Chapter28

Challenges of Nation Building in Challenges of Nation Building in Africa and the Middle EastAfrica and the Middle East

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Africa Becomes IndependentAfrica Becomes Independent

Located in capital of Tanzania

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Freedom (Uhuru) Monument at Freedom (Uhuru) Monument at Dar es-SalaamDar es-Salaam

The Colonial LegacyThe Colonial Legacy

Benefits Transportation and communication Improved sanitation and health care Political systems contributed to gradual creation of

democratic ideas Benefits varied Only South Africa and Algeria developed along modern

lines Disadvantages

Concentrate on export crops Plantation agriculture and cash crops

The Rise of NationalismThe Rise of Nationalism Goal was independence Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972) formed the Convention People’s

Party in the Gold Coast (Ghana) Jomo Kenyatta (1894-1978) formed the Kenya African National

Union with a political and economic agenda Mau Mau movement among the Kikuyu people of Kenya used

terrorism to achieve uhuru (Swahili for freedom) African National Congress formed in 1912

Originally dominated by Western-educated intellectuals Want economic and political reforms including equality for

educated Africans

The Rise of Nationalism (cont.’d)The Rise of Nationalism (cont.’d) Resistance to French rule in Algeria grew in mid-1950s --

independence gained in 1958 Struggle in Algeria affected Tunisia that was given

independence in 1956 Morocco gained independence in 1956 Ghana (Gold Coast) gained independence in 1957

Followed by Nigeria, Belgian Congo, Kenya, Tanganyika (when joined by Zanzibar, renamed Tanzania)

Most French colonies agree to accept independence within the framework of the French Community

By late 1960s only part of southern Africa and Portuguese Mozambique and Angola remained under European rule

Why so slow in gaining independence? Colonialism was established later in Africa With only a few exception, coherent states with a strong sense of

cultural, ethnic, and linguistic unity did not exist

Pan-Africanism and Nationalism: Pan-Africanism and Nationalism: The Destiny of AfricaThe Destiny of Africa Most new African leaders come from the urban middle class

Accept the Western model -- capitalism and at least lip service to democracy

Diverse views on economics Highly nationalistic Generally accept national boundaries These were artificial and contained diverse ethnic,

linguistic, and territorial groups Organization of African Unity (1966) Pan-Africanism

Political and Economic Conditions Political and Economic Conditions in Contemporary Africain Contemporary Africa Initial phase of pluralistic governments gave way to a series of military

regimes Most African countries dependent on export of a single crop or natural resource In many instances, the resources still controlled by foreigners

“Neocolonialism” Scarce natural resources spent on military equipment and expensive consumer

goods Bribery and corruption Population growth

Widespread hunger HIV and AIDS

Poverty Effects of urbanization

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Present-Day AfricaPresent-Day Africa

The Search for SolutionsThe Search for Solutions Tanzania

Desire to restrict foreign investment Arusha Declaration, 1967 Limitations on income and established village collectives Corruption lower at first

Kenya Capitalism has had mixed results Ethnic tensions

Angola and Ethiopia Experiments in Marxism

South Africa Apartheid Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress South Africa sense the end of Apartheid

The Search for Solutions (cont.’d)The Search for Solutions (cont.’d) Nigeria

Africa’s most populous country Oil and civil war Ethnic and religious divisions

Central Africa Rwanda and Burundi Zaire/Democratic Republic of the Congo

Good News The African Union

Continuity and Change in Continuity and Change in Modern SocietyModern Society Impact of the West Education

Emphasis on vocational training Eventual introduction in European languages and Western culture State run schools:

• First the emphasis was on primary schools then high school and universities in the urban areas

• Funding and teachers are scarce in the rural areas Little Western influence outside the cities

Agriculture and hunting Migrations to plantations, cities, and refugee camps

Located in Dar es-Salaam, Tanzania

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Traditional African HouseTraditional African House

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African Women in Colorful DressAfrican Women in Colorful Dress

African WomenAfrican Women Change in relationship between men and women

Traditional relationships Independence brought the idea of sexual equality

Politics still dominated mostly by men Women became a labor force, employed in menial tasks Education open to all, but women comprise less than 20 percent

of the students Rural women generally still bound by communalism

Traditional practices still found

African CultureAfrican Culture Tension between tradition and the modern in African culture Modern African art

Utility and ritual have given way to pleasure and decoration Traditional forms of art now more for tourists

Modern African literature Means to establish black dignity and purpose Chinua Achebe, first major African novelist to write in English Writing from native perspective Shift from the brutality of the foreign oppressor to the

shortcomings of the new native leadership Ngugi Wa Thiong’o (b. 1938), A Grain of Wheat Wole Soyinka (b. 1934), The Interpreters Women writers

• Ama Ata Aidoo (b. 1942), Changes: A Love Story Music

Crescent of ConflictCrescent of Conflict Militant Islam as a sense of community

September 11, 2001 “Humiliation and disgrace”

• Modern regimes in Turkey and Iran• More traditional in Saudi Arabia• European influence and control

The Question of Palestine Arab League, 1945 Zionists and an independent Jewish state, 1948 Sense of West’s betrayal of the interests of the Palestinian people

• Palestinian refugees cross into neighboring states Syria angered by the creation of Lebanon

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Israel and Arab Neighbors, 1947-Israel and Arab Neighbors, 1947-19941994

Nasser and Pan-ArabismNasser and Pan-Arabism King Farouk of Egypt overthrown in 1952 Monarchy replaced by a republic in 1953 General Gamal Abdul Nasser seizes power in 1954

Reforms Nationalizes the Suez Canal, 1956

• Britain, France, Israel attack Egypt• U.S. supports Nasser

Pan-Arabism Egypt and Syria unite to form the United Arab Republic,1958

• Other Arab states suspicious and do not join the union• UAR ends in 1961

Palestine Liberation Organization created in 1964• Al-Fatah led by Yasir Arafat (b. 1929) launches terrorist attacks

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The Modern Middle EastThe Modern Middle East

Arab-Israeli DisputeArab-Israeli Dispute Growing hostility Knesset (parliament created) June, 1967, Six-Day War Nasser died in 1970 and succeeded by Anwar al-Sadat (1918-1981) Yom Kippur War, 1973 Camp David Agreement, 1978 Sadat assassinated by Arab militants, October 1981 Intifada (uprising) by PLO supporters in Israel, 1980s Terrorist attacks by Palestinians Minister Ehud Barak tried to re-start the peace process Peace process broke down by 2000

Hard-line prime minister, Ariel Sharon Suicide attacks

Revolution in IranRevolution in Iran Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1919-1980), 1941-1979 Social and economic reforms

Affluent middle class emerging Land reform Internal problems

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini (1900-1989) Shi’ite cleric exiled to Iraq and then France Shah leaves the country in 1979, and the government collapsed

shortly thereafter with a new government dominated by Khomeini American embassy hostages

Iranian Revolution moderated slightly, but repression returned in mid-1990s

Mohammad Khatemi, a moderate cleric Move to a more pluralistic society open to the outside world Opposition from conservative elements

Crisis in the GulfCrisis in the Gulf

Iraq Saddam Hussein (b. 1937), 1979-2003 War against Iran, 1980-1988 Iraq sends military forces into Kuwait, 1990

United Nations response

Conflicts in Afghanistan and IraqConflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq

Response to the terrorist attacks of September, 2001 Nation controlled by the Taliban who provided a base for

terrorist Osama bin Laden After September 11, 2001, coalition overthrows the

Taliban United States turned its attention to Iraq

Alleged that there were weapons of mass destruction War began March, 2003

Society and Culture in the Society and Culture in the Contemporary Middle EastContemporary Middle East

Traditional monarchy of Saudi Arabia Some areas traditional authority replaced by one-

party rule or military dictatorships Other states charismatic rule given way to

modernizing bureaucratic regimes Israel, democratic institutions

Economics of OilEconomics of Oil Millions in the Middle East live in abject poverty, a fortunate

few are wealthy; the difference is oil Approaches to developing strong and stable economies

Arab socialism Western capitalist model Maintaining Islamic doctrine Agriculture

• Wealthiest hold much of the land• Lack of water• Encourage emigration

Why failure of democratic institutions? Willingness of the West to coddle dictatorships to keep access to oil Culture of Islam

Islamic RevivalIslamic Revival Many Muslims believe Islamic values and modern ways not incompatible

and may be mutually reinforcing Fundamentalists are a rational and practical response to destabilizing

forces and self-destructive practices Seeking a cultural identity Reaction to Western influences

Create a “modernized” set of beliefs such as in Turkey, Egypt, and Iran

Secularization• Reaction to secularization in Iran where there was a movement to Islamic purity• Seeking purity found in Algeria, Egypt, and Turkey

Trend toward Islamic purity

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Modern Islam, 1998Modern Islam, 1998

Women and IslamWomen and Islam Traditional role of women in Islamic societies Modernist views that Islamic doctrine not opposed to women’s rights

Many restrictions due to pre-Islamic folk traditions that were tolerated in the early Islamic era

More traditional views have prevailed in many Middle Eastern countries Impact of the Iranian Revolution Most conservative nation is Saudi Arabia

Rights extended in some countries Vote in Kuwait Equal right to seek a divorce in Egypt Attend university, receive military training, vote, practice birth control,

and publish fiction in Iran

Literature and ArtLiterature and Art

Cultural Renaissance Iran one of the most prolific countries The veil (chador) a central metaphor in Iranian women’s

writing In Egypt the most illustrious writer is Naguib Mahfouz

who wrote Cairo Trilogy Art

Influenced by Western culture

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

What role did nationalism play in postwar independence movements in Africa?

Why have so many African nations moved toward authoritarianism since independence?

How has Western imperialism contributed to contemporary conflicts in the Middle East?

What are the most important cultural trends in the contemporary Middle East?