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Chapter 1 & 2

The Original Colonies and the Beginning of Independence

The Cause and Effects of the Columbian Exchange (1-2)

Cause: Human activities affect the environment. The Columbian Exchange, or the movement of plants and animals between Europe, Asia, and Africa (the Old World) and North and South America (the New World) that started in 1492.

Continued;

Effects: The Columbian Exchange dramatically changed the way people lived. For example, the food crops introduced into Europe and Asia from the New World, such as beans and potatoes, improved nutrition for the people living there and helped support larger populations.

Continued;

European settlers in turn brought many new breeds of animals to the Americas. The introduction of horses to the Great Plains transformed native societies in that area, changing hunting methods and increasing mobility.

Trade across the Atlantic Ocean

Ans--Columbian Exchange

Early British Colonies (1-3)

John Smith a merchant, founded Jamestown with the funding of joint-stock companies. Lack of farming and disease caused the colony to fail. Tobacco became the new crop and required labor. Virginia began to see an influx of indentured servants.

To work on the tobacco

plantations, indentured

servants were hired.

An indenture is a contract

or agreement.

Landowners would pay a worker’s transportation costs to

the New World.

In exchange, the worker promised to work on plantation

for 7 years.

Continued;

The Puritans, felt that too many Catholic rituals were present and wanted to “purify” or reform religion. Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first organized government in the U.S. Under the leadership of John Winthrop Puritans wanted to become the model for society to follow.

Early British Colonies

Roger Williams broke from the Puritans and established a new colony. The colony of Providence embraced two ideas. One, no English settlers had no right to the land. Second, they felt that people could worship how they wanted.

Continued;

William Penn received a plot of land from the King (Charles II) as payment for a debt. He belonged to The Society of Friends, or Quakers. The Quakers were extreme pacifist. George Oglethorpe, a philanthropist gave Georgia as a gift. Originally, it was established for debtors.

Continued;

The 16th century brought a new economic system called mercantilism. According to the theory of mercantilism, a nation could increase its wealth and power in two ways: obtain as much gold and silver as possible and establishing a favorable balance of trade in which it sold more goods than bought.

England used the new economic system called mercantilismmercantilism to

get rich.

Mercantilists believed that wealth was power.

=

Continued;

England’s Parliament tightened control of colonial trade by passing the Navigation Acts. All goods, had go through England, this was the beginning of the dissent between colonist and the English.

Parliament passed the Navigation ActsNavigation Acts to

enforce the mercantile system.

Interactive Notebook

1. Columbian Exchange- Movement of plants and animals between New and Old World

2. Indentured Servants- Worked for person who paid way to New World

3. Mercantilism- economic system, obtain the most gold or silver also favorable trade conditions

Response Write a short story (1-2 paragraph) using these words.

1. Columbian Exchange

2. Indentured Servants

3. Mercantilism

Question

Explain the causes and the effects of the Columbian Exchange.

The Colonies Come of Age (1-4)

The South established a plantation economy that farmed cash crops. The primary labor force had been slaves, by 1750 the number of slaves had been 200,000 plus. They arrived as a result to the triangular trade. In the transport route in which slaves were brought was known as the middle passage.

The route African Slaves took across the Atlantic to the Americas

was called “MiddleMiddle Passage Passage”.

They were treated cruelly, and many

died during transport.

Some resisted however, these actions

often resulted in harsher treatment &

slave laws.

The slave trade was also one part of a trading network called the “Triangle

Trade”.

Continued;

Unlike the South the North celebrated an industrial economy. Americans were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, a philosophical movement that began in Europe during the 1700s. The Enlightenment encouraged the use of reason for the improvement of both government and society.

Ship building was important and bustling port cities developed.

Continued;Colonies developed their own version of Parliament In the form of an elected colonial legislature that shared some powers with a colonial governor appointed by the king. The Virginia House of Burgesses was one of those colonial legislatures that contributed to the growth of representative government in the colonies.

Continued;

In response religious zealots embraced the Great Awakening. They believed that people were further from God and they needed to restore intensity and dedication of the early Puritan church. This emphasized emotion not reason.

The Second influential

movement in the Colonies was the

Great Awakening.Great Awakening.

Continued;

In 1754, the French and Indian War erupted. Between the French and Great Britain to see would have control over North America. At 22, George Washington lead a militia to remove French from fort. He lost, but returned later.

French and Indian War

Continued;

Britain defeated France and the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris 1763. In addition the Native Americans found that the British were harder to trade with. This led to resentment by the Native Americans.

George WashingtonGeorge Washington (1732-1799) Washington, a Virginia plantation owner, was an army. He served in the Virginia House of Burgesses and the 1st and 2nd Continental Congresses. The Continental Congress appointed Washington as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. Washington led the colonies to independence when the British surrendered at the Battle of Yorktown.

George Washington

Interactive Notebook1. Triangular trade- exchange of rum,

slaves, and molasses

2. Middle passage- travel route of slaves across Atlantic

3. Enlightenment- use logic not emotion for truth

4. George Washington- Leader of the Continental Army, 1st president

ResponseWrite a short story (1-2 paragraphs) using these words.

1. George Washington

2. Triangular trade

3. Enlightenment

Colonial Resistance and Rebellion (2-1)

The Sugar Act and the Stamp Act placed heavier tax burdens on the colonists. Individuals protested at the Boston Customs House, soldiers fired and some colonists were killed. The rebels also engaged in the Boston Tea Party.

Boston Tea Party

Continued;

The Intolerable Acts created more distance between the colonists and Britain. One law shut Boston Harbor and the other allowed for the quartering of troops. As a result revolution was on the horizon. The first battle of the Revolution had been the Battle of Lexington.

What was the first battle of the American Revolution?

ANS—Lexington and Concord

Events leading up to the Declaration

Important events leading up to the signing of the Declaration of Independence included the Boston Tea Party (1773), Enactment of the Intolerable Acts (1774), and the Battles of Lexington and Concord (1775).

Significance of the year 1776

On June 7, 1776, The Second Continental Congress charged a committee to draft a document stating our independence. The committee which included Thomas Jefferson who was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence delivered the document. In it he asked for protection of the “unalienable (or inalienable) rights” of humankind.

What happened July 04, 1776

Signing of the Declaration of Independence

Continued;

John Locke wrote about the unalienable (or inalienable) rights of life, liberty, and property because most nations limited rights to the privileged few. Before official declaration, Thomas Paine published Common Sense, an influential political pamphlet used to convince many undecided colonists.

What the three unalienable or inalienable rights

Unalienable Rights

Unalienable Rights

Life LibertyPursuit of Happiness

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence is a document adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. The committee appointed to write the Declaration of Independence included Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson.

The Three Unalienable

Unalienable (or inalienable) rights are the natural rights of mankind. They are independent of the government and are rights that no government can deny to its citizens. They are derived from the nature of man and do not depend on any constitution for their existence.

Continued;The Declaration of Independence guarantees three unalienable (or inalienable) rights: life [personal security] liberty, and the pursuit of happiness [private property]. The rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness acknowledge the importance of the individual.

Continued;

The Declaration of Independence further states that if a person’s unalienable (or inalienable) rights are not protected by the government, then the people have the right to change the government.

Continued;

Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of the declaration. In the Preamble, Jefferson explained that it was necessary to list the reasons why the colonies sought their own government. In three sections Jefferson outlined the reasons for the Revolutionary War.

Who was the primary author of the declaration of independence

ANS—Thomas Jefferson

Interactive Notebook

1. Intolerable Acts- Forcing colonists to trade only with Great Britain

2. Declaration of Independence- July 4 1776, written by Thomas Jefferson

3. Unalienable Rights- Life, Liberty, Pursuit of happiness

4. Lexington and Concord- 1st battles of revolution

Response

Write a short story (1-2 paragraph) using these words.

1. Unalienable

2. Declaration of Independence

3. Lexington and Concord

The War for Independence (2-2)Grievance: The king made war against colonials. Addressed in Constitution: Only Congress can declare war. Grievance: The king suspended trial by jury. Addressed in Bill of Rights (6th amendment): the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed.

This Grievance addressed what kind of trial

ANS—Trial by Jury

Continued;

Grievance: The king kept standing armies in colonies and required that citizens quarter British troops in their homes. Addressed in Bill of Rights (3rd amendment): Forbids the quartering of troops in private homes in peacetime.

Continued;Grievance: The king dissolved legislatures because they opposed his invasions on the rights of people. Addressed in Bill of Rights (1st amendment): Freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly are guaranteed.

Continued;

Grievance: The king refused to make sure colonial representation in Parliament was based on the population of each colony.

Addressed in Constitution: Representatives . . . shall be apportioned among the several states . . . according to their respective numbers.

Continued;

Colonies divided between Loyalists (opposed independence) and the Patriots (supported independence). The victory at Saratoga helped the Patriots secure France as an ally. The deadly winter at Valley Forge proved that the army was still having hard times.

This Battle secured France as an American Ally during the war

ANS--Saratoga

Place Washington’s Army spent a hard winter

ANS—Valley Forge

Continued;

Life during the American Revolution had been plagued with inflation. Congress printed more money which dropped the value. In addition wives had to step up at home. Winning the war came with the help of talented European military leaders such as the Marquis de Lafayette.

Continued;

Charles Cornwallis captured Charles Town, South Carolina and then left for New York. At Yorktown Cornwallis surrendered and the Treaty of Paris, 1783 confirmed U.S. independence. The war stimulated a rise of egalitarianism, the belief that everybody is equal.

Battle Locations of the American Revolution

Marquis de LafayetteCharles Cornwallis

Treaty of Paris 1783

ANS--Yorktown

Interactive Notebook

1. Loyalists- opposed independence

2. Yorktown- town where Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington

3. Patriots- supported independence

4. Grievance- complaint about something

Response

Write a short story (1-2 paragraph) using these words.

1. Grievance

2. Patriots

3. Yorktown

The Confederation and the Constitution (2-3)

After the Revolution many people favored Republicanism is a philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. Republicanism says that the only legitimate government is one based on the consent of the governed and is a principle found in the U.S. Constitution.

Continued;As a result The Second Continental Congress set up the Articles of Confederation. Taking effect in 1781 the Articles gave the federal government some power, such as making war, treaties, and the coinage of money, but it proved to be weak.

Question

• First Constitution in the U.S.

Articles of Confederation

Federalism & Separation of Powers

One power, Federalism is the distribution of power between a federal government and the states within a union. The U.S. Constitution establishes that distribution of power. Separating the powers of government between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Question

• This process allows for power to be shared by the states and the federal government

ANS--Federalism

Question

This separates the powers of government between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

ANS—Separation of Powers

Limited Government

In a limited government everyone, including all authority figures, must obey the laws. The U.S. Constitution defines the limits of those in power so they cannot take advantage of their elected or appointed positions. In an unlimited government, control is placed solely with the ruler.

Checks and Balances

The U.S. Constitution authorizes each branch of government to share its powers with the other branches and thereby check their activities and power. The President can veto legislation passed by Congress, but Congress can override the veto. The Senate confirms major appointments made by the President, and the courts may declare acts passed by Congress as unconstitutional.

Question

• This allows each branch of government to share its powers with the others, equally.

ANS--Checks and Balances

Continued;

People were divided over issues of the extent of power of the Constitution. Those favoring the new form of government, which divided power between a strong central government and the states, were called Federalists. Those seeking greater power for states were called Anti-Federalists.

Question

• Name the individuals who supported the Constitution and those who did not.

ANS—Federalists and Anti-Federalist

• Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton

Anti-Federalist Federalist

Federalist Papers

After the delegates to the Philadelphia Convention finished writing the U.S. Constitution, each state elected delegates to a ratification convention. Ratification was required by nine of the 13 states in order for the constitution to take effect.

Question

• Father of the U.S. Constitution

ANS—James Madison

Continued;

In an effort to sway opinion and get the Constitution approved, three leading Federalists wrote a series of 85 essays which explained the new government and the division of power.

Continued;

Published as The Federalist, the series was written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. For instance, The Federalist, No. 10 (1787) defines the republican form of government which Federalists envisioned and the process of electing representatives to Congress.

Bill of RightsMany opposed the Constitution in 1787 because they believed it did not offer adequate protection of individual rights. The Bill of Rights, ratified in 1791, were created to correct this. The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution. The primary purpose of the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution is to protect individual freedoms and rights.

Question

• This document was ratified in 1787.

ANS—The U.S. Constitution

Question

• The first ten amendments to the Constitution are called what?

ANS--The Bill of Rights

The Constitution a Living Document

The U.S. Constitution is considered an evolving document because it has roots in earlier political documents (Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence) and contains processes that allow for change (the amendment process).

Interactive Notebook

1. Ratification- official approval of law by states 2. Federalism- distribution of power between federal

government and states

3. Bill of Rights- 1st ten amendments to Constitution

4. Constitution- The law of the land

5. Checks and Balances- authorizes each branch of government to share its powers

ResponseWrite a short story (1-2 paragraph) using these words.

1. Bill of Rights

2. Constitution

3. Ratification

4. Checks and Balances

Launching the New Nation (2-4)

In 1215 the Magna Carta required the king to govern by an established rule of law. In the same tradition, the president of the United States is limited by the supreme law of the land, known as the U.S. Constitution. The powers of the legislative and judicial branches of government are limited by the same document.

Question

• This document was ratified in 1787, dictates the governmental powers, and is the law of the land.

ANS—U.S. Constitution

National Archive

Articles of the Constitution

Article 1 (Legislative Branch): The convention agreed that Congress, which made laws, and would consist of an equal number of senators from each state and a variable number of representatives from each state based on population. The elastic clause is here (laws necessary and proper).

Continued;

Article 2 (Executive Branch): Article II of the Constitution states “The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America.” The President would lead the executive branch, which carried out the laws and ensured their just application.

Continued;

Article 3 (Judicial Branch): Article III of the Constitution states “The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court.” The judicial branch, consisting of all courts of the United States including the highest court, the Supreme Court, would interpret and apply the laws, ensuring that they are just.

Question

• This article establishes the legislative branch.

ANS—Article 1

Question

• This article defines the powers of the Executive Branch.

ANS—Article 2

Question

• Article 3 defines the powers of which branch of government.

ANS—Judicial

Supreme Court

Reasons for Articles

This new form of government distributed the power between a central government and the states. The system was called federalism. Popular sovereignty is the concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government.

Continued;

Each of the colonists’ grievances are listed at the end of the Declaration of Independence. The U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights addresses each of those grievances to ensure a citizens rights will be protected in the future.

Continued;The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for a supreme court, federal court and district courts. In addition the first political parties formed. The two party system consisted of the Federalists and the Democratic-Republican. The Alien and Sedition acts lashed out at the Democratic-Republican party. It increased immigration requirements and hindered free press/speech.

Question

• These laws suspended free speech and press

ANS-- Alien and Sedition Acts

Continued;

The structure of the U.S. Constitution allows for adaptation based on changing public opinion and the need to protect individual rights. For instance, debates over the institution of slavery raised concerns about property and property protection afforded by the U.S. Constitution.

Dred Scott CaseIn the decision Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property and that the Missouri Compromise, which prohibited slavery in certain parts of the United States, was unconstitutional in that it deprived people of property, their slaves. As public opinion changed, voters amended the Constitution to free slaves, to protect their rights, and to extend their right to vote.

Question

• What court case declared that slaves were property, not people?

ANS—Dred Scott

Amendments• Amendment 1. Freedom of speech, press,

religion, assembly, and the right to petition the government

• Amendment 2. The right to bear arms

• Amendment 3. The guarantee that civilians will not be forced to house soldiers

• Amendment 4. Protection against unreasonable searches by law-enforcement officers

Continued;• Amendment 5. The right of a person under

arrest to know why he or she has been arrested and to refuse to testify against himself or herself in a court of law – due process of law

• Amendment 6. The right to a speedy trial by a jury of one’s peers in criminal cases – right to a public trial

• Amendment 7. The right to a trial by jury in civil cases involving substantial amounts of money

Continued;• Amendment 8. Protection against excessive

bail and cruel and unusual punishment

• Amendment 9. The guarantee that rights not specifically listed in the Constitution are not automatically denied to the people

• Amendment 10. The guarantee that the people and the states are to keep powers not specifically granted to the federal government

Interactive Notebook1. Articles of Constitution- Articles 1-3

establish and define the powers of government

2. Popular sovereignty- power is with the people

3. Dred Scott Case- Confirmed slaves as property with Missouri Compromise

4. Separation of Powers- branches of government share authority

Response

Write a short story (1-2 paragraph) using these words.

1. Articles of Constitution

2. Popular sovereignty

3. Separation of Powers