The Communication Process 5 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Jun 26, 2015
The Communication ProcessThe Communication Process
5
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Nature of Communication
The communication process is complex, and often unsuccessful
Source Encoding
Forms of Encoding
GraphicGraphic
•Pictures
•Drawings
•Charts
•Pictures
•Drawings
•Charts
VerbalVerbal
•Spoken Word
•Written Word
•Song Lyrics
•Spoken Word
•Written Word
•Song Lyrics
MusicalMusical
•Arrange-ment
•Instrum-entation
•Voices
•Arrange-ment
•Instrum-entation
•Voices
AnimationAnimation
•Action/Motion
•Pace/ Speed
•Shape/Form
•Action/Motion
•Pace/ Speed
•Shape/Form
The Semiotic Perspective
ObjectObject
Sign/SymbolSign/SymbolInterpretantInterpretant
An Image Can Convey More Than Words
What is the symbolic meaning of this Levi ad?
The Model
The Clothes
The Setting
The Statement
The Tag Line
Communication Channel
PersonalChannelsPersonalChannels
Personal Selling
Word of Mouth
Nonpersonal Channels
Nonpersonal Channels
Print Media
Broadcast Media
Marketers Embrace Buzz Marketing
Apples for Dessert
Field of Experience Overlap
ReceiverExperienceReceiver
ExperienceSender
ExperienceSender
Experience
Different Worlds
ReceiverExperienceReceiver
ExperienceSenderExperience
SenderExperience
Moderate Commonality
ReceiverExperienceReceiver
ExperienceSenderExperience
SenderExperience
High CommonalityReceiver
Experience
Noise
Successful Communication
Receive feedbackReceive feedback
Select an appropriate sourceSelect an appropriate source
Develop a properly encoded messageDevelop a properly encoded message
Select appropriate channel for target audience
Select appropriate channel for target audience
Identifying the Target Audience
Mass Markets and Audiences
Markets Segments
Niche Markets
Individualand GroupAudiences
The Response Process
Obtaining Feedback
Exposure/presentationExposure/presentation
AttentionAttention
ComprehensionComprehension
Message acceptance/yielding
Message acceptance/yielding
RetentionRetention
Purchase behaviorPurchase behavior
Circulation reachCirculation reach
Listener, reader,viewer recognitionListener, reader,
viewer recognition
Recall, checklistsRecall, checklists
Brand attitudes,purchase intentBrand attitudes,purchase intent
Recall over timeRecall over time
Inventory POP consumer panel
Scanner data
Inventory POP consumer panel
Scanner data
Effectiveness Tests Persuasion Process
Alternative Response Hierarchies
High Low
Hig
hLo
w
Topical Involvement
Perc
eiv
ed
pro
du
ct
diff
ere
nti
ati
on
Learningmodel
Low involvement model
Dissonance/attribution model
CognitiveAffectiveConative
ConativeAffectiveCognitive
Cognitive
Conative
Affective
Dissonance/Attribution Model
Low-Involvement Products
The FCB Planning Model
1InformativeThe Thinker
3Habit
FormationThe Doer
Thinking Feeling
Low
In
volv
em
en
t2
AffectiveThe Feeler
4Self-
SatisfactionThe Reactor
Hig
h
Involv
em
en
t
Developing Promotional Strategies
• Ad options based on the FCB grid– Rational versus emotional appeals– Increasing involvement levels– Evaluation of a think-type product
on the basis of feelings
Connecting on an Emotional Level
Cognitive Response
A method for examining consumers’ cognitive processing of advertising messages by looking at their cognitive responses to hearing, viewing, or
reading communications
A method for examining consumers’ cognitive processing of advertising messages by looking at their cognitive responses to hearing, viewing, or
reading communications
Examines thoughts that are evoked by an advertising message
Examines thoughts that are evoked by an advertising message
Consumers write down or verbally report their reactions to a message
Consumers write down or verbally report their reactions to a message
A Model of Cognitive Response
Cognitive Response Categories
CounterargumentsCounterarguments Support argumentsSupport arguments
Source derogationSource derogation Source bolsteringSource bolstering
Thoughts aboutthe ad itself
Thoughts aboutthe ad itself
Affect attitudetoward the adAffect attitudetoward the ad
Product/Message ThoughtsProduct/Message Thoughts
Source-Oriented ThoughtsSource-Oriented Thoughts
Ad Execution ThoughtsAd Execution Thoughts
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Focuses on the way consumers respond to persuasive messages, based on the amount and nature of elaboration or processing of information
Focuses on the way consumers respond to persuasive messages, based on the amount and nature of elaboration or processing of information
Peripheral route – ability and motivation to process a message is low; receiver focuses more on peripheral cues than on message content
Peripheral route – ability and motivation to process a message is low; receiver focuses more on peripheral cues than on message content
Central route – ability and motivation to process a message is high and close attention is paid to message content
Central route – ability and motivation to process a message is high and close attention is paid to message content
Routes to attitude change
Test Your Knowledge
The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) states that there are two routes to persuasion, the central route and the peripheral route. With the peripheral route:
A) The message is more likely to be received if a celebrity endorser is used
B) The message should lots of information
C) The receiver is viewed as very actively involved in the communication process
D) The quality of the message claims are more important than the spokesperson, headline, pictures, or music bed
E) The sender is dealing with a high- involvement buying situation
Celebrity Endorsers Can Be Peripheral Cues
How Advertising Works