The Microprocessor- The Microprocessor- based PC System based PC System Microprocessor Course Electrical Engineering Department University of Indonesia
May 24, 2015
The Microprocessor-based The Microprocessor-based PC SystemPC System
Microprocessor CourseElectrical Engineering Department
University of Indonesia
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Bus, Memory & I/O Section
• Fig. 1.2 shows the general block diagram of the PC
• A bus is a set of common connections that carry the same type of information
• The memory system is divided into three main parts: TPA, system area, XMS (optional)
• The pentium Pro-based computer system, for example, can have up to 1M less than 4G or 64G of extended memory (Fig. 1.3)
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Bus, Memory & I/O Section (cont’d)
• The Transient Program Area (TPA) holds the OS and other program that control the computer system
• It also stores any currently active or inactive application programs
• The length of TPA is 640 KB
• The memory map (fig. 1.4), hexadecimal addr.) shows how many areas of the TPA are used for system programs, data, and drivers
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Bus, Memory & I/O Section (cont’d)
• The interrupt vectors access various features of the DOS, BIOS (Basic I/O System), and application
• The BIOS and DOS communications areas contain transient data used by program to access I/O devices and internal features of the computer system
• The IO.SYS is a program that loads into the TPA from the disk whenever an MSDOS or PC DOS system is started
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Bus, Memory & I/O Section (cont’d)
• The MSDOS (PCDOS) program occupies two areas of memory
• The size of the driver area and # of drivers change from one computer to another
• The COMMAND.COM program controls the operation of the computer from the keyboard
• The free TPA area holds application prog-rams as they are executed
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Bus, Memory & I/O Section (cont’d)
• The system area (Fig. 1.5) contains program on either a read-only memory or flash memory and also areas of read/write (RAM) memory for data storage
• The area at locations C8000H-DFFFFH is often open or free. It is usually used for the Expanded Memory System (EMS) -> Fig.1.6
• The EMS allows a 64 KB page frame of memory to be used by application programs
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Bus, Memory & I/O Section (cont’d)
• The input/output space extends from I/O port 0000H to port FFFFH.
• An I/O port is similar to a memory address but addresses an I/O device
• The I/O area contains two major sections (Fig 1.7):– the area below I/O location 0500H is reserved for
system devices– the remaining area is available I/O space for
expansion
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The MicroprocessorThe Microprocessor
• The microprocessor is the controlling element in a computer system and is sometimes referred to as the CPU (Central Processing Unit)
• Memory and I/O are controlled through instructions that are stored in the memory and executed by the microprocessor
• The microprocessor performs three main tasks for the computer system:
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The Microprocessor (cont’d)The Microprocessor (cont’d)
– Data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems
– simple arithmetic & logic operations (Table 1.3)– program flow via simple decisions
• Why the microprocessor is powerful?– Able to execute millions of instructions per
second from a program or software (group of instructions) stored in the memory system
– able to make simple decision, based upon numerical facts (Table 1.4)
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BusesBuses
• The microprocessor controls memory and I/O through a series of connections called buses
• A bus is a common group of wires that interconnect components in a computer system
• Buses select an I/O or memory device, transfer data between an I/O device or memory and the microprocessor, and control the I/O and memory system
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BusesBuses
• Three buses exist for the transfer of information: address, data, control (Fig 1.8)
• The address bus requests a memory location from the memory or an I/O location from the I/O devices
• Table 1.5 depicts a complete listing of bus and memory sizes on the Intel family of p
• Figure 1.9 shows the memory width and sizes of 8086-80486 and Pentium p
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BusesBuses
• The memory sizes and organizations differ between various member of the Intel p familiy
• The control bus contains lines that select the memory or I/O and cause them to perform a read or write operation.
• Four control bus connections: MRDC, MWTC, IORC, IOWC
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BusesBuses
• The micro-instructions for READ:– the p reads the contain of memory location by
sending the memory an address through address bus
– the p sends the memory read control signal (MRDC) to cause memory to read data
– the data read from the memory are passed to the microprocessor through the data bus
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