3+, 200!). T*&& t3o

co6&t+n4 +&3 o t*& 6 contat &ac* ot*& o *a'5 t*at ta&*o'/&

an/ *a&*o'/& t*&o+& a& ot&n /&c+7&/ a o'a oo+t& (S*an6an,

2000).

Bot* t*&o+& a& &@'a+n&/ an/ a46&nt +n t*&+ ao a& &t ot.

T*& 7a+ o ta&*o'/& t*&o5 + t*&n &t ot 7&o& tn+n4 att&nt+on to t*&

act+ca' +& o /&n+n4 +n/++/a' ta&*o'/&.

Lo%a# Literat"re

T*& Son5 Go &co4n+;& t*at +t 7+n&& *a& /+&ct an/ +n/+&ct

+6act on t*& co66n+t+& +n 3*+c* t*&5 o&at& (200% CSR &ot). Son5

*+'++n& c&'&7at& t*& t& ++t an/ 7&at5 o *6an+t5. It &ncoa4&

+t &6'o5&& to &co4n+;& co66n+t5 &+c& a a &on+7+'+t5 a 3&'' a

++'&4& to *&' ot*& 6ot +n n&&/. In t*+ &c&nt ta4&/5, Son5 *+'++n&


12/34


(02)#20-8209

4+& *ono to t*& >+'++no, o ++n4 t*& t5*oon an/ '&n/+n4 a *&'+n4

*an/ to ot*&, 3*+'& &7+'/+n4 *+ '+& 3+t* a 6+'& an/ a +n/o6+ta7'& ++t

to '+&. Son5 &co4n+;& t*& +6otanc& o &&+n4 t*& nata'

&n+on6&nt +n o/& to c&at& a ta+na7'& oc+&t5 o o t&

4&n&at+on. Son5 + co66+tt&/ to ac*+&+n4 t*+ 4oa' 75 &&+n4 to co67+n&

on4o+n4 +nnoat+on +n &n+on6&nta' t&c*no'o45 co'&/ 3+t*

&n+on6&nta''5 on/ 7+n& act+c&.

On t*& ot*& *an/, *+'&@o&t5)F En+on6&nta' San+tat+on an/ B&at+cat+onF an/

Co66n+t5 =&&'o6&nt. ECR= on'5 *a/ on& 6a+n nct+on: to o6'at&,

+6'&6&nt an/ &co66&n/ c*an4& +n o'+c+&, oc&/& an/ ta+n+n4

&'at&/ to &n+on6&nt an/ co66n+t5 /&&'o6&nt. T* 6ot

&n+on6&nta' an/ co66n+t5 &'at+on o'+c5 3o'/ 7& '&t to ECR=.

*at&& coo/+nat+on an/ o&at+on o7'&6 t*at ao& co'/ 7& &o'&/

75 t*& En+on6&nta' Co66+tt&& (EC), a 7-co66+tt&& n/& t*& ECR=

t*at act+&'5 at+c+at& /+n4 t*& con/ct o &4'a co66n+t5 an/

&n+on6&nta' +n&ct+on an/ 6&&t+n4, &&c+a''5 t*o& 75 t*& M't+-

at+t& Mon+to+n4 T&a6 (MMT).


13/34


(02)#20-8209

o3&&, *+'++n& Ato Co6on&nt + &nt*+at +n o6'at+n4

o4a6"act++t+& 3*+c* can a+'5 a//& t*& n&&/ o +t oc+&t5 75

6a@+6+;+n4 co6an5


14/34


(02)#20-8209

>o 2010, NOC *a& con/ct&/ 1! CSR o4a6 3+t* a tota' o ,00

7&n&c+a+&. In a//+t+on to aa4aa5 o4a6, t*&5 a'o +6'&6&nt&/ a

R&'+& Goo/ O&at+on na6&/ NOC aa a INOYK /+n4 t*& on'a4*t o

t5*oon an +n Ia7&'a. NOC EC &6'o5&& to4&t*& 3+t* t*& B Ia7&'a

C*at& /+t+7t&/ +c& an/ cann&/ 4oo/, an/ a'o 4a'an+;&/ +on to 80

*o&*o'/. T*& cc& o t*&& o4a6 can 7& att+7t&/ to t*& a'a7'&

ot an/ act+& at+c+at+on o &6'o5&& an/ atn& o4an+;at+on

o6 /+D&&nt &cto 3*+c* +nc'/& 4o&n6&nt a4&nc+&, non 4o&n6&nt

o4an+;at+on, LGU, &o'&on/at+on Inc. a +t cooat& oc+a'

&on+7+'+t5 (CSR) a6 an/ c*ann&' o +t +nt&na' an/ &@t&na' ot&ac*

o4a6. It a+6 to &on/ to t*& n&&/ o t*& 6a4+na'+;&/ &cto o

oc+&t5 o /&c&nt *&'t&, ta+na7'& '+&'+*oo/ an/ act+ca' &/cat+on.

A on& o t*& *+4*'+4*t o t*& 5&a, +t /onat&/ 'an/ to t*& C+t5 o

Ta4+4 a'&/ at 1% 6+''+on o +t& /&&'o6&nt. atn&+n4 3+t* Ga3a/

a'+n4a >on/at+on Inc., +t a+6 to 7+'/ t*& oc+a' +natct& an/

co66n+t5 o t*& +no6a' &tt'& +n t*& a&a.

B=O >on/at+on a'o /onat&/ 12 6+''+on o t*& contct+on o a

6+co-nanc& c&nt& +n La4na o t*& CAR= MRI (C&nt& o A4+c't& an/


15/34


(02)#20-8209

Ra' =&&'o6&nt- Mta''5 R&+noc+n4 Int+tt+on) =&&'o6&nt Int+tt&.

T*& atn&*+ 3+t* CAR=-MRI a+6 to ta+n &o'& on +n4 6+co-nanc&

an/ '+&'+*oo/ +'' to *&' t*&6 a''&+at& o&t5 an/ /&&'o t*& &cono6+c

ot&nt+a' o t*& cont5+/&.

U't+6at&'5, t*& Ban t*o4* B=O >on/at+on Inc. a+6 to 7& a 6ao

cata'5t +n t*& c&at+on o ootn+t+& o t*& n/&-++'&4&/ an/ +n t*&

cont5+'++no.

On t*& ot*& *an/, ECO *+'++n& *a &ta7'+*&/ coo&at+&

3+t*+n 'ant co66n+t+& an/ *a o+/&/ t*& n&&/&/ +natct& c* a


16/34


(02)#20-8209

oa/, 6't+-o& *a'', /a+na4& 5t&6, &*a7+'+tat+on o c*oo' an/

c*c*& o cont+n+n4 /&&'o6&nt o +t *ot co66n+t+&. T*o4* t*&

IC=>, EILCO /onat&/ t*& 'an/ a a +t& o t*& &/o To'&nt+no M&6o+a' +4*

Sc*oo'"I'+an +4* Sc*oo'.

Forei! St"0ie1

Coo&at+& Soc+a' R&on+7+'+t5 *a 7&&n a/ot&/ 75 a n67& o

coo&at+& 3o'/3+/&. In Cana/a, t*& Van C+t5 Coo an/ t*& M&to C&/+t

Un+on a& a/*&&nt to t*& AA1000 o t*& Int+tt& o Soc+a' an/ Et*+ca'

Acconta7+'+t5.

Eo Coo, t*& Eo&an aoc+at+on o con6& coo&at+&

o/c&/ t*+ &ot to co66n+cat& to +t 6&67& an/ ot*& ta&*o'/&

o6& o t*& 7&t act+c& +n t&6 o oc+a' &on+7+'+t5. It on'5 ta& +nto

accont o6& o t*&& act+c& an/ on'5 +n $ cont+& (>+n'an/, Ita'5, Sa+n,

S3&/&n an/ t*& Un+t&/ +n4/o6). T*& &aon o t*+ 3a t*& '+6+t o a4&

o t*+ &ot an/ t*&&o& +t 6t 7& n/&too/ t*at t*+ + not a

co6&*&n+& 3o.

T*& &ot + /++/&/ +nto t3o 6a+n at. T*& t at 4+& a 4&n&a'

o&+&3 o con6& coo&at+&, t*&+ aoac* to oc+a' &on+7+'+t5,

t*& +n/+cato &/ an/ o6& &@a6'&. T*& &con/ at + an ann&@ 3+t*

t*& co6+'at+on o 7&t act+c& +n a 6o& /&ta+'&/ 3a5. Mo& +no6at+on


17/34


(02)#20-8209

a7ot t*&& o ot*& act++t+& can 7& on/ +n t*& /+D&&nt R&ot o t*&

+n/++/a' coo&at+& o4an+;at+on o 75 &&t to t*& Eo Coo

S&c&ta+at +n B&'.

In =&n6a, t*& >=B & oc+a' &ot+n4 to 6&a& t*&

+6'&6&ntat+on o +t co& a'& an/ 4oa' an/ t*& ac*+&&6&nt +n +t

act+on 'an.

In Sa+n, t*& ISACOO *a /&&'o&/ +t o3n oc+a' a/+t 6o/&' o

t*& con6& coo&at+&. In S3&/&n, t*& > *a /&&'o&/ t*&

6&67&*+ &ot, a too' o 6ana4+n4, &a'at+n4 an/ +6o+n4 7+n&,

t&n4t*&n+n4 t*& 7+n& o'&, /&&'o+n4 6&67&*+ /&6ocac5 an/

&n*anc+n4 t*& &D&ct+&n& an/ &oc& a''ocat+on.

In t*& U, t*& CS o''o3 t*& at* &t 75 t*& N&3 Econo6+c

>on/at+on o Lon/on. An/ +n Ita'5, t*& ANCC (Nat+ona' Aoc+at+on o

Con6& Coo&at+&) an/ t*& a+o aoc+at+on n/& +t a& cont+n+n4

to /&&'o t*& 7a'anc& *&&t 6o/&', t*& oc+a' a/+t 6o/&' t*at 3a

&a'&nt +n t*& %0.

Acco/+n4 to B& an/ Lo4/o6 (2000), t*&& &&6 to 7& a

con&n a6on4 7+n& CSR ot& an/ aca/&6+c t*at cooat&

oc+a' &on+7+'+t5 o'+c+& not on'5 7+n4 4a+n to co6an+& 7t a'o to t*&

3*o'& oc+&t5. o3&& t*& /+c't5 &'+& to n/ ot an &6++ca' +n/+cato

a7'& to 6a& c'&a t*at 7&+n4 a oc+a''5 &on+7'& co6an5 + /+&ct'5

conn&ct&/ to +6o& +t nanc+a' &o6anc&.


18/34


(02)#20-8209

Mo&o&, Coo Ita'+a 'anc*&/ a 3&7+t& /&/+cat&/ to conc+o

con6t+on, a 3&'' a a a'+6&nta +' to 7&n&&&K (&&/ 5o *&a't*)

/+/act+ca' +t, to acc& a 'a4& 7'+c. T*& Coo Sc*oo' (Sco'a Coo) +

at+c'a'5 act+& +n /&+4n+n4 t*o& ta+n+n4 an/ &/cat+on o4a66&.

A 'a4& an4& o ot*& o&ct oc on TV (to 6a& c*+'/&n conc+o

o t*& /+D&&nc& 7&t3&&n +ta' an/ &a' 3o'/), 3at& 6ana4&6&nt,

777'&?46, at oo/, 3at& con6t+on, 6o7+'& *on&, c*oco'at& an/

*o&.

Anot*& &@a6'& o 7&t act+c& + 4+&n 75 t*& Cto6& at+act+on

tac& /&&'o&/ 75 t*& Co?o&at+& Go (U).

In 200, t*& Go +nto/c&/ +t Cto6& Sat+act+on Tac&, a

6&a& o cto6& at+act+on o +t oo/, *a6ac5 an/ ta&'

7+n&&. T*& t on/ o at+act+on &5 3a n/&ta&n 6ont*'5

o6 Octo7& to =&c&67& 200, &ac* +no'+n4 $0000 t&'&*on& (>oo/

an/ Ta&') o &@+t (*a6ac5) +nt&+&3 3+t* cto6& o t*& t*&&

7+n&&. Cto6& a& a&/ to &4+t& at+act+on '&&' 3+t* T*& Co?

o&at+& an/ ot*& &ta+'& +n4 a t&n?o+nt ca'&. T*& &5 &na7'& t*&

Go to: tac o&a'' at+act+onF +/&nt+5 t*& &'at+& +6otanc& o t*&

acto t*at /+& at+act+onF an/ co6a& +t &o6anc& to co6&t+to.

In t*& U, t*& Co?o&at+& Go *a /&&'o&/ a &5 o4&+&

o'+c5 3*+c* +nc'/& &co4n+t+on o ta/& n+on an/ act+& co''a7oat+on

3+t* t*&6, &ona' /&&'o6&nt an/ ta+n+n4, 4oo/ a'a5 an/ 7&n&t,

3o"'+& 7a'anc& an/ a /5na6+c &a't* an/ 3&''?7&+n4 o'+c5. Conc&n+n4


19/34


(02)#20-8209

ta+n+n4, t*& Go 7&'+&& t*& 3a5 to 7+'/ a cc&' an/ coo&at+&

7+n& + to ta+n an/ /&&'o t*& &o'& 3*o 3o +n t*& 7+n&. To

ac*+&& t*+, +t + co66+tt&/ to &n+n4, a6on4t ot*& t*+n4, t*at a''

&6'o5&& &c&+&: +n/ct+on ta+n+n4F an +nto/ct+on to t*& coo&at+&

a'&F t*& no3'&/4& an/ +'' ta+n+n4 to 6&&t t*& &+&6&nt o t*&

o7F nanc+a' ot o /&&'o6&nta' ta+n+n4 a ao+at&F an/

&nt+t'&6&nt to &c&+& &o6anc& &+&3.

T*& Go *a ac*+&&/ In&to +n &o'& acc&/+tat+on. T*+ nat+ona'

a'+t5 a3a/ &co4n+;& o4an+;at+on t*at a+6 to +6o& &o6anc& 75

/&&'o+n4 t*&+ &6'o5&&.

In a//+t+on to t*at, 6an5 con6& coo&at+& +n Eo& *a&

/&&'o&/ &c+a' 7o/+& co&+n4 oc+a' &on+7+'+t5, '+& t*& Et*+c

co66+tt&& o t*& San+* Eroski. T*& Et*+c co66+tt&& + 6a/& o t*&

=+&cto?G&n&a', t*& Con6& =+&cto, t*& Soc+a' R&on+7+'+t5 =+&cto,

t*& M&67&Q =+&cto an/ t*& c*a+n4 =+&cto, 3*+c* oD& &c+&nt

6ana4&6&nt t*at o+/& a &on& to +t ta&*o'/& an/ co& t*&

+4*t o con6&, 3o&, '+& an/ t*& co66n+t5 at 'a4&. Eo+

/&&'o a 4'o7a' 6ana4&6&nt 6o/&' ot&/ 75 7ot* *o+;onta' an/

&t+ca' 6ana4&6&nt 5t&6, co&+n4 Eo+


20/34


(02)#20-8209

A'' con6& coo&at+& *a& +nc& t*&+ o+4+n +nt&4at&/ oc+a'

&on+7+'+t5 +nto t*&+ 3o+n4 c't&. Co/& o con/ct a/ot&/ 75 o6&

6&67& c'&a'5 *+4*'+4*t t*&+ 3+''+n4n& to act +n a oc+a''5 ta+na7'&

3a5, 3+''+n4n& 3*+c* + a'' t*& 6o& &+/&nt a con6& coo&at+& ta&

at to 4'o7a' CSR o&ct o a6&3o c* a t*& GRI (G'o7a' R&ot+n4

In+t+at+&) o t*& UN G'o7a' Co6act.

A 4oo/ &@a6'& o t*+ + t*& SE=E +n+t+at+&, 3*+c* &a'at& T*& Co?

o&at+& Gon/ac+on Entono, o6ot+n4 ta+na7'& 7+n& +n Sa+n, an/

+ a'o 6&67& o t*& co66++on t*at + /a3+n4 t*& conc&ta'

a6&3o o oc+a' &on+7+'+t5 +n Sa+n, o6ot&/ 75 AECA, t*& San+*

Accont+n4 an/ B+n& A/6+n+tat+on Aoc+at+on.

B&+/&, +t n/&ta+n4, &t ot* +n +t Co/& o Con/ct, co& t*&

&nt+& a'& c*a+n, an/ +no'& &6'o5&&, 7contacto an/ co&

'+&. T*&5 a& 6on+to&/ 75 6&an o an anna' +nt&na' a/+t, 7a&/

on t*& &' a&6&nt too' o+/&/ 75 t*& =an+* M+n+t5 o Soc+a' ADa+.


21/34


(02)#20-8209

In t&6 o conn&ct+n4 CSR act+c& 3+t* t*& +nc&a& o ot, 6an5

&5 *a& *o3n t*at t*& +nc'+nat+on o con6& to 75 o/ct o

&+c& o6 a oc+a''5 &on+7'& co6an5 + &5 *+4*. >o &@a6'&, t*&

2002 Cooat& C+t+;&n*+ o'' con/ct&/ 75 Con& Co66n+cat+on on/

t*at 8# o A6&+can a+/ t*&5 3o'/ 7& '+&'5 to 3+tc* 7an/ to t*& on&

aoc+at&/ 3+t* a 4oo/ ca&, + +c& an/ a'+t5 a& +6+'a (B*attac*a5a H

S&n, 200#), +6+'a'5 to 3*at B&c6ann *a on/.

Anot*& t/5 o 2$.000 con6& +n 2! nat+on *o3&/ t*at t3o-

t*+/ o t*o& &5&/ 3ant co6an+& to 4o 7&5on/ ca' &on+7+'+t5 to

a'o ta& on oc+a' o'& (a&, 200$).

A MORI &5 3+t* 12.000 con6& aco 12 Eo&an cont+& +n

2000 &&a' t*at %0 o con6& a6&/ t*at a co6an5 co66+t6&nt

to oc+a' &on+7+'+t5 + +6otant 3*&n t*&5 75 a o/ct o &+c&. T*&

&5 a'o *o3 t*at 1 ot o $ &on/&nt a& 3+''+n4 to a5 6o& o

o/ct o6 oc+a''5 &on+7'& co6an+& (333.c&o&.o4).

T*o4* t*& & o a a+&t5 o 6&t*o/o'o4+& c* a oc 4o, +n-

/&t* +nt&+&3, &5 an/ &@&+6&nt, B*attac*a5a an/ S&n conc'/&/

t*at a o+t+& '+n 7&t3&&n CSR an/ c*a& 7&*a+o &@+t on'5 3*&n

o6& con/+t+on a& at+&/: 3*&n t*& con6& ot t*& +& c&nta'

to t*& co6an5 CSR &Dot, 3*&n t*&& + a *+4* co6an5 to +&"ca&

t, 3*&n t*& o/ct +t&' + o *+4* a'+t5, an/ 3*&n t*& con6& + not

a&/ to a5 a &6+6 +c& o oc+a' &on+7+'+t5.


22/34


(02)#20-8209

On t*& ot*& *an/, Mo* (2001) a4& t*at 6ot o con6& /o not

&&6 to 7& a3a& t*at 6ot co6an+& &n4a4& +n CSR +n+t+at+&. Acco/+n4

to t*& a7o& 6&nt+on&/ c*o'a, con6& *a& /+c't5 o7ta+n+n4 an/

&6&67&+n4 CSR +no6at+on a7ot t*& 6 t*&5 75 o6.

So6& ot*& t*&o+t, c* a =a3+n (200#), c'a+6 t*at an &D&ct+&

co66n+cat+on o 6 CSR o4a6& + a a& ac*+&&6&ntK. o3&&,

t*& a6& c*o'a conc'/& t*at con6& a& +t& +nt&&t&/ +n o7ta+n+n4

6o& CSR +no6at+on an/ t* CSR-&'at&/ 6a&t+n4 co66n+cat+on 6a5

7& an ootn+t5 to *a& t*& co6an5 +6a4& an/ 7an/ oo+t+on.

C'ta' /+D&&nc& *a& to 7& ta&n +nto accont 3*&n &&+n4 to

CSR +nc& o6& &&ac*& c* a Ma+4nan H Ra'ton (2002) *a&

conc'/&/ t*at ta&*o'/& t&n/ to con+/& t*o& &t+on &4a/+n4

co6an5 &Dot to co66n+cat& CSR 6&a4& /+D&&nt'5 o6 cont5 to

cont5.

Acco/+n4 to t*& a7o& 6&nt+on&/ at*o 3*o /&&'o&/ a t/5

7a&/ on t*& nat& o t*& co66n+cat+on o CSR +nc+'& +n cooat& 3&7

a4& +n >anc&, t*& N&t*&'an/, t*& Un+t&/ +n4/o6 an/ t*& Un+t&/ Stat&,

>&nc* an/ G&6an co6an+& a& not o &/ to con&5+n4 CSR +n t*&+

3&7+t& c* a A6&+can o4an+;at+on.

Anot*& +nt&&t+n4 n/+n4 +n t*& &&ac* /&&'o&/ 75 Ma+4nan H

Ra'ton 3*+c* 6a5 &+noc& t*& a6t+on t*at CSR + aa&nt'5 &n+t+&

to c'ta' a+at+on 3a t*& act t*at 6ot o t*& A6&+can co6an+&

3&7+t& &5&/ &&nt&/ t*&+ oc+a' &on+7+'+t5 +no'&6&nt a a at


23/34


(02)#20-8209

o an &@t&n+on o t*&+ co& a'& 3*+'& t*& 6ao+t5 o Eo&an

o4an+;at+on t&n/ to *o3 t*&+ CSR co66+t6&nt a a &on& to

ta&*o'/& &&.

A'o +n t*&+ CSR co66n+cat+on, Eo&an co6an+& (&&c+a''5

>&nc* an/ =tc* o4an+;at+on) a&a&/ '+&'5 to 7+'/ t*&+ oc+a''5

&on+7'& +6a4& 75 '+n+n4 t*& o/ct+on oc&& to &n+on6&nta' an/

a'+t5 6ana4&6&nt act+on.

On t*& ot*& *an/, A6&+can 6 &&6 to a&a co66+tt&/ to CSR

75 acc&ntat+n4 t*&+ &n4a4&6&nt +n act+on t*at + not n&c&a+'5 '+n&/ to

o/ct+on an/ o6ot+on act++t+& c* a *+'ant*o+c +n+t+at+& an/

o'nt&&+6.

B&+/& t*at, o6& +6+'a+t+& 3&& a'o on/. In t&6 o

ta&*o'/&, 6ot o t*& &&ac*&/ co6an+& +n a'' o cont+& *o3&/

t*&+ conc&n to con&5 t*&+ CSR 6&a4& oc&/ on t*&& 6a+n

ta&*o'/& 4o: co66n+t5, &6'o5&& an/ cto6&.

o3&& Ma+4nan an/ Ra'ton conc'/& t*at co6an+& 7a&/ +n

/+D&&nt cont+& t&n/ to *o'/ 7tant+a''5 /+D&&nt &&ct+& on *o3

+6otant +t + to 7& &c&+&/ a oc+a''5 &on+7'& o4an+;at+on 75 t*&

4&n&a' 7'+c. *+'& U.. an/ U.S. o4an+;at+on t&n/ to /&6ontat& t*&+

cont+7t+on to oc+&t5 +n t*&+ co66n+cat+on, >&nc* an/ =tc* co6an+&

a& 6o& &'ctant to 7'+c+;& c* +n+t+at+&.

T*& a7o& &&&/ &&ac*& &@'a+n t*+ &'ctanc& +n

co66n+cat+n4 CSR 75 a4+n4 t*at Eo&an co6an+& &a a 7'+c


24/34


(02)#20-8209

c+t+c+6 a 7'+c o+n+on +n t*& cont+n&nt aa&nt'5 t&n/ to &4a/ 3+t*

+c+on t*& t& 6ot+at+on t*at ta& a co6an5 to 7& +no'&/ +n oc+a'

&t+on.

On t*& ot*& *an/, +t + a4&/ t*at t*& U.S. o4an+;at+on &c&+& a

6o& oact+& CSR co66n+cat+on +nc& A6&+can oc+&t5 *a a/ot&/ a

6o& o+t+& +6a4& o 7+n& 3*&& co6an+& a& &@&ct&/ to &t t*&

tan/a/ o a &on+7'& 7&*a+o.

In anot*& t/5 to /&&'o a co-c'ta' co6a+on o con6&

&c&t+on o CSR, Ia7&''& Ma+4nan (2001) *a ca+&/ ot a &5 +n

>anc&, G&6an5 an/ t*& US to +n&t+4at& con6&&nc* an/ G&6an con6& a& 6o& 3+''+n4 to act+&'5 ot

&on+7'&K co6an+& +n t*&+ c*a+n4 act++t+& t*an t*&+ A6&+can

cont&at.

o3&&, t*& &&ac* *o3&/ t*at US con6& a'& 6o&

co6an+& t*at 'ac& *+4*& +t &cono6+c &on+7+'+t5 +n t*& CSR a4&n/a

3*+'& Eo&an a& 6o& conc&n&/ a7ot t*& 7+n& &&+n4 to co6'5

3+t* '&4a' an/ &t*+ca' tan/a/, 3*+c* '&a& t*& &cono6+c ac*+&&6&nt

a on'5 &con/a5. Ma+4nan t/5 a'o &&a'&/ t*at 3*&n t5+n4 to 7+'/

t*&+ +6a4& o a &on+7'& o4an+;at+on +n >anc& an/ G&6an5, co6an+&

n&&/ to 7& a3a& t*at t*& act o &o6+n4 nanc+a''5 3&'' /o& not 6&an

t*at t*& o4an+;at+on 3+'' 7& &c&+&/ 75 con6& a a oc+a''5

&on+7'& o4an+;at+on.


25/34


(02)#20-8209

T*& c*o'a &co66&n/ o 7+n& t*at 3ant to o+t+on

t*&6&'& a oc+a''5 &on+7'& +n >anc& an/ G&6an5 6a5 *a& to

/o3n'a5 t*&+ &cono6+c ac*+&&6&nt an/ &6*a+;& t t*&+

&a&/n& to &+n4 t*&+ '&4a' an/ &t*+ca' &on+7+'+t+&, a'on4 3+t*

t*&+ co66+t6&nt to *+'ant*o+c /t+&K (2001)

On t*& ot*& *an/, t*& a6& cannot 7& &co66&n/&/ to 6 3+''+n4

to t*+& +n t*& A6&+can 6a&t a oc+a''5 &n4a4&/. C'a+6+n4 to 7& a

oc+a''5 &on+7'& o4an+;at+on +n t*& US 3+t*ot an5 &cono6+c

ac*+&&6&nt can 7& +5.

In a +6+'a t/5 ca+&/ ot 75 Ra6aa65 an/ Y&n4 (2009) 3+t*

C*+n&& con6&, t*& c*o'a on/ t*at 75& +n t*+ cont5 a& a'o

&5 ot+& o CSR. T*& at*o +n/+cat& t*at CSR +& *a& 4a+n&/

o6+n&nc& +n &6&4+n4 &cono6+& a 3&'', at+c'a'5 /& to t*& o'& o

t*& 6a 6&/+a +n +nc&a+n4 a3a&n&K.

Ra6aa65 an/ Y&n4 a'o &&a'&/ t*at con6& +n t*& cont+n&nta'

C*+na (&@c'/+n4 on4 on4) a'o /o not con+/& &cono6+c &on+7+'+t+&

a a oc+a' &on+7+'+t5 o 7+n&. In t*+ &n&, on& can a6 t*at t*o&

&'t a& con+t&nt 3+t* t*& on& on/ +n t*& Ma+4nan t/5 a7ot

&t&n 6a&t.

T*& C*+n&& &5 a'o *o3&/ t*at con6& *a& /+D&&nt

&@&ctat+on an/ o6&*o3 &'ctanc& to3a/ t*& co66n+cat+on o

*+'ant*o+c act++t+& 75 co6an+& a't*o4* t*&5 &co4n+;& t*+ + t*&

6ot co66on o6 o CSR +n C*+na.#$ Ra6aa65 an/ Y&n4 conc'/& t*&+


26/34


(02)#20-8209

t/5 a6+n4 t*at ot*& /+6&n+on '+& &t*+c n&&/ to 7& 4+&n 6o&

4&nt att&nt+on +n C*+na an/ t*&5 44&t co6an+& to *+4*'+4*t t*&+

cont+7t+on to t*&+ *a&*o'/&, &6'o5&& an/ ot*& ta&*o'/& 75

&67&//+n4 t*+ &t*+ca' aoac* +nto t*& co6an5 6++on (2009).

T*& &@a6'& a7o& &a6 3*at Ma+4nan (2001) *a a4&/: t*&

/+D&&nt 3a5 con6& n/&tan/ an/ &c&+& co6an+& a oc+a''5

&on+7'& o4an+;at+on +n /+D&&nt cont+& o& t*at 6 6a5 ac&

/+c't+& to +6'&6&nt, o +ntanc& +n a 4'o7a' &&ct+&, *o6o4&n&o

CSR co66n+cat+on o4a6.

Lo%a# St"0ie1

T*& /+& o CSR t&n/ to 7& 3&a +n /&&'o+n4 cont+& 7&ca&

&+o 6aco&cono6+c conta+nt 6a5 /+&t co6an5 att&nt+on to +&

o 7a+c +a7+'+t5 an/ &c+n4 *a&*o'/& &tnK. A t/+& on CSR +n

/&&'o+n4 cont+& &6a+n cant, t*& aa+'a7'& &+/&nc& 44&t a

cont+n&/ o&3*&'6+n4 conc&n 3+t* ota7+'+t5 an/ 'o3& +o+t5

acco/+n4 to oc+a' &on+7+'+t5 +n +&3 o 6o& &+n4 +a' +&K.

o3&&, +t + a'o *&'/ t*at a t*& 3+n/ o c*an4& 7'o3 ton4& +n

t*& cont&@t o /&&'o+n4 cont+&, an/ a 'oca' co6an+& ac& t*& *a*

co6&t+t+& /+ctat& o t*& 4'o7a' 6a&t'ac&, t*& &conc+'+at+on o oc+&ta'

conc&n 3+t* 7otto6-'+n& &o6anc& 7&co6& &&n 6o& co6&''+n4K.


27/34


(02)#20-8209

N&&t*&'&, t*&& a& ca& o Stat&4+c CSR +n /&&'o+n4 cont+&,

3*+c* 6a5 +6'5 +nc&a+n4 &co4n+t+on o *o3 7+n& an/ oc+&ta' 4oa'

6a5 7& a'+4n&/ cc&''5.

In t*& *+'++n&, a+o 'oca' con4'o6&at& c* a t*& A5a'a

Cooat+on an/ t*& Lo&; Go o Co6an+& *a& 7&4n to +nt&4at& CSR

+nto t*&+ co& 7+n& o&at+on.

Eta7'+*&/ +n 18!#, A5a'a Cooat+on + on& o t*& o'/&t

con4'o6&at& +n t*& *+'++n&. S+nc& +t +nc&t+on, +t on/& 3&&

+no'&/ +n a+o oc+a' /&&'o6&nt o4a6 a &a'5 a t*& 180

3+t* t*& contct+on o a c*oo' 7+'/+n4 o 4+' an/ t*&n +n 191 3+t* t*&

o6at+on o t*& >+'++na >on/at+on (t*& &co o A5a'a >on/at+on). In

200%, A5a'a Cooat+on an/ +t 7+/+a+& 'anc*&/ t*& A5a'a Soc+a'

In+t+at+&,K 3*+c* c*ann&'&/ t*& co6an5


28/34


(02)#20-8209

&c5c'+n4). T*&& c*an4& *a& *&'&/ Na'+ +n +t co66&c+a' cc& an/

+n 'o3&+n4 +t cot o o&at+on.

T*& Lo&; Go o Co6an+& &ta7'+*&/ t*& Lo&; Go

>on/at+on +n 200# to act a t*& coo/+nat+& *7K o t*& CSR o4a6 o

t*& Lo&; Go o Co6an+&. T*& Lo&; Go I a /+&+&/

con4'o6&at& +no'&/ +n &&a' +n/t+& +nc'/+n4 t&'&co66n+cat+on,

&@&3a5 +natct& an/ &to'&6 +&'+n&. Eac* o t*&& 6 *a

+t o3n CSR o4a6, a't*o4* t*&& + an on4o+n4 &Dot to +nt&4at& t*&

/+D&&nt o4a6 o +n/++/a' 6 +n t*& Go. o3&&, t*& /&c++on to

a'+4n CSR &Dot 3+t* t*& Un+t&/ Nat+on M+''&nn+6 =&&'o6&nt Goa' + a

t& to3a/ Stat&4+c CSR 7&ca& +t '+n cooat& act++t+& to nat+ona'

an/ &&n to 4'o7a' 4oa'.

S+nc& 2008, *o&n+@ >on/at+on at+c+at& +n t*& 4o&n6&nt


29/34


(02)#20-8209

t+& to 7&co6& an a&t +n t*& co66n+t+& 3*&& +t o&at&. T*& Int&'X

Ino'&/ +n t*& Co66n+t5 o4a6 + a o'nt&& o4a6 t*at +nt&act

3+t* 'oca' co66n+t+&, an/ oc& on o &5 a&a t&c*no'o45 +nc'+on,

&/cat+on, &n+on6&nt t&3a/*+ an/ a&t5, an/ co66n+t5

/&&'o6&nt. Int&'X Ino'&/ +n t*& *+'++n& *a 'o44&/ t*& *+4*&t

&c&nta4& o &6'o5&& o'nt&& 3o'/3+/&. >o t*+ &aon, t*& o4a6

*a &ncoa4&/ not t Int&' &6'o5&& 7t a'o 6&67& o t*& 'oca'

4o&n6&nt an/ t*& &nt+& co66n+t5 to 7&co6& act+& at+c+ant +n

co66n+t5 /&&'o6&nt. To/a5, t*& Mn+c+a'+t5 o G&n&a' T+a +n Ca+t&,

3*&& Int&' *+'++n& + 'ocat&/, *a 7&4n to ca'' +t&' T*& To3n o

Vo'nt&&K.

On& 6ao +n+t+at+& o t*& Int&' Ino'&/ o4a6 + t*& Int&' Ino'&/

Matc*+n4 Gant o4a6. Lanc*&/ +n 200#, t*& o4a6 a+6 to o6ot&

an/ 6a@+6+;& t*& 7&n&t Int&' &6'o5&& o+/& to 'oca' c*oo'. Int&'

&6'o5&& o'nt&& +n &'&ct c*oo' o +n t*& Int&' Co6t& C'7*o&,

3*+c* o+/& a c&at+& an/ a& at&-c*oo' '&an+n4 &n+on6&nt 3*&&

5on4 &o'& o6 n/&-&&/ co66n+t+& 3o 3+t* a/'t 6&nto to

&@'o& t*&+ o3n +/&a, /&&'o +'' an/ 7+'/ con/&nc& t*o4* t*& &

o t&c*no'o45. Un/& t*& Int&' Ino'&/ Matc*+n4 Gant o4a6, *o &nt

75 Int&' &6'o5&& o'nt&&+n4 +n c*oo' +n t*&+ co66n+t+& 3&&

6atc*&/ 75 a /o''a 4ant o6 Int&' >on/at+on. E&5 20 *o o o'nt&&

3o 75 Int&' o'nt&& +n &-+/&nt+&/ c*oo' an/ '&an+n4 +nt+tt+on +

&+a'&nt to US80. =+n4 t*& +'ot *a&, &6'o5&& 'o44&/ 99,$0


30/34


(02)#20-8209

o'nt&& *o 3*+c* 3&& &+a'&nt to *12.2 6+''+on (US2#9, 12$). B5

S&t&67& 200%, t*& Int&' >on/at+on /onat&/ *!% 6+''+on (US8!2,100)

to !! 7'+c c*oo' +n G&n&a' T+a Mn+c+a'+t5. T*+ 3a a a &'t o Int&'

Ino'&/ o'nt&& *&'+n4 6o& t*an !0,000 t/&nt an/ !!!,11! *o o

o'nt&& &+c&.

S!the1i1 o3 the Re$ie4 o3 Re#ate0 Literat"re a!0 St"0ie1

T*& &+& o t/+& an/ '+t&at& 3+tt&n 75 o&+4n an/ 'oca'

at*o +n t*+ c*at& /+c& t*& conc&t an/ naat+& /&ta+' o

&'&ant an/ &'at&/ +no6at+on to t*& t/5. T*&& t/+& 3+'' o+/&

+4n+cant +no6at+on t*at 3+'' *&' t*& &&ac*& +n con/ct+n4 t*& t/5.

To 7&tt& a&c+at& t*& a7o&-6&nt+on&/ '+t&at& an/ t/+&, t*&5 a&

*&&75 66a+;&/.

Acco/+n4 to t*& Int&nat+ona' Co-o&at+& A''+anc& +n 199$,

coo&at+& a& 4+/&/ 75 +nc+'&. T*&& +nc+'& a& t*& &6o3&+n4

a6&3o 75 3*+c* coo&at+& 6o& on +n t*&+ /a+'5 act++t+&, 3+t*ot

7&+n4 'ot +n t*& 6a;& o t*&+ o3n o&at+on. T*&& a& a'o t*& &n&4+;+n4

too' on 3*+c* t*& coo&at+& 'oo an/ 4a t*& t& an/ a&/'5

co& 3+t* t*& t&


31/34


(02)#20-8209

T*& S Goo >+n'an/ an/ t*& con6& coo&at+& o Ita'5 7&'+&& +n

t*& +6otanc& o /&&'o+n4 a oc+a' &on+7+'+t5, &@&ctat+on an/

o7&ct+& a 3&'' a t*& acto &'at&/ to &3a/. It t 6a& 4oo/ &n&

t*& co6an+& 6t 7& conc&n&/ 3+t* t*&+ ota7+'+t5F c'&a'5, 3+t*ot

ot, t*& co6an5 3o'/ +6'5 c&a& to &@+t an/ t*&& 3o'/ 7& no

7&n&t acc+n4 to an5on&.

Acco/+n4 to M&*6&t an/ M&n/&, &@&c+& o o3& 3+t*ot

&on+7+'+t5 + a &+o Ja3 +n t*& 3o+n4 o 4'o7a' 4o&nanc&. >o

Mo+n4 an/ Sc*'t; (200), t*+ A6&+can CSR aoac* &&6 to a&a

/& to t*& act t*at CSR + co66on'5 &4a/&/ +n t*& Un+t&/ Stat& o6 a

*+'ant*o+c &&ct+& a +n Eo& t*&& + a ta/+t+on to co66n+cat&

CSR +n a 6o& +6'+c+t an/ &act+& 3a5. B& an/ Lo4/o6 7+n4 to

/+c+on, t*&&o&, t*at o6& c*o'a a4& t*at /&+t& o 4&n&at+n4

*ot-t&6 cot, CSR + a7'& to a5 oD +n t*& 'on4-t&6. Co6an+& ca5+n4

on o'+c+& co66+tt&/ to oc+&ta' /&6an/ 3o'/ 7&n&t o6 4&at& oc+a'

'&4+t+6ac5 3+t* '& 4o&n6&nt &4'at+on, an/ t*at a 7&tt& oc+&t5 +

+6'5 4oo/ o 'on4-t&6 ota7+'+t5.

Cao'' *a /&&'o&/ a /&n+t+ona' CSR 6o/&' 3*&& t*& &nt+& an4&

o 7+n& &on+7+'+t+& + &67ac&/. Acco/+n4 to *+6, o +n/ o

oc+a' &on+7+'+t+& cont+tt& CSR: &cono6+c, '&4a', &t*+ca' an/

*+'ant*o+c.

T*& 5a6+/ /&+ct&/ t*& &cono6+c &on+7+'+t+& a t*& on/at+on

on 3*+c* a'' ot*& ('&4a', &t*+ca' an/ *+'ant*o+c &on+7+'+t+&) &t.


32/34


(02)#20-8209

T*& at*o a'o &6*a+;& t*at 7+n& *o'/ not '' t*&& &&nt+a''5

7t &ac* on& *o'/ 7& '''&/ at a'' t+6& 6&an+n4 t*at t*& oc+a''5

&n4a4&/ o4an+;at+on *o'/ t+& to 6a& a ot, o7&5 t*& 'a3, 7&

&t*+ca' an/ 7& a 4oo/ cooat& c+t+;&n.

Acco/+n4 to Son5 Go 200% CSR R&ot, t*&5 &co4n+;& t*at +t

7+n&& *a& /+&ct an/ +n/+&ct +6act on t*& co66n+t+& +n 3*+c* t*&5

o&at&. On t*& ot*& *an/, *+'&@on/at+on

Inc. a +t cooat& oc+a' &on+7+'+t5 (CSR) a6 an/ c*ann&' o +t

+nt&na' an/ &@t&na' ot&ac* o4a6. It a+6 to &on/ to t*& n&&/ o

t*& 6a4+na'+;&/ &cto o oc+&t5 o /&c&nt *&'t&, ta+na7'& '+&'+*oo/

an/ act+ca' &/cat+on.

Eo Coo, t*& Eo&an aoc+at+on o con6& coo&at+&

o/c&/ a &ot to co66n+cat& to +t 6&67& an/ ot*& ta&*o'/&

o6& o t*& 7&t act+c& +n t&6 o oc+a' &on+7+'+t5. It on'5 ta& +nto

accont o6& o t*&& act+c& an/ on'5 +n $ cont+& (>+n'an/, Ita'5, Sa+n,

S3&/&n an/ t*& Un+t&/ +n4/o6). In Sa+n, t*& ISACOO *a /&&'o&/

+t o3n oc+a' a/+t 6o/&' o t*& con6& coo&at+&. In S3&/&n, t*& >

*a /&&'o&/ t*& 6&67&*+ &ot, a too' o 6ana4+n4, &a'at+n4 an/

+6o+n4 7+n&, t&n4t*&n+n4 t*& 7+n& o'&, /&&'o+n4


33/34


(02)#20-8209

6&67&*+ /&6ocac5 an/ &n*anc+n4 t*& &D&ct+&n& an/ &oc&

a''ocat+on.

In t*& *+'++n&, a+o 'oca' con4'o6&at& c* a t*& A5a'a

Cooat+on an/ t*& Lo&; Go o Co6an+& *a& 7&4n to +nt&4at& CSR

+nto t*&+ co& 7+n& o&at+on. A5a'a Cooat+on an/ +t 7+/+a+&

'anc*&/ t*& A5a'a Soc+a' In+t+at+&K, 3*+c* c*ann&'&/ t*& co6an5


34/34


(02)#20-8209

Chapter2.Review of Related Literarture

Documents