Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Timby/Smith: Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing, 10/e Chapter 33: Introduction to the Immune System
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Timby/Smith: Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing, 10/e
Timby/Smith: Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing, 10/e
Chapter 33: Introduction to the Immune System
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Immune ResponseImmune Response
Figure 33-1 Schematic
representation of the immune
response
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Immune System StructuresImmune System Structures
Nonantibody Proteins
Antibodies NK Cells
Lymphoid Tissues
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Immune System
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White Blood Cells White Blood Cells
B-cell Lymphocytes
T-cell Lymphocytes
Neutrophils/Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Leukocytes (WBCs)
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White Blood Cells White Blood Cells
Figure 33-2 Origin of blood cells
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White Blood Cells White Blood Cells • Lymphocytes
– T-cell lymphocytes
• Manufactured in bone marrow; Mature in thymus gland
• Types: Regulator; Effector; Helper; Cytotoxic; Suppressor
• Lymphokines; Antigens and antibodies; Cell-mediated response
– B-cell lymphocytes
• Plasma cells; Memory cells; Humoral response
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QuestionQuestionIs the following statement true or false?
T-cell lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.
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AnswerAnswerTrue.
T-cell lymphocytes mature and differentiate into regulator or effector T-cells in the thymus gland.
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White Blood Cells White Blood Cells • Lymphocytes (Cont’d)
– B-cell lymphocytes
• Plasma cells; Memory cells; Humoral response
– Phagocytes: Stationary; Mobile
• Neutrophils: AKA microphages (small)
• Monocytes: AKA macrophages (large)
• Present in tissue
• Lungs; Liver; Lymph nodes; Spleen; Peritoneum
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Lymphoid Tissues Lymphoid Tissues
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Tonsils &Adenoids
Thymus Gland
Lymphoid Tissues
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Lymphoid TissuesLymphoid Tissues
• Recall the lymphoid organs and tissues from Chapter 30.
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Natural Killer CellsNatural Killer Cells
• Circulating lymphocyte-like cells
• Identify virus-infected cells, cancer cells
– Release chemicals to destroy most pathogenic cells
– Cancer cells can escape NK cell surveillance
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AntibodiesAntibodies
IgM
IgG IgE
IgD
IgA
Immunoglobulins
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Nonantibody Proteins Nonantibody Proteins
• Complement System
– Made up of different proteins
– Chain reaction activates proteins
– Cooperates with antibodies to attract phagocytes
• Opsonization
– Stimulates inflammation
• Histamine release
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QuestionQuestion
Is the following statement true or false?
The complement system is involved in opsonization.
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AnswerAnswer
True.
The complement system is not only involved in opsonization, it also stimulates inflammation.
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Nonantibody Proteins Nonantibody Proteins
• Cytokines
– Chemical messengers released by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages
– Subgroups
• Interleukins
• Interferons
• Tumor necrosis factor
• Colony-stimulating factors
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Types of Immunity Types of Immunity
• Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
– Infection by specific microorganism
• Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
– Administration of a killed/weakened microorganism or toxoid
• Passive Immunity
– Ready-made antibodies given to a susceptible individual
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Types of Immunity Types of Immunity
Figure 33-4 Active and passive immunity
Andrea
Changed Figure 39-5 to 33-4. Okay?
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Assessment Assessment
• History
– Immunizations
– Infectious diseases
– Recent exposure to infectious diseases
– Drug and allergy
– Practices that put client at risk for AIDS
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Assessment Assessment
• Physical Examination
– Appearance
– Vital signs and weight
– Skin
– Abdomen
– Pharynx
– Palpate the lymph nodes
• Neck, axilla, and groin
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Assessment Assessment
• Diagnostic Tests
– Laboratory tests
• Complete blood count
• Protein electrophoresis
• T-cell and B-cell assays
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
– Skin tests
• Anergy detection
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Nursing ManagementNursing Management• Nurse’s Role
– Identify allergic substances
– Client teaching
• Diagnostic testing procedures; Immunizations; Prescribed drug therapy
– HIV test
• Obtain written consent
• Keep results confidential
– Maintain standard precautions
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End of Presentation